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"Latar belakang : Skor PELOD-2 digunakan untuk mengetahui prognosis disfungsi organ pada anak sakit kritis. Hasil skor PELOD-2 terkadang tidak berbanding lurus dengan luaran perawatan sehingga tidak selalu dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor luaran pasien yang dirawat di PICU. Tujuan : Mengetahui profil dan luaran pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM berdasar skor PELOD-2. Metode : Penelitian retrospektif dengan mengambil data rekam medis pasien rawat di PICU RSCM, periode Januari-Desember 2018 secara total sampling. Penilaian skor PELOD-2 pada 24 jam pertama perawatan, komorbid dan luaran subjek dicatat dalam rekam medis. Hasil : Diperoleh 477 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria. Pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM sebagian besar berjenis kelamin laki (56,4%) dan berusia <1 tahun (27,9%), dengan bedah sebagai diagnosis terbanyak (65%). Sebagian besar pasien memiliki penyakit kronik (70,4%). Nilai median skor PELOD-2 2 untuk pasien hidup dan median skor 8 untuk pasien meninggal. Angka mortalitas adalah 10,7%. Sebagian besar subjek memiliki lama rawat <7 hari (75,5%). Subjek dengan lama rawat >14 hari memiliki median skor PELOD-2 tiga kali lipat dari subjek dengan lama rawat <7 hari. Subjek meninggal memiliki median skor PELOD-2 empat kali lipat lebih tinggi dari subjek hidup. Adanya luaran mortalitas dan lama rawat subjek yang tidak sesuai dengan skor PELOD-2 kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh status nutrisi dan status imun. Titik potong mortalitas skor PELOD-2 pada penelitian ini adalah >5, dan titik potong mortalitas skor PELOD-2 pasien sepsis >7. Simpulan : Skor PELOD-2 dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi prognosis disfungsi organ yang mengancam kehidupan pada anak tanpa imunosupresi, semakin tinggi skor PELOD-2 akan diikuti peningkatan lama rawat dan mortalitas.

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Background: PELOD-2 score is stated can be used to discover prognosis of organ dysfunction in critically ill child. Sometimes PELOD-2 score does not always directly proportional to critically ill child s outcome, therefore sometimes can not be used as outcome and mortality predictor. Objective: To describe critically ill patient s profile and outcome of based on PELOD-2 score. Methods: This descriptive study was retrospective, conducted from January to December 2018 in PICU RSCM by total sampling. Evaluation of PELOD-2 score were performed in the first 24 hours. Subjects comorbid and outcome were stated in medical record. Results: There were 477 subjects that fulfilled the criteria. Most of the subjects were boys (56,4%) and under 1 year of age (27,9%) with surgical were the most common diagnosis (65%). Most of the subject have chronic illness as comorbid (70,4%). Median of PELOD-2 score were 2 for subjects that lived and 8 for subjects that died. Mortality rate is 10,7%. Most of the subjects were stayed in PICU for < 7 days (75,5%). Subjects with length of stay >14 days had median PELOD-2 score 3 times higher than the subjects with length of stay <7 days. Died subjects had median PELOD-2 score 4 times higher than the subjects that lived. The subjects mortality and length of stay that not in accordance with the PELOD-2 score may be influenced by subjects nutritional and immunity status. Mortality cut off point for PELOD-2 score in this study is >5. Mortality cut off point for PELOD-2 for subjects with sepsis is >7 Conclusion: PELOD-2 score is feasible to be used to predict life threatening organ dysfunction in critically ill children without immunosuppression, the higher the PELOD-2 score is equal to higher mortality and longer length of stay."

"Anak yang dirawat di ICU cenderung mengalami malnutrisi sejak masuk atau selama perawatan yang dapat memperberat penyakit dasar, memperpanjang lama rawat serta meningkatkan mortalitas. Baik underfeeding atapun overfeeding dapat terjadi di ICU Anak selama perawatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang, menggunakan data rekam medis. Selama 3 bulan penelitian. didapatkan 45 subjek penelitian. Dari 45 data pasien didapatkan 127 peresepan untuk menilai keseuaian peresepan dengan pemberian nutrisi pada pasien. Pemberian nutrisi pada pasien yang dirawat di ICU Anak merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Perlu perhitungan kebutuhan nutrisi yang cermat, pemberian nutrisi tepat yang sesuai kebutuhan pasien agar tidak terjadi malnutrisi yang lebih berat lagi.

