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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: C. albicans merupakan jamur yang dominan pada infeksi endodontikpersisten yang berperan dalam kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Pembentukan biofilmmerupakan salah satu faktor virulensi C. albicans yang dapat meningkatkan resistensiterhadap agen antijamur. Klorheksidin 2% sebagai larutan irigasi yang efektif dalammengeliminasi biofilm C. albicans telah terbukti bersifat toksik terhadap sel-sel sehatsehingga diperlukan alternatif larutan irigasi yang efektif dan aman, yaitu berasal daribahan alami. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Robx.) mengandung xanthorrhizolyang terbukti bersifat antijamur. Namun, belum terdapat penelitian yang menganalisiskonsentrasi optimum xanthorrhizol dalam mengeliminasi biofilm C. albicans ATCC10231. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antijamur xanthorrhizol 0,25%, xanthorrhizol 0,5%,xanthorrhizol 0,75%, xanthorrhizol 1%, xanthorrhizol 1,25%, dan klorheksidin 2%terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231. Metode: Pemaparan xanthorrhizol terhadapbiofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 dilakukan selama 15 menit, kemudian diuji denganmetode MTT assay dan hitung koloni. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermaknasecara statistik antara persentase eradikasi dan hasil hitung jumlah koloni pascapemaparan xanthorrhizol 1%, xanthorrhizol 1,25%, dan CHX 2% pada biofilm C.albicans ATCC 10231. Simpulan: Xanthorrhizol 1% dan xanthorrhizol 1,25%memiliki efek antijamur terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 yang setara denganklorheksidin 2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground: C. albicans is the most dominant fungal species in persistent endodonticinfection that has been associated with failure of endodontic treatment. An ability toform biofilm is one of the C. albicans virulence factor that increase resistance towardsantifungal agent. In endodontic, 2% chlorhexidine as an effective irrigation solutionagainst C. albicans biofilm has been proven to be toxic to healthly cells so that aneffective and safe alternative irrigation solution is needed, which is derived from naturalingredients. Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Robx.) contains xanthorrhizol whichhas an antifungal effect. However, no studies have analyzed the optimum concentrationof xanthorrhizol in eradicating bioflm of C. albicans ATCC 10231. Aims: To analyzeantifungal effect of 0,25% xanthorrhizol, 0,5% xanthorrhizol, 0,75% xanthorrhizol, 1%xanthorrhizol, 1,25% xanthorrhizol and 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of C. albicansATCC 10231. Methods: fifteen minutes exposure of xanthorrhizol to biofilm of C.albicans ATCC 10231, then antifungal effect tested by MTT assay and total plate countmethod. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between percentage ofbiofilm eradication and TPC results after exposure to 1% xanthorrhizol, 1,25%xanthorrhizol, and 2% chlorhexidine in biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 10231.Conclusion: 1% xanthorrhizol and 1,25% xanthorrhizol have an antifungal effectagainst biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 10231 which is equivalent to 2% chlorhexidine."

"Latar belakang: C.albicans adalah jamur yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Kemampuan C.albicans untuk bertoleransi terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan, salah satunya dengan membentuk biofilm menjadi salah satu masalah dalam perawatan endodontik. Penggunaan irigan alami dengan kemampuan anti jamur yang baik, sebagai alternatif dari bahan sintetik, selama pembersihan dan preparasi saluran akar adalah sangat penting. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisa potensi aloe vera terhadap biofilm C.albicans. Metode: Biofilm C.albicans dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu: kelompok I biofilm C.albicans tanpa perlakuan, kelompok II,III dan IV biofilm C.albicans yang diaplikasikan aloe vera 100 , 75 , 50 dan kelompok V diaplikasikan EDTA 17. Hasil: Nilai rerata koloni biofilm C.albicans kelompok aloe vera 100 , 75 dan 50 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan EDTA 17 , namun lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok biofilm tanpa perlakuan Kesimpulan: aloe vera terbukti mempunyai daya anti jamur terhadap biofilm c.albicans dan paling tinggi pada konsentrasi 75

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Background: C. albicansas biofilm has a major role in endodontic treatment failure as the most important fungus isolated from the root canal system. Using alternative irigan with good anti fungal activity as other option from sintetic irigan, during cleaning and shaping root canal, is very important.

Objective: To analyze anti fungal activity aloe vera against C. albicans biofilm.

Methods: Biofilm C. albicans were divided into five groups Group I as biofilm C. albicans without application. Group II, III and IV with application aloe vera 100, 75 and 50 . Group V with EDTA 17

Result: Average colony biofilm C. albicans for aloe vera 100 , 75 and 50 higher than EDTA 17 but lower than control.

