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"ABSTRAK

Tesis ini membahas mengenai penerapan dari Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB, kemudian dikaitkan dengan apabila terjadi pelanggaran terhadap Resolusi tersebut. Setelah itu dilihat mengenai tindaklanjut yang dilakukan oleh Dewan Keamanan terkait pelanggaran tersebut, akankah Negara yang melanggar Resolusi Dewan Keamanan tersebut diberikan sanksi atau tidak. Dimulai dengan mempertanyakan teori hukum yang mengatur mengenai kekuatan mengikat Resolusi Dewan Keamanan dan sanksi bagi pelanggaran terhadapnya. Dilanjutkan dengan pembahasan mengenai proses pembuatan Resolusi Dewan Keamanan yang Resolusi yang dihasilkan. Kemudian pembahasan praktek yang telah terjadi mengenai pemberian sanksi oleh Dewan Keamanan terhadap Negara yang melanggar Resolusinya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ditemukan teori-teori yang mendukung bahwa Resolusi Dewan Keamanan mengikat secara hukum kepada anggota-anggota PBB. Oleh sebab itu pelanggaran terhadap Resolusi Dewan Keamanan haruslah dikenakan  sanksi  sesuai dengan pasal 34, 39, 41, dan 42 Piagam PBB. Akan tetapi pada prakteknya Negara-negara tidak bisa serta merta menerapkan Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB secara langsung ke dalam hukum nasionalnya. Seperti halnya Negara Indonesia yang tidak secara ekplisit mengatur ketentuan penerapan hukum internasional ke dalam hukum nasional dalam konstitusinya, meskipun dalam prakteknya penerapan hukum internasioanal tersebut sangat

dipengaruhi oleh kepentingan nasionalnya.

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ABSTRACT

 

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This thesis discusses the application of UN Security Council Resolutions, then is related to if there is a violation of the Resolution. After it was seen regarding the follow-up carried out by the Security Council regarding the violation, would the State violating the Security Council Resolution be sanctioned or not. It starts with questioning the legal theory that regulates the power of binding Security Council Resolutions and sanctions for violations against them. Followed by a discussion about the process of making the Security Council Resolution which Resolution was produced. Then discuss the practices that have occurred regarding the provision of sanctions by the Security Council against States that violate their Resolutions. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive design. The results of this study are found theories that support that Security Council Resolutions are legally binding on UN members. Therefore violations of the Security Council Resolution must be subject to sanctions in accordance with articles 34, 39, 41 and 42 of the United Nations Charter. However, in practice countries cannot immediately apply the UN Security Council Resolution directly into their national law. Just as the Indonesian state does not explicitly regulate the provisions of the application of international law into national law in its constitution, although in practice the application of international law is strongly influenced by its national interests.

 

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"Hanya dengan suatu bentuk organisasi publik antar negara dapat tercapai suatu sistem keamanan kolektif yang dapat melindungi masyarakat internasional dari bencana perang. Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa merupakan organisasi internasional yang dirasa perlu dalam melaksanakan sistem keamanan kolektif untuk memelihara perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Dalam menjalankan tugas tersebut kemudian dibentuklah DK-PBB sebagai organ PBB yang secara khusus bertugas untuk menjaga keamanan dan perdamaian dunia. DK-PBB dalam hal memelihara perdamaian dan keamanan dunia dari ancaman, pelanggaran maupun agresi dapat memberikan sanksi terhadap suatu negara maupun terhadap aktor nonnegara. Pada praktiknya tidak sedikit negara melanggar ketentuanr esolusi sanksi yang diberikan oleh DK-PBB. Salah satu negara yang secara konsisten melanggar ketentuan Resolusi DK-PBB adalah Korea Utara. Korea Utara sudah diberikan sejumlah sebelas resolusi di mana tujuan diberikannya rezim sanksi tersebut untuk menghentikan praktik uji coba nuklir Korea Utara. Uji coba nuklir Korea Utara tersebut melanggar ketentuan yang terdapat di dalam NPT. Korea Utara sendiri awalnya merupakan negara pihak dalam NPT yang kemudian mengundurkan diri pada tahun 2003 diikuti dengan menyatakan kepemilikannya atas senjata nuklir dan dilaksanakannya uji coba senjata nuklir. Penelitian ini kemudian menilai bentuk implementasi dan kepatuhan terhadap resolusi sanksi yang diberikan oleh DK-PBB. Penelitian ini kemudian menyarankan tindakan yang dapat dilaksanakan agar sanksi yang diberikan oleh DK-PBB dapat terimplementasikan dan tujuan diberikannya sanksi dapat tercapai khususnya dalam kasus rezim sanksi DK-PBB atas uji coba nuklir Korea Utara.

