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"ABSTRACTStagnasi perekonomian Jepang selama lebih dari dua dekade membuat Abe Shinzo di masa kepemimpinannya yang kedua sebagai perdana menteri Jepang mengeluarkan kebijakan perekonomian yang disebut sebagai Abenomics. Kebijakan ini selain dianggap dapat mengatasi masalah perekonomian Jepang juga dapat mengatasi masalah demografi yang terjadi di Jepang, khususnya masalah kesetaraan gender. Hal ini disebabkan karena salah satu fokus utama dari kebijakan Abenomics merupakan pemberdayaan perempuan atau Womenomics. Akan tetapi, hingga kini kesetaraan gender di Jepang belum menunjukkan perubahan ke arah yang lebih baik. Oleh karena itu, dapat dikatakan bahwa Womenomics belum mampu menjadi sebuah kebijakan yang efektif dalam menangani masalah ketidaksetaraan gender di Jepang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami penyebab ketidakefektifan implementasi Womenomics era Abe II. Metode yang digunakan yaitu studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketidakefektifan Womenomics tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya budaya patriarki yang kuat serta kegagalan Womenomics sebagai institusi yang mengatur pola perilaku masyarakatnya.

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ABSTRACTJapan economic stagnation for more than two decades has made Abe Shinzo in his second term as prime minister launch an economic policy called Abenomics. This policy is deemed to solve the problems of the Japan economy and also to solve the demographic problems that occur in Japan, especially the gender equality issue. This is because one of the main focuses of the Abenomics policy is women empowerment or Womenomics. However, until now gender equality in Japan has not shown a change for the better. Therefore, it can be concluded that Womenomics has not been able to be an effective policy at solving the issue. This study aims to understand the causes of ineffectiveness of the implementation of Womenomics era Abe II. The method used is literature study. The result shows that the ineffectiveness of Womenomics is due to the existence of a strong patriarchal culture and the failure of Womenomics as an institution that regulates its people behavior."

"Jepang sejak pasca Perang Dunia dikenal sebagai negara pasifis. Hal ini terkait Pasal 9 Konstitusi Jepang yang menjadi dasar identitas Jepang. Kebijakan luar negeri Jepang tampak berfokus pada instrumen dan kebijakan ekonomi dalam mencapai kepentingan nasional. Semenjak Shinzo Abe menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri di tahun 2012, literatur dan media menyoroti perubahan dalam kebijakan luar negeri Jepang yang diawali oleh pengajuan revisi Abe terhadap Pasal 9 sebagai tonggak identitas Jepang. Selain itu, kepemimpinannya turut disoroti sebagai Perdana Menteri dengan masa jabat terlama di Jepang. Untuk menelaah dinamika kebijakan luar negeri Jepang di era kedua Abe, tulisan ini memetakan 44 literatur dalam bentuk artikel jurnal dengan metode taksonomi yang dikategorisasikan ke lima tema utama, yaitu (1) elemen domestik dalam kebijakan luar negeri, (2) hubungan luar negeri Jepang, (3) isu keamanan dalam kebijakan luar negeri Jepang, (4) isu ekonomi dalam kebijakan luar negeri Jepang, dan (5) isu sosial budaya dalam kebijakan luar negeri Jepang. Dari tinjauan kelima tema utama ini, penulis memetakan konsensus, perdebatan, refleksi, dan sintesis untuk menelaah dan memaknai temuan dari persebaran literatur. Literatur-literatur utamanya memperlihatkan kontra terhadap pandangan negatif media massa dan literatur lainnya terhadap Jepang di era kepemimpinan Shinzo Abe. Penulis menemukan bahwa dinamika perubahan yang terjadi dalam kebijakan luar negeri Jepang di era Abe pada periode 2012-2020 dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor geopolitik dan signifikansi Abe sebagai pemimpin negara yang terletak pada peran pengatur proses pembentukan kebijakan luar negeri dalam politik domestik Jepang. Dari temuan tersebut, tulisan ini merekomendasikan beberapa analisis lanjutan dan pentingnya untuk tidak terfokus hanya pada unit analisis struktur ataupun individu, tetapi faktor domestik menjadi signifikan pula untuk dieksplorasi dalam analisis kebijakan luar negeri.

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Japan has been known as a pacifist country since the post-World War II period, largely due to Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which serves as the foundation of Japan's identity. Japan's foreign policy appears to prioritize economic instruments and policies to pursue national interests. Since Shinzo Abe assumed the position of Prime Minister in 2012, literature and media have highlighted changes in Japan's foreign policy, initiated by Abe's proposal to revise Article 9 as a cornerstone of Japan's identity. Additionally, his leadership has been noted for being the longest-serving Prime Minister in Japan. To examine the dynamics of Japan's foreign policy in Abe's second era, this paper maps 44 literature pieces in the form of journal articles, using a taxonomy method categorized into five main themes: (1) domestic elements in foreign policy, (2) Japan's foreign relations, (3) security issues in Japan's foreign policy, (4) economic issues in Japan's foreign policy, and (5) socio-cultural issues in Japan's foreign policy. From the review of these five main themes, the author identifies consensus, debates, reflections, and syntheses to analyze and interpret the findings from the distribution of literature. The main literature shows contrasting views against the negative perceptions of mass media and other literature towards Japan during Shinzo Abe's leadership. The author finds that the dynamics of change in Japan's foreign policy during Abe's era from 2012 to 2020 can be explained by geopolitical factors and Abe's significance as a leader shaping foreign policy processes in Japan's domestic politics. Based on these findings, this paper recommends several further analyses and emphasizes the importance of not solely focusing on structural or individual units of analysis, but also exploring domestic factors in foreign policy analysis."