Conclusion: It was concluded that aloe vera possessed anti fungal activity against C. albicans biofilm and highest on consentration 75"

"Previously, we have demonstrated that the extracellular matrix from dentin affects osteoclastic activity in co-culture between osteoclast and osteoblast-rich fraction from mouse marrow cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of dentin matrix extract-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Dentin proteins were extracted from bovine incisor root dentin using 0.6 M HCl. BMMs were cultured in α-MEM containing macrophage colony-stimulating factor/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in the presence or absence of dentin matrix extract. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cell number, total TRAP activity, and the mRNA levels of osteoclast-related genes, assayed by real-time RT-PCR, were determined as markers of osteoclastogenesis. A neutralizing antibody against transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), SB431542, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor, and ELISA were used to determine the role of TGF-β1. We observed increases in TRAP-positive cell number, TRAP activity, and the mRNA levels of osteoclast-related genes of BMMs cultured with dentin extract. The use of a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β1 or SB431542 inhibited the inductive effect of dentin extract, suggesting TGF-β1 involvement. The addition of exogenous TGF-β1, but not bone morphogenic protein-2, also increased osteoclastogenesis, corresponding to the ELISA determination of TGF-β1 in the dentin extract. In conclusion, our results indicate that proteins from dentin matrix have an inductive effect in osteoclastogenesis, which is mediated, in part, by TGF-β1."

"This volume brings together contributions from experts in the field of Pasteurella research. Its covers areas such as comparative genomics, pathogenic mechanisms, bacterial proteomics, as well as a detailed description and analysis of PMT and its interaction with host tissues, cells, immune system, and signalling pathways."

"Propoxur (2-isopropoksifenil-N-metilkarbamat) merupakan insektisida yang berpotensi merusak lingkungan. Kecepatan degradasi propoksur di lingkungan diduga disebabkan peningkatan aktivitas bakteri tanah pendegradasi pestisida. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan bakteri pendegradasi propoksur. Isolasi dan seleksi dilakukan dengan metode kultur diperkaya. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan analisis filogenetik gen 16S rDNAdibandikan dengan karakter morfologi dan fisiologi. Kemampuan bakteri mendegredasi propoksur diukur pada medium yang mengandung propoksur sebagai sumber karbon pada konsentrasi yang bervariasi. Penurunan konsentrasi propoksur pada medium dianalisis dengan metode spektrofotometri diazotisasi-2-aminopiridina dan KCKT. Pertumbuhan dan kemampuan mendegradasi propoksur juga diukur pada medium dengan pH bervariasi. Aktivitas enzim diukur dengan metode sel istirahat. Enam isolat diperoleh mampu tumbuh dalam propoxur sebagai konsorsium. Satu isolat potensial memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi dan menggunakan propoksur sebagai sumber karbon sebagai kultur tunggal yakni isolat IE. Hasil analisis filogenetik gen 16S rDNA, serta karakter morfologi dan fisiologi menunjukkan isolat IE adalah Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. Bakteri tumbuh dan mendegradasi propoksur menjadi 2-isopropoksifenol dan metilamina dan menggunakan 2- isopropoksifenol sebagai sumber karbon, optimum pada pH 8.Propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate) was an insecticide that has potential environmental impact. Enhanced degradation propoxur in environment is presumably the result of an increase of activities of soil pesticidedegrading bacteria. This research aims to obtain, to identify, and to test the ability of bacteria degrading propoxur. Isolation and selection was done by enrichment culture method. Identification was done by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene compared with morphological and physiological character. The ability of the bacteria to degrade propoxur was measured on medium contain propoxur as sole carbon source in variation concentration. Propoxur in medium was analyzed by diazotized-2-aminopyridine spectrophotometry and HPLC. The ability to growth and to degrade the propoxur was measured on medium with variation of pH. Enzyme activity was measured by resting cell method. Six isolates was obtain growth in propoxur as consortium. One potential isolate has the ability degrading and using propoxur as sole carbon source as a single culture designated as isolate IE. Result of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene, morphological and physiological character showed isolate IE is Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. The bacterium grows and degrades propoxur into 2-isopropoxyphenol and methylamine utilized 2-isopropoxyphenol as sole source of carbon, optimum at pH 8."