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Only with a form of public organization between countries can a collective security system be achieved that can protect the international community from the disaster of war. The United Nations is an international organization that is deemed necessary in implementing a collective security system to maintain international peace and security. In carrying out this task, the UN Security Council was formed as a UN organ specifically tasked with maintaining world security and peace. The UN Security Council in terms of maintaining world peace and security from threats, violations and aggression can impose sanctions on a country as well as against non-state actors. In practice, not a few countries violate the provisions on the resolution of sanctions provided by the UN Security Council. One of the countries that consistently violates the provisions of the UNSC Resolution is North Korea. North Korea has been given a number of eleven resolutions in which the aim of the sanctions regime is to stop North Korea's nuclear test practices. The North Korean nuclear test violated the provisions contained in the NPT. North Korea itself was originally a party to the NPT which later withdrew in 2003 followed by declaring its ownership of nuclear weapons and carrying out nuclear weapons tests. This study then assesses the form of implementation and compliance with the sanctions resolution given by the UN Security Council. This study then suggests actions that can be taken so that the sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council can be implemented and the objectives of the sanctions can be achieved, especially in the case of the UN Security Council sanctions regime for North Korea's nuclear tests."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang kewenangan Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam menjatuhkan sanksi terhadap individu berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam PBB dan prinsip pertanggungjawaban individu yang diakui oleh hukum internasional. Kemudian, dalam perkembangannya, penerapan sanksi tersebut telah berdampak pada hak-hak individu yang dijamin dalam berbagai instrumen hukum internasional mengenai HAM. Sanksi larangan perjalanan dan pembekuan aset yang diterapkan terhadap individu-individu oleh negara-negara anggota PBB berdasarkan mandat Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam Piagam PBB telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran atas ketiadaan jaminan bahwa hak-hak individu yang dimiliki oleh individu yang dijatuhkan sanksi tersebut tidak dilanggar oleh Dewan Keamanan PBB. Contoh kasus adalah sanksi terhadap Qadhafi.

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This thesis emphasize the authority of UN Security Council on sanctioning individuals in regards to Chapter VII UN Charter and the individual responsibility principle that was recognized by international law. Hence, the application of individual sanctions has affected to individual rights which is guaranteed by international law instrument regarding human rights. Travel ban and asset freeze that is applied towards individuals by UN members in regards to UN Security Council mandate on the UN Charter has caused the absence of warranties that the individual rights has not been violated by the UN Security Council. Case in point, sanctioning to Qadhafi."