"Tesis ini membahas pengaruh kebijakan womenomics terhadap tenaga kerja wanita Jepang di Prefektur Saitama. Dengan metodologi wawancara dan kajian pustaka, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kebijakan womenomics yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah Prefektur Saitama mendapat respon positif dari perusahaan-perusahaan yang berada di Saitama dan bersama-sama, pemerintah dan perusahaan, bekerja sama untuk menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang ramah wanita. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa dukungan dari keluarga, baik suami dan orang tua, memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung partisipasi aktif wanita sebagai tenaga kerja. Walaupun demikian, kebijakan womenomics mendapat kritikan karena dianggap tidak menyentuh inti permasalahan dari tenaga kerja wanita di Jepang, yaitu kesetaraan gender.

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This study examine the influence of womenomics policy towards women workers in Saitama Prefecture. With interviews and literature review as methodology, this study found that womenomics policy, that conducted by the Saitama Prefecture Government, received a positive response from companies that are in Saitama and government and companies work together to create women-friendly working environment. In addition, this study also found that support from family, both husband and parents, have important role in supporting the active participation of women workers in Japan. Nevertheless, womenomics policy criticized because they did not touch the core issue of women’s employment in Japan, which is gender equality."

"Tesis ini membahas bagaimana kebijakan Womenomics bagi industri konstruksi berdampak pada pekerja perempuan di industri tersebut. Womenomics adalah kebijakan dari Perdana Menteri Abe yang bertujuan untuk mendukung partisipasi aktif perempuan di dunia kerja, yang lalu diturunkan ke industri konstruksi yang mengalami kekurangan tenaga kerja dan penuaan tenaga kerja. Dengan menganalisis kebijakan menggunakan teori struktur patriarki dari Sylvia Walby dan tokenisme dari Rosabeth Kanter, tesis ini menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan Womenomics yang diturunkan di industri konstruksi tidak mendukung partisipasi aktif perempuan, melainkan digunakan untuk menutupi kekurangan tenaga kerja dengan menarik lebih banyak pekerja perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan data dokumen pemerintah dari situs kementrian Jepang, artikel berita, jurnal internasional, video, serta data statistik pendukung.Kebijakan Womenomics di industri konstruksi belum berhasil mengatasi masalah yang menghambat pekerja perempuan di industri konstruksi. Alih-alih mendorong dan menciptakan perubahan sistem kerja di industri konstruksi agar lebih mendukung kerja perempuan, kebijakan ini lebih banyak mempromosikan imej konstruksi yang ramah perempuan untuk menarik lebih banyak tenaga kerja. Sementara permasalahan yang dihadapi pekerja perempuan di industri konstruksi tidak banyak ditangani. Kebijakan yang diambil pemerintah didasari oleh kepentingan kapitalis untuk memperoleh keuntungan tanpa mengeluarkan banyak biaya, dan kepentingan patriarkis yang mendukung kapitalis dengan menggunakan perempuan sebagai cadangan tenaga kerja.

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This thesis examined how Womenomics policy for construction industry affected the women working in that industry. Womenomics is a policy from Prime Minister Abe that aims to support women’s active participation in the workplace. The policy is further specialized for construction industry who suffered from lack of labor and aging labor. By analyzing the policy using structures of patriarchy by Sylvia Walby, and tokenism by Rosabeth Kanther, this thesis explained how Womenomics in construction industry did not support women’s active participation, and instead used as a tool to fill in the lack of labor by attracting more women worker. This thesis used qualitative method using data such as government’s documents, news articles, academic journals, videos, and statistical data.

Womenomics policy in construction industry has yet to address the problems that hinders women workers in construction industry. Instead of pushing and creating a change in construction industry’s working system to support women’s work, the policy dealt more with promotion effort to uplift the industry’s image among women and girls and attract them to work in construction. Whereas the problem faced by women who is already working in the industry is often neglected. The government constructed the policy based on capitalist interest to get as much profit with as little cost as possible, and patriarchal interest that supported capitalist interest by using women as labor reserve."

