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"As the administrative and commercial capital of British India and as one of the earliest experiments in modern urbanization in the sub-continent, Calcutta proved enormously challenging to both its residents and its architects. In this imaginative study of colonial Calcutta, Anindita Ghosh charts the history of its urbanization from below, in its streets, strikes, and popular urban cultures. Claiming the City offers a close-up view of the citys underbelly by drawing in a range of non-archival sources, from illustrations and amateur photographs to street songs, local histories, and memoirs, which show that Calcutta was not just a problem to be disciplined and governed, as the colonialists would have us believe. Instead, the city emerges as a lively and crucial site for the shaping of the discourse on claims to urban spaces and resources by various marginal groups. Ghosh uses the everyday as a prism for exposing the wide spectrum of political and social imaginaries that shaped the city and shows how the once proverbial City of Palaces slowly turned into a city of endemic unrest and strife."

"This book is an attempt to understand a city through its roads. It explores the origins and development of three important roads of Calcutta (now renamed as Kolkata) from the pre-British colonial era to the postcolonial period. Spanning a period of four centuries, these three roads, Bagbazar Street in the north, Theatre Road in the centre, and Rashbehari Avenue in the south, register the contours of urbanization and the changes in the socio-cultural profile of the residents. The author locates this history within a broader theoretical framework with the help of which one can analyse the role of roads in urbanization, which are determined and influenced by the various political, economic, and socio-cultural impulses. The narrative traces the rise of Calcutta from a fledgling town to a giant metropolis through the history of these roads, and approaches the present era, when these roads have reached a cul-de-sac where their further expansion is restricted by territorial limits and environmental constraints. But the roads are still needed to meet the gargantuan appetite of urbanization, which is leading to the expansion of present-day Kolkata beyond its north-eastern borders. Here, the development of commercial-cum-residential complexes in the area known as the New Town, is Kolkatas first step in its ambition to graduate from a metropolis to a megalopolis. The book ends with a discussion on the changing character of roads in this New Town in the era of globalization."

"On 14 July 2013, India closed down its telegraph service, drawing the curtain over an important chapter in its history of telecommunications. Introduced during the British colonial period, the telegraph was opened for public use on 1 February 1855. The beginning of the service, much like its end, was marked by strikingly similar scenes of people rushing to the telegraph office in order to send messages. The similarity with the contemporary scenario does not end here. Like the internet today, the electric telegraph came to play an important role in the conduct of journalism in nineteenth-century India. This book is an attempt to reconstruct this interconnected history of telegraphy and journalism and the first systematic account of the development of English-language news reporting in nineteenth-century India. Drawing on a wide range of historical material and an in-depth analysis of the newspaper press, it questions grand narratives of media revolutions, arguing instead that the use of telegraphy in journalism was gradual and piecemeal. News itself emerged as the site of many contestations, as imperial politics, capitalist enterprise, and individual agency shaped not only access to technologies of communication, but also the content and form of reporting."

"Contested Space adalah ruang dimana konflik terjadi, dan bagaimana konflik tersebut akan membentuk ruang yang ditempati oleh manusia. Konflik dalam contested space berbicara tentang penguasaan ruang terutama terkait dengan penguasaan teritori dari sebuah area. Penguasaan teritori ini akhirnya akan membentuk batasan dari sebuah ruang, yang akan memisahkan masing-masing teritori tersebut secara spesifik. Salah satu bentuk penguasaan teritori yang akan dilihat di dalam skripsi ini adalah cheating. Fenomena contested space tersebut, terutama pembahasan konflik dan cheating, terlihat juga di dalam video game. Video game, sebagai sebuah ruang virtual, merupakan representasi dari dunia nyata, sehingga hal-hal yang ada di dalam dunia nyata akan terparalelkan di dalam dunia video game, dan hal ini termasuk contested space. Skripsi ini akan melihat bagaimana fenomena contested space yang hadir di dalam dunia video game, bagaimana dia muncul, dan bagaimana hal ini akan mempengaruhi video game, terkait dengan pembahasan konflik dan penguasaan ruang. Skripsi ini juga akan melihat bagaimana tindakan penguasaan ruang, yaitu cheating, dapat mengubah ruang yang ada di dalam video game. Temuan skripsi ini akan melihat hubungan antara tindakan penguasaan ruang dan ruang yang dikuasai di dalam dunia video game, sebagai sebuah paralel dari dunia nyata.

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Contested space is a place where conflict occurs, and how that conflict can shape the space humans inhabit. Conflict in contested space is about claiming space, and how to claim a territory in an area. Claiming this territory will eventually shape the boundaries of spaces, and divide each territory specifically. One of the forms of claiming spaces is cheating. The phenomenon of contested space, in regards to conflict and cheating, also occurs in video games. Video games, as a virtual space, are a representation of the real world, so everything that happens in the real world is paralleled by the video game world, and that includes contested space.

This paper will look at the phenomenon of contested space that occurs in the video game world, how it appears, and how it will affect the video game world. This paper will also look at how the act of claiming space,particularly cheating, can change the spaces in video games. The findings of this paper will look at the connection between the act of claiming and the spaces that are being claimed in the video game world, as a parallel of the real world. "