"Perluasan anggota Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (DK PBB) hanya terjadi pada tahun 1965 dengan menambahkan empat kursi anggota tidak tetap. Reformasi pasca 1965 terus diupayakan selama berdekade oleh berbagai aktor internasional, karena mereka melihat terdapat banyak urgensinya. Bahkan, saat ini mayoritas negara secara terbuka mendukung adanya reformasi DK PBB. Tidak ada satu pun negara yang secara terbuka menolak reformasi. Mengingat signifikasi institusi, isu reformasi DK PBB juga telah menjadi pembahasan arus utama dalam studi Hubungan Internasional. Tugas Karya Akhir ini berusaha membahas proses upaya reformasi tersebut dengan meninjau 56 literatur akademik di laman SCOPUS. Dalam rangka menjelaskan proses reformasi secara benar penulis menggunakan metode taksonomi, sehingga Bab Pembahasan Tugas Karya Akhir ini terdiri dari empat subbab, yaitu (1) Pengantar: Perkembangan Upaya Reformasi DK PBB; (2) Urgensi Reformasi DK PBB Pasca 1965; (3) Gagasan dan Proposal Reformasi DK PBB Pasca 1965; dan (4) Kritik dan Tantangan Reformasi DK PBB Pasca 1965. Dengan keempat subbab tersebut, Tugas Karya Akhir ini dapat memberikan penjelasan komprehensif. Pembahasan mengungkapkan bahwa upaya reformasi telah dilakukan sejak masa Perang Dingin, tetapi banyak tantangan yang hadir. Meskipun mayoritas negara setuju dengan urgensi reformasi dan hadir berbagai gagasan dan proposal reformasi, tetapi beberapa akademisi melihat klaim urgensi tersebut tidak sesuai dengan tujuan pendirian (DK) PBB dan di antara negara pendukung reformasi juga masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai realisasi reformasi. Selain itu, tantangan juga hadir dari anggota tetap saat ini yang terkesan ingin mempertahankan status quo mereka. Tantangan-tantangan tersebut telah menjadikan perkembangan reformasi DK PBB berjalan dengan lambat.

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The expansion of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) membership only occurred in 1965, with the addition of four non-permanent seats. Post-1965 reforms have been pursued for decades by various international actors due to their perceived urgency. Currently, the majority of nations openly support the reform of the UNSC, with no country openly opposing it. Given the significance of the institution, the issue of UNSC reform has become a mainstream discussion in International Relations studies. This study attempts to discuss the process of these reform efforts by reviewing 56 academic literatures on the SCOPUS. To explain the reform process properly, the author employs a taxonomic method, resulting the Discussion Chapter consisting of four sub-chapters: (1) Introduction: Development of UNSC Reform Efforts; (2) Urgency of UNSC Reform Post-1965; (3) Ideas and Proposals for UNSC Reform Post-1965; and (4) Criticism and Challenges of UNSC Reform Post-1965. With these four sub-chapters, this study can provide a comprehensive explanation. The discussion reveals that reform efforts have been undertaken since the Cold War era, but many challenges have emerged. Although the majority of countries agree with the urgency of reform and ideas and proposal of reform have emerged, some academics see that the claim of urgency does not align with the founding objectives of the UN(SC), and among the countries supporting reform, there are still differences of opinion regarding the realization of reform. In addition, challenges also come from the current permanent members who seem to want to maintain their status quo. These challenges have made UNSC reform progress slow."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kekuatan mengikat dari Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB, kemudian dikaitkan dengan apabila terjadi pelanggaran terhadap Resolusi tersebut. Setelah itu dilihat mengenai tindaklanjut yang dilakukan oleh Dewan Keamanan terkait pelanggaran tersebut, akankah Negara yang melanggar Resolusi Dewan Keamanan tersebut diberikan sanksi atau tidak. Dimulai dengan mempertanyakan teori hukum yang mengatur mengenai kekuatan mengikat Resolusi Dewan Keamanan dan sanksi bagi pelanggaran terhadapnya. Dilanjutkan dengan pembahasan mengenai proses pembuatan Resolusi Dewan Keamanan yang Resolusi yang dihasilkan. Kemudian pembahasan praktek yang telah terjadi mengenai pemberian sanksi oleh Dewan Keamanan terhadap Negara yang melanggar Resolusinya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif.Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ditemukan teori-teori yang mendukung bahwa Resolusi Dewan Keamanan mengikat secara hUkum kepada anggota-anggota PBB. Oleh sebab itu pelanggaran terhadap Resolusi Dewan Keamanan haruslah dikenakan sanksi sesuai dengan pasal 34, 39, 41, dan 42 Piagam PBB. Akan tetapi pada prakteknya ada Negara-negara yang melanggar Resolusi Dewan Keamanan tanpa diberikan sanksi oleh Dewan Keamanan. Pembedaan perlakuan antara Negara-negara anggota PBB terkait sanksi bagi pelanggar Resolusi Dewan Keamanan ini dipengaruhi faktor dominasi kekuasaan Negara Anggota Tetap Dewan Keamanan dan politik hukum internasional yang ada di Dewan Keamanan.