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Children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) are at risk for poor and potentially worsening nutritional status, a factor that further increases comorbidities and complications, prolongs the hospital stay, increases cost and increases mortality. Both underfeeding and overfeeding are prevalent in PICU and may result in large energy imbalance. This was cross sectional study design, with 3 month consecutive sampling in PICU which met 45 patients as the subject and 127 prescription of nutrition. Nutrition support therapies in PICU is very important .Adequate nutrition therapy is essential to improve nutrition outcomes in critically ill children."

"Latar belakang: Cedera gastrointestinal akut seringkali terjadi secara sekunder terhadap penyakit kritis, namun penilaiannya tidak rutin dilaksanakan. Penilaian gagal organ pada pasien anak yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia adalah skor PELOD-2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dengan gagal organ yang dinilai berdasarkan skor PELOD-2 pada pasien anak sakit kritis.Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien anak dengan cedera gastrointestinal akut di PICU RSCM dari bulan September 2019-September 2020. Derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dinilai menggunakan kriteria AGI grading system, sedangkan gagal organ dinilai menggunakan skor PELOD-2. Uji statistic Chi Square, Kruskal Wallis dan Mann-Whitney dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS IBM versi 20.Hasil: Didapatkan 25 sampel dengan median skor PELOD-2 pada derajat satu sebesar 1 (0-5), dua sebesar 1 (0-9), tiga sebesar 9 (n=1), dan empat sebesar 9 (7-11). Hasil Uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik (P= 0,004) dan terdapat peningkatan skor PELOD-2 pada derajat yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu hasil uji Chi Square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dengan mortalitas pasien (P= 0,014).Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dengan skor PELOD-2 dan luaran mortalitas pada pasien anak sakit kritis.

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Background: Acute gastrointestinal injury can be secondary to critical illness, however it is not often assessed. The instrument used to assess organ dysfunction in children is Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 (PELOD-2) Score. This study aims to explain association between AGI grade and organ dysfunction using PELOD-2 in critically ill pediatric patients.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from medical records of pediatric patients with AGI in PICU of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, starting from September 2019 to 2020. Patients were classified based on AGI grade. The severity of organ dysfunction was measured using PELOD-2. Data were analysed with Chi Square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS IBM version 20.

Results: From 25 included pediatric patients, median of PELOD-2 score in AGI grade 1, 2, 3 were 1, 1, 9 respectively. There is only one sample of AGI grade 3, therefore the median of PELOD-2 score cannot be calculated.. Kurskal-Wallis test showed significant association (P: 0.004) with higher PELOD-2 score in more severe AGI grade. Chi Square test also showed significant association (P= 0,014) with higher mortality rate in more sever AGI grade.

Conclusion: There is significant association between AGI grade with PELOD-2 score and mortality rate in critically ill pediatric patients"

"Latar belakang : Penggunaan antibiotik pada ruang perawatan intensif (Intensive Care Unit, ICU) masih sangat tinggi terutama pada kasus sepsis. Penggunaan terapi tidak rasional merupakan masalah serius dan umum terjadi dan dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya resistensi antibotik. Sepsis merupakan disfungsi organ yang mengancam kehidupan (life-threatening organ dysfunction) yang disebabkan oleh disregulasi imun terhadap infeksi. Terapi antibiotik merupakan komponen utama dalam tatalaksana sepsis. Pemberian antibiotik yang tepat sejak dini pada pasien sepsis perlu dilakukan, dengan pilihan obat yang sesuai dengan pola kuman di komunitas dan rumah sakit.Tujuan : Mengevaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif pada kasus sepsis yang menjalani perawatan di PICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo.Metode : Desain penelitian potong lintang berdasarkan data pasien anak dengan sepsis yang dirawat  di PICU RSCM yang tercatat di rekam medis sejak April 2017 - Maret 2018. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan secara secara total sampling. Hasil : Subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian yaitu 82 pasien. Sebagian besar subyek perempuan, dengan rentang usia enam bulan sampai satu tahun, status gizi baik, durasi rawat <7 hari, fokus infeksi tersering saluran napas, terutama infeksi komunitas. Penggunaan alat invasif yang paling banyak adalah ventilator, kateter urin dan selang nasogastrik. Antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah sefotaksim, meropenem, dan seftazidim dengan indikasi terbanyak sebagai terapi empirik, penggunaan kurang dari tujuh hari, dan jumlah antibiotik yang digunakan lebih dari satu jenis. Evaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif didapatkan pemilihan yang tepat sebesar 71,3%. Kesalahan tersering pemilihan antibiotik yaitu dosis dan interval antibiotik tidak tepat.Simpulan : Penggunaan antibiotik di PICU cukup tinggi. Evaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif didapatkan pemilihan yang tepat sebesar 71,3%.

