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"ABSTRACTPenelitian ini menganalisis apakah penggunaan sertifikasi halal untuk produk pangan impor sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Jaminan Produk Halal (UUJPH) dapat dijadikan sebagai alasan public moral dalam Pasal XX a GATT dan menganalisis mengapa ketentuan kewajiban sertifikasi halal yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Jaminan Produk Halal dianggap melanggar ketentuan Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade Perjanjian TBT . Hasil penelitian dengan metode yuridis normatis menyimpulkan bahwa kewajiban sertifikasi halal untuk produk pangan impor sebagaimana diatur dalam UUJPH dapat dijadikan sebagai alasan public moral sesuai Pasal XX a GATT apabila diikuti dengan 2 dua syarat yaitu syarat provisional justification yang terdiri dari pemenuhan public moral dan necessity test dan memenuhi syarat chapeau Pasal XX GATT dan kewajiban sertifikasi halal Indonesia yang diatur oleh UUJPH dianggap melanggar ketentuan Perjanjian TBT karena sifatnya yang mandatory mengakibatkan adanya dampak yang jauh lebih merugikan terhadap produk impor pada pasar produk pangan halal. Hal ini berbeda dengan kebijakan sertifikasi halal Malaysia yang sifatnya merupakan sukarela. Kebijakan sertifikasi halal secara voluntary dapat menjadi anternatif yang lebih tidak menciptakan hambatan perdagangan namun dapat tetap memberikan kontribusi dalam memberikan kenyamanan, keamanan, keselamatan, dan kepastian ketersediaan produk halal bagi masyarakat dalam mengonsumsi dan menggunakan produk halal tanpa mengurangi pentingnya sertifikasi halal.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzes whether the public moral exception in Article XX a GATT is applicable to the use of halal certification for imported food products under Indonesias Halal Product Assurance Law and whether Halal Product Assurance Law is consistent with the Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade. A comparison between Indonesias and Malaysis Halal Product Assurance Law will be provided for a more comprehensive views. This study concludes that halal certification can be considered as a public moral according to Article XX a GATT if it pass 2 two requirements which are the provisional justification consisting of compliance with public moral and necessity test and the cheapeu of Article XX GATT test. Halal Product Assurance Law is considered inconsistent with the Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade due to its mandatory nature. This is in contrast with Malaysias halal certification policy which is voluntary. Voluntary halal certification can be considered as an alternative because with a voluntary nature it is less restrictive without diminishing the importance of halal certification itself. "

"Skripsi ini membahas pengaturan tindakan safeguard dalam ketentuan World Trade Organization (WTO), yaitu Pasal XIX The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan Agreement on Safeguards (SA). Dalam menerapkan tindakan safeguard, harus diperhatikan unsur prosedural dan substantifnya. Dalam unsur prosedural, harus dipenuhi langkah-langkah investigasi, notifikasi, dan konsultasi. Dalam unsur substantif harus diperhatikan kenaikan impor yang menyebabkan kerugian serius atau ancamannya terhadap industri domestik. Selain itu, terdapat batasan-batasan yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengenakan tindakan safeguard terhadap negara lain, khususnya terhadap negara-negara berkembang. Negara-negara berkembang memiliki hak khusus berdasarkan Pasal 9.1 SA yang dapat dikecualikan atas dikenakannya tindakan safeguard, jika memenuhi persyaratan de minimis levels. Selanjutnya, skripsi ini membahas kasus tindakan safeguard di negara-negara berkembang terkait Pasal 9.1 SA, yaitu kasus US - Line Pipe (2002), US - Steel Safeguards (2003), dan Dominican Republic - Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric (2012).

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This thesis studies the regulations concerning safeguard measure under the provisions of World Trade Organization (WTO), which are Article XIX of The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and Agreement on Safeguards (SA). In order to apply safeguard measure, the procedural and substantive elements must be observed. Procedurally, it shall meet the requirements of investigation, notification, and consultation. Substantively, it shall consider the increase of import that causes a serious injury or threat thereof to the domestic industry. Furthermore, there are limits in applying safeguard measure to other countries, especially developing countries.

Developing countries have special rights pursuant to Article 9.1 SA, where they can be excluded from the safeguard measure application, if they fulfill the requirement of de minimis levels. This thesis, additionally, studies some cases of safeguard measure in developing countries pursuant to Article 9.1 SA, which are US - Line Pipe (2002), US - Steel Safeguards (2003), and Dominican Republic - Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric (2012)."

"Para anggota World Trade Organization (WTO) membentuk Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) dengan memanfaatkan Pasal 25 dari Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) untuk mengatasi krisis WTO yang disebabkan oleh keputusan Amerika Serikat untuk memblokir penunjukan anggota baru Appellate Body atas dasar klaimnya mengenai penundaan dalam mengeluarkan putusan dan pelanggaran mandat. Tesis ini dirancang menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif untuk menganalisis alternatif arbitrase yang mungkin berdasarkan Pasal 25 DSU dan merumuskan pertanyaan mengenai efektivitas MPIA sebagai alternatif untuk mengisi kekosongan dalam adjudikasi tahap kedua WTO. MPIA dimaksudkan sebagai solusi sementara dengan tujuan utama menyediakan tahap banding yang independen dan imparsial bagi anggota WTO. Namun, implementasinya telah mengungkapkan masalah mengenai kedudukan hukum MPIA berdasarkan DSU dan legitimasi putusannya yang tidak pasti, yang mengarah pada kesimpulan bahwa MPIA tidak efektif sebagai alternatif adjudikasi tahap kedua WTO.

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The members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) established a Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) by utilizing Article 25 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) to address the WTO crisis due to United States decision to block the appointment of new Appellate Body members based on its claims over delays in issuing rulings and breach of mandate. This thesis is designed using normative legal research methods to analyze possible arbitration alternatives under Article 25 of the DSU and formulate questions regarding the effectiveness of the MPIA as an alternative to fill the void in the WTO’s second-stage adjudication. The MPIA is intended to be an interim solution with the primary goal of providing an independent and impartial appeal stage for WTO members. However, its implementation has revealed problems regarding the MPIA’s legal standing under the DSU and the precarious legitimacy of its awards, leading to the conclusion that the MPIA is ineffective as an alternative to the WTO’s second-stage adjudication."

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