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"ABSTRAKAreas beyond national jurisdiction ABNJ adalah sebuah konsep terkait sebuah kawasan yang telah diakui secara universal. Konsep ini pun telah menjadi topik pembahasan pada masyarakat internasional semenjak tahun 2004 karena kawasan ini mencakup 64 laut yang mengandung ekosistem yang kaya akan biodiversitas yang berharga. Pada waktu UNCLOS masih dalam tahap perancangan, aktivitas eksplorasi dan eksploitasi di ABNJ merupakan sebuah tantangan pada sasat itu. Sehingga UNCLOS pun tidak mengandung ketentuan terkait aktivitas di ABNJ meskipun pengetahuan dan teknologi manusia telah berkembang pesat. Melihat hal ini, pembentukan sebuah peraturan pelaksana yang berdasarkan UNCLOS adalah sebuah urgensi, khususnya yang mengatur pemanfaatan ABNJ secara berkelanjutan agar biodiversitas yang ada di ABNJ terjaga secara berhati-hati dan sebaik-baiknya. Mengingat prinsip-prinsip, peraturan dan institusi yang sudah ada dan diberlakukan di ABNJ, maka sangat direkomendasikan untuk peraturan pelaksana yang hendak di rancang tidak mengandung ketentuan yang tumpang tindih dan dapat mengembangkan lebih jauh peran institusi yang ada. Sebagai negara yang memiliki kepentingan di ABNJ, penting untuk Indonesia dalam berperan pada proses perancangan rezim baru ini. Sehingga perlu untuk dikaji lebih jauh mengenai sejauh apa langkah yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh Indonesia baik di laut bebas dan the area.

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ABSTRACTAreas beyond national jurisdiction ABNJ is a concept of an area that has been universally acknowledged. It has become topic within the international community since 2004 because it contains 64 of of the ocean consisting ecosystem with rich and valuable biodiversities to mankind. Referring to the establishment of UNCLOS, the exploration and exploitation within ABNJ was a challenge at the time. Therefore, the UNCLOS seemed to be lacking in regulatory and governance towards activities in ABNJ, specifically in this particular time where technology and human knowledge have advanced. This comes an urgent need for an implementing agreement under UNCLOS, specifically address the use of ABNJ in a sustainable way to ensure that the biodiversities within ABNJ will be maintained carefully and properly. Since there are already principles that uphold the areas of ABNJ and also few existing regulations and institutions, its highly recommended that the new implementation agreement shall not contain any overlapping provisions and to also further evolve the role of institution. Indonesia, as an archipelagic state have continuously been involved in maintaining sustainable use of the ocean, including ABNJ. Therefore requires further studies on the extent of Indonesias role in ABNJ, specifically high seas and The Area. "

"The drafters of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) have left behind a lacunaein terms of the regulations concerning Biodiversity in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction(BBNJ). As living organisms are found in the deep seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction,as well as the utilization of marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction for commercialpurposes, States are currently deliberating on the proper regime in dealing with the managementand exploitation of the biodiversity. Some States argue that Part XI UNCLOS applies hence BBNJis also part of the Common Heritage of Mankind. On the other hand, some States believe that PartVII UNCLOS applies which will allow individual States to exploit the resources in accordance withthe principle of the freedom of the high seas. Since 2004, the UN General Assembly has establisheda Working Group to discuss the issue. Indonesia as a Party to UNCLOS which in general advocatesthe importance of the rule of law in the oceans has the interest that the discussion in the UNwill allow developing countries, including Indonesia, to enjoy the result of the exploration andexploitation of non-mineral resources at the bottom of the ocean."

"Perkembangan teknologi informasi yang begitu pesat telah mengantarkan pada realitas adanya akselerasi revolusi industri yang sangatlah dinamis, yang juga berdampak pada lingkup aktivitas bisnis yang semakin masif dilaksanakan secara lintas batas negara, yang kemudian didukung dengan adanya regulasi-regulasi yang mengarah pada integrasi ekonomi global. Realitas demikian tentunya akan membawa dampak positif dalam perkembangan perekonomian bangsa, termasuk namun tidak terbatas dalam hal menciptakan iklim persaingan usaha yang kompetitif, efektif dan efisien. Namun di sisi lain, hal demikian juga akan berdampak pada semakin terbukanya potensi anti persaingan yang dapat dilaksanakan secara lintas batas negara. Oleh karenanya, untuk mencegah dan mengakomodir potensi negatif demikian, diperlukan regulasi yang menerapkan prinsip ekstrateritorial dan doktrin single economic entity dalam penegakan hukum persaingan usaha Indonesia. Hukum persaingan usaha Indonesia saat ini, sebagaimana yang termuat dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999, menunjukkan bahwa tidak adanya penerapan prinsip dan doktrin tersebut. Berlandaskan hal tersebut, dalam penulisan Tesis ini, penulis akan mengkaji bagaimanakah korelasi, urgensi, dan sebaiknya penerapan pengaturan prinsip ekstrateritorial dan doktrin single economic entity dalam penegakan hukum persaingan usaha secara ekstrateritorial di yurisdiksi Indonesia. Selain itu juga, penulis akan mengkaji historis, filosofis, dan yuridis mengenai penerapan prinsip dan doktrin tersebut di yurisdiksi Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat dalam kaitannya dengan penegakan hukum persaingan usaha secara ekstrateritorial.