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Antibiotics are the most commonly used medicines in the Pediatirc Intensive Care Units (PICUs) espesially in sepsis cases. Irrational antibiotic therapy is a serious problem and can lead to increased antibiotic resistance. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by immune dysregulation of infection. Antibiotic therapy is a major component in the management of sepsis. Proper administration of antibiotics in sepsis patients needs to be done, with a choice of drugs that are appropriate to the patterns of bacteria in the community and hospitals.Aim: To qualitatively evaluate antibiotic use in sepsis cases undergoing treatment in PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Method: We perform cross sectional study, reviewing patient medical report of child diagnosed with sepsis admitted to PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April 2017 – March 2018. All antibiotic usage data was collected. Result: Subjects who met the study criteria were 82 patients with sepsis and given antibiotics. The majority patients given antibiotics were female, ranging in age from six months to one year, with good nutritional status, duration of stay <7 days, the most common focus infections was respiratory infection, and community infections. The most common invasive devices used were ventilator, urinary catheter and nasogastric tube. The most common antibiotics used cefotaxime, meropenem, and ceftazidim with mostly empiric therapy indication, use less than seven days, and more than one type of antibiotics were given. Qualitative evaluation of antibiotics was obtained with the appropriate use 71.3%. The most common mistake in choosing antibiotics were inappropriate dosage and inappropriate interval of antibiotics. Conclusions: Antibiotic use in PICU still high. Of sepsis patients recieving antibiotics treatment at PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 71,3% were given antibiotics appropriately."

"Malnutrisi pada anak sakit kritis dalam perawatan intensif menjadi masalah dalam beberapa dekade terakhir dan berhubungan erat dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Hingga kini, Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) belum memiliki panduan baku mengenai dukungan nutrisi anak sakit kritis. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil pemberian nutrisi enteral (NE) dan waktu pencapaian resting energy expenditure (REE) di Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) RSCM dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi. Penelitian dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan menggunakan data rekam medis anak sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM pada tahun 2017-2018. Waktu inisiasi pemberian NE dan pencapaian REE serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pemberian tersebut dicatat dan dilakukan analisis multivariat untuk mencari faktor risiko yang bermakna. Terdapat 203 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Terdapat 120 subyek berjenis kelamin lelaki (59,1%), dengan median usia adalah 35 bulan (rentang usia 1-209 bulan). Kasus bedah terdapat pada 125 subyek (61,6%) dan status gizi normal terdapat pada 87 subyek (42,9%). Prevalensi pemberian NE dini adalah 63,1%, dan pencapaian kalori REE ≤72 jam adalah 67,5%, dengan median 48 jam. Faktor risiko yang menghambat pemberian NE dini adalah pasca-bedah abdomen, penggunaan inotropik, penggunaan ventilator, gejala gastrointestinal sebelum inisiasi, dan status gizi tidak normal dengan odds ratio (OR) 10,89 (IK 95% 4,31-27,50; p=0,009), 4,60 (IK 95% 1,78-11,90; p=0,002), 4,18 (IK 95% 1,56-11,17; p=0,004), 3,40 (IK 95% 1,59-7,29; p=0,002), 2,49 (IK 95% 1,09-5,72; p=0,031). Faktor risiko yang menghambat pencapaian kalori REE ≤72 jam adalah pemberian NE lambat, intoleransi pemberian enteral berupa gejala gastrointestinal dan skor PELOD-2 ≥7 dengan OR 20,62 (IK 95% 6,48-65,65; p=0,000), 14,77 (IK 95% 4,40-49,60; p=0,000), 3,98 (IK 95% 1,01-15,66; p=0,048). Prevalensi pemberian NE dini pada anak sakit kritis di PICU RSCM cukup baik dengan waktu pencapaian REE sesuai dengan target. Faktor terbanyak penghambat pemberian NE dini adalah kondisi pasca-bedah abdomen, sedangkan faktor penghambat pencapaian REE ≤ 72 jam terbanyak adalah pemberian NE lambat.