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This thesis discusses the binding force of the UN Security Council resolution, then its associated if there is violation of the resolution. Once it was seen on follow up conducted by the relevant Security Council of the breach, the State would violate UN Security Council sanctions is granted or not. Starting with the question of legal theory governing the binding force and the UN Security Council sanctions for violations against this Resolution. Followed by a discussion about the process of the Security Council Resolution produced. Then the discussion that has occurred regarding the practice of imposing sanctions by the Security Council of the State in violation of resolution. This study is a descriptive qualitative research design.

The results of this study are found to support theories that the UN Security Council are legally binding to members of the United Nations. Therefore, a violation of UN Security Council Resolution shall be sanction in accordance with Article 34, 39, 41, and 42 of the UN Charter. However, in practice there are countries that violate Security Council resolutions without the sanction given by the Security Council. Difference in treatment between UN member states related sanctions for violators of the Security Council Resolution, influence by factor of domination of the Security Council Permanent Member States and international law politic that is exist in the Security Council."

"[Selama ini, TNI Angkatan Laut dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas pertahanan diluar negeri berdasarkan pada kepentingan misi damai sesuai dengan mandat PBB dan ternyata TNI Angkatan Laut juga memiliki tugas diluar mandat PBB dalam operasi keamanan laut untuk memberikan jaminan keamanan maritim untuk kepentingan pelayaran bagi kapal-kapal dagang berbendera Indonesia di wilayah perairan internasional. Salah satu kontribusi pemerintah Indonesia terhadap jaminan keamanan maritim adalah melibatkan TNI Angkatan Laut dalam pembebasan kapal Sinar Kudus diluar batas yurisdiksi nasional. Dalam tesis ini akan mempertanyakan : 1. Bagaimana peran Militer, Polisionil dan diplomasi TNI Angkatan Laut dalam penanganan keamanan maritim khususnya keamanan maritim internasional, 2. Apa faktor-faktor yang menentukan kepentingan Indonesia dalam melibatkan TNI Angkatan Laut diwilayah perairan internasional, 3. Bagaimana implikasi penanganan keamanan maritim TNI Angkatan Laut terkait pembebasan kapal Sinar Kudus dan kontribusinya dalam perspektif ketahanan nasional. Dalam mengelaborasi permasalahan tersebut digunakan teori ketahanan nasional, keamanan maritim dan konsep universal angkatan laut. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif analisis deskriptif dengan menghimpun data-data primer dan sekunder juga melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap narasumber. Sementara temuan yang di peroleh dari tesis ini adalah: 1. Bahwa partisipasi TNI Angkatan Laut yang selama ini melaksanakan tugas operasi diluar negeri lebih banyak dilandasi pada permintaan dari otoritas PBB. Sementara konteks dalam penanganan pembebasan sandera kapal Sinar Kudus pemerintah Indonesia melalui TNI Angkatan Laut tanpa menggunakan mandat PBB dan atas dasar kepentingan nasional, 2. Ternyata tugas-tugas TNI Angkatan Laut dapat memungkinkan untuk melakukan operasi ekspedisi jarak jauh dan memungkinkan TNI Angkatan Laut melaksanakan kegiatan ekspedisi jarak jauh sebagai bentuk dari fungsi-fungsi TNI Angkatan Laut yang bersifat internasional sesuai dengan konsep universal Angkatan Laut, 3. Kontribusi yang dilakukan oleh TNI Angkatan Laut dapat memperkuat ketahanan nasional, melalui jaminan keamanan maritim dalam rangka mendukung aktifitas perdagangan melalui laut. Adapun yang disimpulkan dari tesis ini adalah partisipasi TNI Angkatan Laut dalam misi keamanan tidak dibatasi oleh mandat PBB namun dapat dilakukan atas dasar kepentingan pertahanan dan keamanan nasional, meskipun berada diatas kapal berbendera Indonesia dan diluar kedaulatan Indonesia yang berimplementasi menjadi Angkatan Laut kelas dunia.