"The unexpected and premature passing away of Professor Ebrahim H. "Abe" Mamdani on January, 22, 2010, was a big shock to the scientific community, to all his friends and colleagues around the world, and to his close relatives. Professor Mamdani was a remarkable figure in the academic world, as he contributed to so many areas of science and technology. Of great relevance are his latest thoughts and ideas on the study of language and its handling by computers.The fuzzy logic community is particularly indebted to Abe Mamdani (1941-2010) who, in 1975, in his famous paper An Experiment in Linguistic Synthesis with a Fuzzy Logic Controller, jointly written with his student Sedrak Assilian, introduced the novel idea of fuzzy control. This was an elegant engineering approach to the modeling and control of complex processes for which mathematical models were unknown or too difficult to build, yet they could effectively and efficiently be controlled by human operators. This ground-breaking idea has found innumerable applications and can be considered as one of the main factors for the proliferation and adoption of fuzzy logic technology.This book constitutes a posthumous homage to Abe Mamdani. It is a collection of original papers related in some way to his works, ideas and vision, and especially written by researchers directly acquainted with him or with his work. "

"Meningkatnya usia wanita yang menunda menikah atau memilih tidak menikah (bankonka) menjadi masalah sosial yang serius di Jepang. Penurunan tingkat kelahiran berkontribusi terhadap perubahan drastis dalam komposisi populasi di Jepang. Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan wanita tidak menikah di Jepang, seperti pendidikan, karier yang baik, dan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap wanita di Jepang. Kebijakan womanomics di Jepang sebagai sebuah upaya untuk menciptakan kesetaraan gender melalui pendidikan dan dunia kerja bagi wanita telah menciptakan dilema. Di satu sisi perempuan dituntut untuk menjadi sosok intelektual tetapi sistem patriarki yang membatasi, mendorong perempuan Jepang menuntut kebebasan. Studi ini menganalisa pendidikan tinggi sebagai pilihan rasional untuk wanita Jepang dalam mewujudkan kebijakan wanita. Sementara peluang perempuan di sektor publik berbanding terbalik dengan peran mereka di sektor domestik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan hasil data sekunder dalam jurnal. Hasil analisis penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan tinggi sangat mempengaruhi keputusan perempuan dalam memilih untuk menunda bahkan keputusan untuk tidak menikah sama sekali.

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The increasing age of Late married women or choosing unmarried (bankouka) makes serious social problems in Japan. The decline in birth rates contributes to drastic changes in population composition in Japan. There are several factors that cause unmarried women in Japan, such as education, good careers, and government policy towards women in Japan. The womenomics policy in Japan as an effort to create gender equality through education and the world of work for women has created a dilemma. On the one hand women are required to be an intellectual but patriarchal system that restricts, encouraging Japanese women to demand freedom.

This study analyzes higher education as a rational choice for Japanese women in realizing womenomics policies. While women's opportunities in the public sector are inversely proportional to their role in the domestic sector. This research uses qualitative method by using the result of secondary data in journal.

The results of the analysis of this study indicate that higher education significant affects the decision of women in choosing to delay even the decision not to marry at all."

"ABSTRAKEven though Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) program has been running in Indonesia since 2006, the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women remains high in some districts in Indonesia. The PMTCT program aims to reduce transmission of HIV from mother to child. Thus it requires an examination of the PMTCT program implementation. The study was a qualitative study on PMTCT program implementation in South Jakarta, Indonesia, whereas the proportion of children with HIV positive in the area was quite high. The analysis used domain analysis by looking the implementation of PMTCT as a system consisting of input, process and output. PMTCT strategy is based on a comprehensive four-pronged strategy. This study found that scaling-up communication and education about PMTCT program from health provider to community was needed. In the first prong, there was no specific health provider for PMTCT program, it was still integrated with the MCH staff. PMTCT program did not disseminate information to the community.Therefore, it seemed that it was underutilized. In the second prong, implementation of HIV testing and counseling for couples of women living with HIV remained a bottleneck because women living with HIV felt fear to inform their HIV status to their partners. Thus, counseling and HIV testing for couples have not benefited at all. These women were unsatisfied with the quality of counseling, and the failure to provide antiretroviral treatments. This study found the low coverage and less responsiveness of PMTCT program to build a network of partners with various elements of government."

"Adanya One China Policy menjadikan ruang gerak Taiwan dalam menjalin hubungan dengan negara lain semakin sulit. Gastrodiplomasi menjadi salah satu upaya diplomasi publik yang diambil oleh Taiwan untuk mempertegas status mereka. Melalui praktik gastrodiplomasi dengan teh boba, Taiwan berusaha untuk mengangkat status negaranya dari kedudukan politik yang abu-abu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan bagaimana Taiwan menggunakan teh boba untuk menciptakan identitas nasional. Penelitian ini ditulis dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan analisis deskriptif yang menggunakan data sekunder melalui buku, artikel ilmiah, media massa, dan dokumen tertulis lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Taiwan menggunakan kuliner khasnya sebagai media komunikasi antar bangsa dengan membentuk citra dan identitas bangsa.

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The existence of the One China Policy put Taiwan in a difficult position to establish relations with other countries. Gastrodiplomacy is one of the public diplomacy efforts taken by Taiwan to emphasize their status. Through the practice of gastrodiplomacy with boba tea, Taiwan seeks to elevate its country's status in a gray political position. The purpose of this study is to prove how Taiwan uses boba tea to create a national identity. This research was written with a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis using secondary data through books, scientific articles, mass media, and other written documents. The results of this study indicate that Taiwan uses its culinary as a medium of communication between nations by forming the image and identity of the nation."