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Malnutrition of critically ill children remains a major problem that is closely related to high morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) during the last decades. The protocol of nutritional support for critically ill children in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH) has not yet been developed. The study is aimed to evaluate the enteral nutrition (EN) profile, the duration to achieve resting energy expenditure (REE) and number of influencing factors associated with the late EN administration and late REE achievement. The data were collected retrospectively from medical records during the year 2017 to 2018 in PICU CMH. We assessed the timing of EN given and the duration of REE achieved from EN. We performed multivariate analysis to determined significant factors associated with late EN and late REE achievement. Two hundred three subjects were included. One hundred twenty subjects (59%) were boys, with median age of 35 (1-209) months old. One hundred twenty five subjects (61.6%) were post-surgical period and 87 subjects (42.9%) were in good nutritional status. The prevalence of early EN was 63.1%, and REE ≤72 hours was achieved in 67.5% subjects, with the median time was 48 hours. Significant factors inhibit early EN administration were post-abdominal surgery, ventilator use, inotropic use, gastrointestinal symptoms before initiation, and abnormal nutritional status; with OR 10.89 (95% CI 4.31 to 27.50; p=0.009), 4.60 (95% CI 1.78 to 11.90; p=0.002), 4.18 (95% CI 1.56 to 11.17; p=0.004), 3.40 (95% CI 1.59 to 7.29; p=0.002), 2.49, 95% CI 1.09 to 5.72; p=0.031), respectively. While factors inhibit the achievement of REE ≤72 hours were the late EN initiation, enteral intolerance, and PELOD-2 score ≥7 with OR 20.62 (95% CI 6.48 to 65.65; p=0.000), 14.77 (95% CI 4.40 to 49.60; p=0.000), 3.98 (95% CI 1.01 to 15.66; p=0.048), respectively. The prevalence of early EN administration with the duration to achieve REE among critically ill children in the PICU CMH was quite satisfying. The most influencing factor inhibit early EN administration was post-abdominal surgery, while the most significant factor inhibit the achievement of REE ≤72 hours was the late NE administration."

"Permasalahan yang sering muncul dalam merawat klien dengan ventilasi mekanik di PICU adalah masalah keperawatan ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan napas. Salah satu teori keperawatan yang dapat diaplikasikan di ruang perawatan intensif adalah Model Konservasi Myra E. Levine yang mempunyai 3 konsep dasar yaitu konservasi, adaptasi dan keutuhan (wholeness). Tahapan proses keperawatan yang dilakukan adalah melakukan pengkajian, merumuskan trophicognosis dan hypothesis yang tepat, mengimplementasikan rencana dan melakukan evaluasi terhadap setiap respon organismik klien yang bertujuan untuk membantu klien beradaptasi selama dalam perawatan dan mencapai wholeness sebagai seorang individu yang unik. Intervensi yang dapat dilaksanakan untuk mempertahankan bersihan jalan napas yang efektif, antara lain fisioterapi dada, penghisapan lendir, humidifikasi, inhalasi, dan mobilisasi. Peran Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Anak selama merawat anak dengan ventilasi mekanik adalah sebagai praktisi, pendidik, advokat dan peneliti. Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Anak diharapkan terus mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dibidang keperawatan untuk meningkatkan kualitas asuhan keperawatan pada klien dan keluarga.