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During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy., During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense

based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and

it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine

security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships

Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's

contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia

Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis

would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the

Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international

maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the

Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications

handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar

Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to

elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal

concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting

primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant.

While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the

Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based

on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling

of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia

Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns

tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely

and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions

the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3.

Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense,

maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred

from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted

by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense

and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels

Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ]"

"Tulisan ini menganalisis perubahan arah kebijakan luar negeri China dalam menjalankan sanksi ekonomi berdasarkan Resolusi DK PBB terhadap Korea Utara yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2017. Beberapa kajian terdahulu yang membahas topik ini memberikan gambaran bahwa komitmen negara anggota DK PBB serta antusiasme dari Korea Utara sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan sanksi ini. Namun, dalam konteks sanksi ekonomi yang dikeluarkan DK PBB pada tahun 2017, kajian-kajian terdahulu tersebut belum menjelaskan bagaimana implementasi oleh China terkait sanksi tersebut. Hal ini mengingat China sebagai negara anggota tetap DK PBB yang seharusnya menjadi penjuru dalam penegakkan Resolusi DK PBB terbukti menjadi salah satu negara yang justru rendah komitmennya dalam menegakkan sanksi ekonomi DK PBB terhadap Korea Utara. Dengan menggunakan konsep Restrukturisasi Perubahan Kebijakan Luar Negeri (Hermann, 1990) dan Kebijakan Luar Negeri (Holsti, 2016), temuan dalam studi ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan sikap China atas sanksi DK PBB terhadap Korea Utara dipengaruhi oleh persepsi Xi Jinping terhadap Korea Utara, pertimbangan potensi ancaman non-militer serta kepentingan strategis China di Kawasan yang juga berkaitan dengan pengaruh Amerika Serikat di Semenanjung Korea.

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This research analyzes changes in the direction of China's foreign policy in carrying out economic sanctions based on the UNSC Resolution on North Korea in 2017. Previous studies on this topic illustrate that the commitment of UN Security Council member states and the enthusiasm of North Korea greatly influence the success of the sanctions. However, in the context of economic sanctions issued by the UNSC in 2017, previous studies have not yet explained how China implements these sanctions. As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), China should be the cornerstone in enforcing the UN Resolutions. China proved to be one of the major countries classified as not having a strong commitment in enforcing the UNSC economic sanctions against North Korea. By using the concept of Foreign Policy Restructuring (Hermann, 1990) and Foreign Policy Change (Holsti, 2016), the findings in this study indicate that the change in China's attitude towards UNSC sanctions on North Korea is influenced by Xi Jinping's perception of North Korea, potential non-military threats as well as China's strategic interests in the Region which are also related to the influence of the United States on the Korean Peninsula."

"Tesis ini membahas pemberlakuan sanksi ekonomi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa bagi pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Analisis permasalahan dilakukan dengan melihat mekanisme penetapan sanksi ekonomi berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam PBB, pemberlakuan sanksi ekonomi melalui resolusi Dewan Keamanan yang mengikat negara anggota PBB yang membutuhkan kerjasama internasional untuk mengoptimalkan pemberlakuan sanksi ekonomi, serta dampak sanksi ekonomi ditinjau dari perspektif hukum internasional dikaitkan dengan kondisi internal negara, dampak sanksi bagi rakyat sipil serta bagi negara ketiga. Dalam tesis ini, dirumuskan beberapa rekomendasi berkaitan dengan penetapan definisi dan parameter situasi yang merupakan ancaman terhadap perdamaian, pelanggaran perdamaian atau tindakan agresi sebagai landasan memberlakukan sanksi ekonomi; pelaksanaan mekanisme monitoring rutin ditindaklanjuti dengan peninjauan sanction exemption bagi alasan kemanusiaan; kerjasama Dewan Keamanan dengan badan internasional maupun badan regional keuangan dalam menyusun dan melaksanakan action-oriented proposal bagi negara ketiga.