"Genetic improvement of Bt natural strains, in particular Bt recombination, offers a promising means of improving efficacy and cost-effectiveness of Bt-based bioinsecticide products to develop new biotechnological applications. On the other hand, the different Bacillus species have important biotechnological applications; one of them is carried out by producing secondary metabolites, which are the study object of natural product chemistry. The amazing structural variability of these compounds has attracted the curiosity of chemists and the biological activities possessed by natural products have inspired the pharmaceutical industry to search for lead structures in microbial extracts. Screening of microbial extracts reveals the large structural diversity of natural compounds with broad biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, and antitumor activities that enable the bacterium to survive in its natural environment. These findings widen the target range of Bacillus spp., in special B. thuringiensis, besides insecticidal activity and help people to better understand its role in soil ecosystem."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Produk biologi yang merupakan rekayasa jaringan dapat membantu mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka. Salah satunya yang saat ini banyak digunakan dalam proses penyembuhan luka adalah Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). Meskipun demikian PRP tidak memberikan hasil optimal, karena berbentuk cairan dan proses pembuatannya membutuhkan bovine thrombin yang bersifat xenologus. Selain itu sebagian besar faktor pertumbuhan telah dilepaskan saat awal aplikasi di luka. Produk biologi lainnya adalah Platelet Rich Fibrin Matrix (PRFM), yang merupakan generasi terbaru konsentrat trombosit yang menghasilkan fibrin alami. Pada operasi THT-KL khususnya plastik rekonstruksi, tandur kulit banyak digunakan untuk defek yang tidak dapat ditutup primer dengan jabir lokal. Dengan cara tersebut penyembuhan luka tandur kulit berlangsung lama, tandur kulit kontraktur dan hasilnya tidak optimal. Aplikasi PRFM pada implantasi tandur kulit diharapkan dapat meningkatkan mutu kesintasan tandur. Walaupun mekanisme kerja PRFM dalam mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka tandur kulit belum diketahui, secara in vitro mengarah pada adanya peran faktor pertumbuhan.Tujuan: Mendapatkan PRFM yang lebih baik dari PRP dalam mempercepat penyembuhan luka tandur kulit, tanpa menggunakan perangkat komersial, serta mengetahui peran faktor pertumbuhan dalam mempercepat penyembuhan luka tandur in vivo.Metode: Sebanyak 150 jaringan biopsi tandur kulit full thickness skin graft (FTSG) dan split thickness skin graft (STSG) yang diperoleh dari 5 ekor babi, dibagi menjadi tiga perlakuan yaitu tandur-kontrol, tandur-PRP, dan tandur-PRFM. Biopsi jaringan tandur dilakukan pada hari ke-1, -3, -7, -14 dan ke-30 sesuai fase penyembuhan luka. Jaringan biopsi dievaluasi secara histologi dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin eosin, trichrome Masson dan Picrosirius red; juga kadar TGFβ1 dan PDGF. Pemeriksaan makroskopik terhadap luka tandur kulit dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi hasil dokumentasi fotografi menggunakan program ImageJ. Pada awal penelitian diukur kadar faktor pertumbuhan TGFβ1 dan PDGF di PRP dan PRFM, serta dinilai karakteristik struktur mikroskopik, ukuran serat fibrin dan diameter trombosit PRFM menggunakan SEM. PRFM dibuat dari PRP tanpa menggunakan perangkat komersial.Hasil: Kadar faktor pertumbuhan, kepadatan sel PMN, sel makrofag, fibroblas, kepadatan kolagen tipe 1 dan kesintasan tandur-PRFM lebih baik dibandingkan tandur-PRP dan tandurkontrol. Diperoleh PRFM babi dan manusia yang memiliki struktur mikrokopik serat fibrin seperti jala dengan trombosit tersebar di serat fibrin. Karakter tersebut menyerupai PRFM yang diperoleh menggunakan perangkat komersial.Simpulan: Pemberian PRFM sebagai preparat trombosit autologus meningkatkan percepatan penyembuhan luka tandur kulit karena mengandung faktor pertumbuhan yang diperlukan pada penyembuhan luka. PRFM dapat dibuat tanpa perangkat komersial.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Biological products that are tissue engineered can help accelerate the wound healing process. One of the mostly used biological products for wound healing process is Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). However, it has not provided optimal results, because of its liquid form, the development process that use xenologous bovine thrombin, and most of the growth factors will be released prior to its application on a wound. Another biological product is Platelet Rich Fibrin Matrix (PRFM), a new generation of concentrated blood platelets that produce natural fibrin. For facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, skin graft is often used on defects that cannot be covered primarily by local flap. By this method the wound healing of skin graft is slow, skin graft contracture occured and the results were not optimal. Application of PRFM in the skin graft implants is expected to increase the survival of the graft. Furthermore the mechanism of PRFM in accelerating wound healing process of skin graft is still unknown; reported in vitro studies showed the important role of growth factor.