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Nursing problem that often arises in caring of pediatric patient with mechanical ventilation at PICU is ineffectiveness of airway clearance. One of the nursing theories that can be applied in intensive care unit is Myra E. Levine Conservation Model which has 3 basic concepts. Those concepts are conservation, adaptation and wholeness. Stages of the nursing process are assesment, formulate appropriate trophicognosis and hypothesis, implementing the intervention and evaluating every client organismic response that is aimed to help clients adapting during the treatment and achieving wholeness as a unique individual. Interventions that can be implemented to maintain an effective airway clearance are chest physiotherapy, mucus suction, humidification, inhalation, and mobilization. The Role of Ners Specialist of Pediatric Nursing for caring of a pediatric patient with mechanical ventilation is as practitioner, educator, advocate and researcher. Ners specialist of pediatric nursing are expected to continue develop knowledge and technology in the field of nursing to improve the quality of nursing care to clients and families."

"Cairan dibutuhkan oleh tubuh untuk konservasi energi. Ketidakseimbangan cairan akan menyebabkan gangguan proses fisiologis yaitu pengaturan suhu tubuh, media transportasi, membantu proses memperbaiki sel di dalam tubuh dan metabolisme. Karya ilmiah ini membahas mengenai penerapan Konservasi Energi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan cairan anak post operasi. Terdapat lima kasus yang dibahas. Intervensi diberikan berdasarkan pinsip-prinsip konservasi mencakup semua trophicognosis yang ditemukan pada klien. Hasil evaluasi pada akhir perawatan dari trophicognosis pada kelima kasus terpilih, menunjukkan ada yang teratasi, belum teratasi tetapi sudah menunjukkan perbaikan, dan ada juga yang belum teratasi. Pemantauan asupan dan haluran cairan memegang peranan penting dalam menyelesaikan masalah klien

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Fluids are needed by the body for energy conservation. Fluid imbalance will cause physiological processes. The process is the regulation of body temperature, transport media, assist in the repair cells in the body and metabolism. This paper discusses the application of Energy Conservation to meet the child's needs postoperative fluid. There are five cases discussed. Interventions are given based on conservation principles pinsip trophicognosis include all those found on the client. The evaluation results of treatment in five cases trophicognosis selected, indicates there are resolved, not resolved but is showing improvement, and there are also unresolved. Fluid intake and output monitoring is an important role of problem solving"

"Permasalahan yang sering muncul dalam merawat klien dengan ventilasi mekanik di PICU adalah masalah keperawatan ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan napas. Salah satu teori keperawatan yang dapat diaplikasikan di ruang perawatan intensif adalah Model Konservasi Myra E. Levine yang mempunyai 3 konsep dasar yaitu konservasi, adaptasi dan keutuhan (wholeness). Tahapan proses keperawatan yang dilakukan adalah melakukan pengkajian, merumuskan trophicognosis dan hypothesis yang tepat, mengimplementasikan rencana dan melakukan evaluasi terhadap setiap respon organismik klien yang bertujuan untuk membantu klien beradaptasi selama dalam perawatan dan mencapai wholeness sebagai seorang individu yang unik. Intervensi yang dapat dilaksanakan untuk mempertahankan bersihan jalan napas yang efektif, antara lain fisioterapi dada, penghisapan lendir, humidifikasi, inhalasi, dan mobilisasi. Peran Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Anak selama merawat anak dengan ventilasi mekanik adalah sebagai praktisi, pendidik, advokat dan peneliti. Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Anak diharapkan terus mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dibidang keperawatan untuk meningkatkan kualitas asuhan keperawatan pada klien dan keluarga.

