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"ABSTRAKModernization theories often imply that Americans' leisure has become more organized, commercial, and privatized, replacing informal, active, and public recreation. This study examines changes in leisure activities in three northern California towns between 1890 and 1940. It draws on published accounts, oral histories, and a numerical analysis of newspaper reports. The evidence suggests that all sorts of leisure activities increased during the half-century, most notably club-sponsored active recreation, such as sports and dances. Speculations about leisure history may err in assuming that one kind of activity necessarily displaces another. Instead, both the volume and variety of leisure activities probably increased in this era. "

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"The social history study the view of children, which was born in Western Europe and has been developed mainly in Western europe, is currently developing toward research from a global perspective. However, many Asian studies are conducted by country, and linguistic barriers are added, and the result are not fully reflected in global studies. This Paper attempts a comparative study between japan and china using painting materials, based on the issues of social history study of the view of children in asia, which is required to develop from country to area studies and world studies. "

"ABSTRAKWhat happens when people discover that they are members of a group about which they have previously formed some stereotype? To address this question, procedures previously shown to induce negative stereotypes of minority groups were combined with a social categorization manipulation. "