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The focus of this thesis discussess the imposition of economic sanction of the United Nations Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Problems analysis is conducted by observing the mechanism to impose economic sanction under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the imposition of economic sanction by means of Security Council resolution which is binding to the United Nations member states that requires cooperation to optimize the imposition of economic sanction, and impact of economic sanction from the perspective of international law in relation with state's internal situation, impact on civil population and on the third state.

This thesis provides some recommendations in relation with the determination on definition and parameter of situation that constitutes action with respect to threats to the peace, breached of the peace and acts of agression as a basis to impose economic sanction; implementation of routine monitoring mechanism and review sanction exemption for humanitarian reasons; cooperation between the Security Council and international or regional financial institution in developing and implementing an action-oriented proposal."

"Negara berdaulat merupakan negara yang memiliki kekuasaan tertinggi di wilayahnya sendiri. Hal itu tidak dapat diganggu gugat oleh negara manapun. Dewan Keamanan PBB yang bertujuan menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional dapat memiliki wewenang terhadap suatu konflik internal. Konflik internal tersebut menjadi kewenangan Dewan Keamanan apabila dapat berkembang menjadi ancaman terhadap perdamaian dunia, pelanggaran terhadap perdamaian dunia dan tindakan agresi. Selama ini dalam prakteknya sering dilakukan intervensi dari suatu negara terhadap negara lain. Dengan penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjawab mengenai masalah intervensi Dewan Keamanan PBB pada konflik yang terjadi di wilayah Pantai Gading.

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A sovereign state is a state where they have the highest power in their territory. This concept can not be breached by any nations. United Nations Security Council that in purpose to maintain international peace and security can have jurisdiction on an internal conflict. The internal conflict becomes United Nations Security Council's jurisdiction if it can be escalated to threat to peace, breach to peace, and an act of aggression. In practice, there have been a lot of cases about intervention done by states. With this research, there is hope to answer the problems about intervention that had been done by United Nations Security Council in Cote d'Ivoire."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa tentang implementasi penegakan hukum dalam rangka penjagaan keamanan laut yang dilaksanakan oleh Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut dihadapkan dengan banyaknya potensi ancaman keamanan dan adanya tumpang tindih peraturan perundang-undangan di laut yang melahirkan banyak instansi dengan kewenangan yang sama. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan preskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Nara Sumber adalah pejabat dan prajurit Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III. Teknik pengambilan data yang digunakan adalah dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan studi literatur. Ada beberapa instansi penegak hukum di laut yang mempunyai kewenangan hampir sama dan masing masing mempunyai payung hukum dan Satgas Patroli kapal seperti TNI Angkatan Laut, Polairud, Bea Cukai, Bakamla, KPLP dan KKP. Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan penegakan hukum oleh Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut tidak terlepas dari adanya kendala yang ada dalam intern maupun ektern. Diperlukan upaya-upaya seperti optimalisasi peran Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut melalui perbaikan sarana prasarana, meningkatkan kualitas SDM dan peningkatan anggaran. Ada upaya yang dapat dilakukan seperti meningkatkan koordinasi antar instansi penegak hukum di laut, harmonisasi hukum dan pembentukan Coast Guard.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to analyze the implementation of the rule of law in order to safeguard maritime security implemented by Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut are faced multitude potential security threats and the existence of overlapping regulations in the sea which gave birth to many agencies with the authority of the same. In this study the author uses deskriptif and preskriptif analysis with kualitatif approach. A resource person is officials and soldiers of Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut. Data capture technique used is to do in depth interview, obervations and study of litarature. There are a few instances of law enforcement on the sea that has almost the same authority and each have a legal umbrella and task force patrol ships such as the TNI Angkatan Laut, Polairud, KPLP, Bea Cukai, Bakamla and KKP. In carrying out law enforcement activities by the Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut is inseparable from the existence of the obstacles that exist in the intern or ektern. Such efforts are necessary to optimize the role of Satuan Patroli Satrol Lantamal III TNI Angkatan Laut through improvementes to infrastructure, improve the quality of human resources and the increase in the budget. There have been attempts to do such as improve coordination between law enforcment agencies in the sea, harmonization of law and the establishment of the Coast Guard."