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Nursing problem that often arises in caring of pediatric patient with mechanical ventilation at PICU is ineffectiveness of airway clearance. One of the nursing theories that can be applied in intensive care unit is Myra E. Levine Conservation Model which has 3 basic concepts. Those concepts are conservation, adaptation and wholeness. Stages of the nursing process are assesment, formulate appropriate trophicognosis and hypothesis, implementing the intervention and evaluating every client organismic response that is aimed to help clients adapting during the treatment and achieving wholeness as a unique individual. Interventions that can be implemented to maintain an effective airway clearance are chest physiotherapy, mucus suction, humidification, inhalation, and mobilization. The Role of Ners Specialist of Pediatric Nursing for caring of a pediatric patient with mechanical ventilation is as practitioner, educator, advocate and researcher. Ners specialist of pediatric nursing are expected to continue develop knowledge and technology in the field of nursing to improve the quality of nursing care to clients and families."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakangKematian akibat sepsis dan syok septik pada pasien rawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU) yaitu 20-30%. Pemberian antibiotik empirik yang tepat merupakan salah satu langkah awal yang sangat penting. Amikasin merupakan salah satu antibiotik terpilih untuk tata laksana sepsis di ICU RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Saat ini belum pernah dilakukan penelitian mengenai ketercapaian kadar terapi amikasin dengan menggunakan dosis standar amikasin pada pasien sepsis dewasa di ICU RSCM, sehingga studi ini menjadi penelitian pertama di Indonesia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketercapaian kadar amikasin optimal pada pasien ICU RSCM.MetodeData dikumpulkan secara potong lintang melalui observasi terhadap hasil pemeriksaan kadar plasma amikasin, pengukuran minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dan perhitungan rasio Cmax/MIC pada pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM periode Mei-September tahun 2015.Hasil penelitianProporsi pasien sepsis dengan kadar amikasin optimal ialah sebesar 57% (4/7). Kadar puncak amikasin yang dapat dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari tanpa menghiraukan berat badan ialah median 86,4 (43,5-238) µg/mL. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 87% pasien dengan kadar puncak amikasin di atas 64 µg/mL, meskipun amikasin 1000 mg tersebut lebih rendah dari dosis yang dianjurkan untuk sepsis (25 mg/kgBB). Sebagian besar (78,3 %) subyek pada kenyataannya menerima dosis 15-25 mg/kgBB, dengan pemberian 1000 mg amikasin tanpa memperhatikan berat badan. Bakteri yang banyak ditemukan dari hasil kultur pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM, yaitu K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa dan E. coli. Rentang nilai MIC untuk patogen tersebut berturut-turut yaitu 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 1,5 - >256 µg/mL dan 0,75 - 16) µg/mL. Sebanyak 84% isolat K. pneumoniae masih sensitif terhadap amikasin, diikuti oleh 63% untuk A. baumanii, 47% P. aeruginosa dan 100% untuk E. coli.KesimpulanOptimalitas amikasin terhadap bakteri Gram negatif penyebab sepsis bergantung kadar puncak dan MIC bakteri. Kadar puncak plasma amikasin yang dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari sangat bervariasi. Pemberian amikasin dengan dosis per kgBB dapat dipertimbangkan. Kepekaan beberapa bakteri Gram negatif terhadap amikasin mulai menurun dengan rentang MIC yang cukup lebar. Pengukuran ketercapaian kadar optimal dalam terapi definitif dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi.ABSTRACT BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Mortalitas pasien UPI lebih tinggi dari pasien rawat lainnya. Instrumen prediktor mortalitas pada pasien UPI dapat membantu untuk melakukan stratifikasi risiko dan pengambilan keputusan klinis dalam tatalaksana pasien. Skor LODS merupakan salah satu instrumen yang terbukti memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan intrumen prediktor yang saat ini digunakan di UPI RSCM. Meskipun demikian, komponen skor LODS membutuhkan pemeriksaan yang tidak murah sehingga sulit diaplikasikan terutama pada pasien tanpa jaminan kesehatan. Bersihan laktat merupakan alternatif yang lebih murah dan ditemukan memiliki kemampuan prediktor mortalitas yang baik pada penelitian sebelumnya.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kemampuan prediktor bersihan laktat dengan skor LODS terhadap mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien UPI RSCM yang dirawat pada rentang Agustus 2015 – April 2018. Data yang di ambil berupa karakteristik, skor LODS hari pertama, laktat inisial, laktat 6-24 jam serta terjadi atau tidaknya mortalitas dalam 30 hari. Hubungan antara skor LODS dengan mortalitas dianalisis dengan regresi logistik sederhana, sementara hubungan antara bersihan laktat dan mortalitas dinilai dengan uji chi square. Kemampuan diskriminasi keduanya dinilai dengan analisis kurva ROC sementara kemampuan kalibrasi dinilai dengan uji goodness of fit Hosmer-Lemeshow. Kemampuan diagnostik dinilai dengan menghitung sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, NPV, LR positif, serta LR negatif. Kemampuan diskriminasi, kalibrasi, serta diagnostik diantara skor LODS dan bersihan laktat kemudian dibandingkan.Hasil: Dari 388 subjek yang dianalisis, didapatkan bersihan laktat memiliki diskriminasi lemah (AUC 0,597), kalibrasi lemah (Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p<0,001), sensitivitas 65% (IK95% 48,3% - 79,3%), spesifisitas 54,3% (IK95% 48,9% - 59,6%), PPV 14,1% (IK95% 11,2% - 17,4%), NPV 93,1% (IK95% 89,7% - 95,4%), LR positif 1,420 (IK95% 1,10 – 1,84), dan LR negatif 0,640 (IK95% 0,42 – 0,99), dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM. Sementara Skor LODS memiliki diskriminasi baik (AUC 0,79), kalibrasi baik (Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0,818), sensitivitas 77,5% (IK95% 64,6% - 90,4%), spesifisitas 63,8% (IK95% 58,8% - 68,8%), PPV 19,7% (IK95% 13,4% - 25,9%), NPV 96,1% (IK95% 93,6% - 98,6%), LR positif 2,140 (IK95% 1,72 – 2,66), dan LR negatif 0,353 (IK95% 0,20 – 0,63), dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM.Kesimpulan: Performa bersihan laktat dari segi kemampuan diskriminasi, kalibrasi, atau diagnostik tidak lebih baik dari skor LODS dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM.