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The rapid development of information technology has led to the reality of a very dynamic acceleration of the industrial revolution, which also has an impact on the scope of increasingly massive business activities carried out across national borders, which are then supported by regulations that lead to global economic integration. This reality will certainly have a positive impact on the development of the nation's economy, including but not limited to creating a competitive, effective and efficient business climate. But on the other hand, it will also have an impact on the opening of anti-competitive potential that can be implemented across national borders. Therefore, to prevent and accommodate such negative potentials, regulations that apply the extraterritorial principle and single economic entity doctrine are required in the enforcement of Indonesian competition law. Indonesia's current competition law, as contained in Law Number 5 Year 1999, shows that there is no application of this principle and doctrine. Based on those, in writing this thesis, the author will examine the correlation, urgency, and best application of the extraterritorial principle and single economic entity doctrine in the enforcement of competition law extraterritorially in the Indonesian jurisdiction. In addition, the author will also examine the historical, philosophical, and juridical aspects of the application of this principle and doctrine in the jurisdictions of the European Union and the United States in relation to extraterritorial enforcement of competition law and antitrust law."

"Skripsi ini membahas dua permasalahan: alasan mengapa Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia perlu memiliki kewenangan untuk mengadili perkara pengaduan konstitusional; dan bagaimana seharusnya mengatur penambahan kewenangan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia perlu mendapatkan kewenangan ini demi menjalankan prinsip negara hukum yang dianut Republik Indonesia, melindungi Hak Asasi Manusia, menegakkan supremasi konstitusi, menjalankan checks and balances, memenuhi esensi pendirian mahkamah konstitusi di dunia, menjalankan fungsi pengujian konstitusional secara utuh, dan secara empiris banyak kasus yang bersubstansi pengaduan konstitusional sudah diajukan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia; dan penambahan kewenangan tersebut hanya bisa dilakukan dengan amandemen undang-undang dasar.

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This thesis mainly discusses two problems: the urgency of giving the jurisdiction for constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia over constitutional complaint; and how the jurisdiction is supposedly given. This thesis concludes that: constitutional court should have jurisdiction over constitutional complaint in order to implement the principles of ‘rule of law’, protect human rights, uphold the supremacy of constitution, maintain checks and balances function, fulfill the essence of establishing constitutional court, and completely implement the function of constitutional review, and empirically there has been many cases in constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia that contain constitutional complaint substance; and the only way to give the jurisdiction to constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia is to amend the constitution."

"Skripsi ini membahas dua permasalahan: alasan mengapa Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia perlu memiliki kewenangan untuk mengadili perkara pengaduan konstitusional; dan bagaimana seharusnya mengatur penambahan kewenangan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia perlu mendapatkan kewenangan ini demi menjalankan prinsip negara hukum yang dianut Republik Indonesia, melindungi Hak Asasi Manusia, menegakkan supremasi konstitusi, menjalankan checks and balances, memenuhi esensi pendirian mahkamah konstitusi di dunia, menjalankan fungsi pengujian konstitusional secara utuh, dan secara empiris banyak kasus yang bersubstansi pengaduan konstitusional sudah diajukan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia; dan penambahan kewenangan tersebut hanya bisa dilakukan dengan amandemen undang-undang dasar.

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This thesis mainly discusses two problems: the urgency of giving the jurisdiction for constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia over constitutional complaint; and how the jurisdiction is supposedly given. This thesis concludes that: constitutional court should have jurisdiction over constitutional complaint in order to implement the principles of 'rule of law', protect human rights, uphold the supremacy of constitution, maintain checks and balances function, fulfill the essence of establishing constitutional court, and completely implement the function of constitutional review, and empirically there has been many cases in constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia that contain constitutional complaint substance; and the only way to give the jurisdiction to constitutional court of Republic of Indonesia is to amend the constitution."