Objective: To obtain PRFM that is better then PRP in accelerating the healing process of skin graft wound, without using comersial devices. Also to investigate the role of growth factors in accelerating the healing process of skin graft wound by in vivo study.

Methods:. 150 tissue biopsies of full thickness (FTSG) and split thickness (STSG) skin grafts were obtained from 5 porcines with three different treatments, control-graft, PRP-graft and PRFM-graft. Biopsy of each tissue-graft was done on day-1, -3, -7, -14 and -30 according to the phases of wound healing. Each tissue biopsy was evaluated by histopathology using hematoxyilin eosin, trichrome Masson and Picrosirius red stainings; measurement of the TGFβ1 and the PDGF levels was done by ELISA. Macroscopic examination towards skin graft wound was done by evaluating photographic documentation results using ImageJ program. The amount of TGFβ1 and PDGF in PRP and PRFM was determined at the beginning of this research, as well as evaluation of the microscopic structure characteristic, fibrin fiber size and platelets diameter in PRFM by using SEM.

Results: TGFβ1 and PDGF levels, PMN cell, macrophage, fibroblast, and collagen type 1 density, as well as survival graft of PRFM addition were better compared to PRP and control. Porcine and human PRFM has microscopic fibrin fiber structure like nets with the platelets spread on fibrin fibers. This character of the PRFM is similar to the PRFM prepared by using a commercial device.

Conclusion: Application of PRFM as an autologous thrombocyte preparation increase the acceleration of skin graft wound healing because it contains growth factors that are needed in wound healing."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada keanekaragaman taksonomi Class Ktedonobacteria, kemampuannya sebagai penghasil enzim, deskripsi takson baru, dan analisis whole genome. Tujuh belas isolat diperoleh dari sampel tanah di hutan dekat geyser, kawasan geotermal Cisolok, Jawa Barat. Sequence gen 16S rRNA dari semua isolat dibandingkan dengan spesies terdekat pada database EzBioCloud. Seluruh isolat memiliki nilai homologi yang rendah terhadap Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T (97,82-98,18%). Penapisan kemampuan enzimatik menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar isolat (88,23%) menghasilkan amilase dan selulase. Komposisi bakteri dari enam sampel dianalisis dengan metode metabarcoding gen 16S rRNA pada daerah V1-V3 menggunakan Illumina Mi-Seq Next Generation Sequencing. Ktedonobacteria merupakan kelas yang paling mendominasi dalam Phylum Chloroflexota (17,74-89,49%) pada lima sampel; Namun, kelas tersebut tidak terdeteksi pada satu sampel (tanah di bawah batu besar). Empat puluh tujuh amplikon gen 16S rRNA dari taksa terdekat Ktedonobacteria berhasil diperoleh dari enam sampel yang mewakili garis keturunan baru pada tingkat takson yang tinggi. Strain S3.2.2.5 diisolasi dari tanah di dalam serasah batang bambu. Karakter fenotipik, genotipik, dan filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa strain tersebut mewakili spesies berbeda dari Genus Dictyobacter; sehingga diusulkan spesies baru Dictyobacter halimunensis sp. nov.

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This study focuses on the taxonomic diversity of the class Ktedonobacteria, their ability as enzyme producers, description of novel taxon, and whole genome analysis. Seventeen isolates were obtained from soil samples in the forest near geyser, Cisolok geothermal area, West Java. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of all isolates was compared with all related species in the EzBioCloud database. All isolates had low similarity values to Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T (97.82-98.18%). Primary screening of enzymatic abilities showed that most isolates (88.23%) were amylase- and cellulase-producing Ktedonobacteria. Bacterial composition analyses from six samples were performed based on the V1-V3 of 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding using Illumina Mi-Seq Next Generation Sequencing. Ktedonobacteria was the most dominating class within the phylum Chloroflexota (17.74-89.49%) in five samples; however, it was not detected in one sample (the soil under a big rock). Forty-seven 16S rRNA gene amplicons of Ktedonobacteria-related taxa were generated from six samples and represented the putative new lineages in high taxonomic rank. A strain S3.2.2.5 was isolated from soil inside a decayed bamboo stem. The phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic data suggest this strain represents a distinct species of the Dictyobacter genera; hence, a new species, Dictyobacter halimunensis sp. nov. is proposed."