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Backgrounds: The mortality rate of ICU patients is higher than other inpatients. The mortality predicting tools of ICU patients can help a physician stratify the risk and make the clinical decision in patient management. The LODS score is one of the tools that has been proven better than predictor instruments currently used at RSCM ICU. However, the component of the LODS score requires an expensive examination, so it is difficult to apply, especially to patients without health insurance. Lactate clearance is a cheaper alternative and was found to have a good predictive ability of mortality in previous studies.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predictor ability of LODS scores with lactate clearance on 30-days-patient-mortality treated at RSCM ICU.

Method: This was a cohort retrospective study using the medical records of RSCM ICU patients who were treated between August 2015 – April 2018. The data were demographic characteristics, first-day LODS score, initial lactate, lactate in 6-24 hours, and 30-days-patient-mortality. The relationship between LODS scores and mortality was analyzed with simple logistic regression, while the chi-square test assessed the relationship between lactate clearance and mortality. Discrimination ability was assessed by ROC curve analysis, while the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test assessed calibration ability. Diagnostic ability was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, positive LR, and negative LR. Discrimination, calibration, and diagnostic capabilities between LODS scores and lactate clearance were then compared between groups.

Results: From 388 subjects analyzed, lactate clearance was found to have weak discrimination (AUC 0.597), weak calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p<0.001), sensitivity 65% ​​(CI 95% 48.3% – 79.3%), specificity 54 ,3% (95% CI 48.9% – 59.6%), PPV 14.1% (95% CI 11.2% – 17.4%), NPV 93.1% (95% CI 89.7% – 95 0.4%), positive LR 1.420 (95% CI 1.10 – 1.84), and negative LR 0.640 (95% CI 0.42 – 0.99), in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU. Meanwhile, the LODS score had good discrimination (AUC 0.79), good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p=0.818), sensitivity 77.5% (95% CI 64.6% – 90.4%), specificity 63.8% (95% CI 58.8% – 68.8%), PPV 19.7% (95% CI 13.4% – 25.9%), NPV 96.1% (95% CI 93.6% – 98.6%), positive LR 2.140 (95% CI 1.72 – 2.66), and negative LR 0.353 (95% CI 0.20 – 0.63), in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU.

Conclusion: Lactate clearance performance in terms of discriminatory ability, calibration, or diagnostic performance was not better than the LODS score in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU."