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"ABSTRAKDivais directional coupler dan optical switch merupakan komponen yangdibutuhkan dalam pemrosesan sinyal optik. Kemajuan teknologi wavelength divisionmultiplexing (WDM) dan pertumbuhan lalu lintas internet yang cepat memicu banyakpenelitian tentang teknologi switching optik. Galium Nitrida (GaN) merupakan materialsemikonduktor nitrida kelompok III yang menjadi kandidat menjanjikan untuk divaisyang beroperasi pada panjang gelombang komunikasi optik.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan desain directional coupler dan optical switchmenggunakan material GaN untuk panjang gelombang telekomunikasi, yaitu 1,55 um.Desain directional coupler terdiri dari pandu gelombang S-bend dan linear sedangkandesain optical switch berbasis Mach-Zehnder Interferometer yang terdiri dari duadirectional coupler yang dihubungkan dengan dua lengan persegi panjang. Optimasidesain dilakukan dengan metode finite difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM)menggunakan perangkat lunak OptiBPM. Optimasi dilakukan dengan memvariasikanparameter pandu gelombang meliputi lebar, ketebalan, width gap dan coupling gap.Dari hasil simulasi ditunjukkan bahwa lebar dan tebal terbaik untuk memperolehpropagasi single mode masing-masing adalah 4 um. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan hasiloptimasi ukuran pandu gelombang dilakukan desain directional coupler dan opticalswitch. Ditunjukan bahwa directional coupler dengan panjang 980 um dan lebar 15 umdengan width gap 7 um dan coupling gap 6 μm menghasilkan daya keluaran sebesar91,71% dengan splitting ratio sebesar 48,83% : 48,03%, excess loss dan power imbalanceberturut-turut sebesar 0,37 dB dan 0,07 dB.Tahap selanjutnya, berdasarkan lebar dan tebal pandu gelombang, dilakukanoptimasi desain optical switch. Dari hasil eksperimen numerik ditunjukkan bahwa desainoptical switch terbaik, memiliki panjang 6380 μm dan lebar 15 um, dengan panjangelektroda sebesar 4500 μm. Optical switch mampu beroperasi sebagai switch pada
 =34 V dengan insertion loss dan extinction ratio berturut-turut sebesar 1,23 dB dan 8,46 dB

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ABSTRACTDirectional coupler and optical switches are the components needed in opticalsignal processing. The progress of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologyand the rapid growth of internet traffic have triggered much research regarding opticalswitching technology. Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a III-nitride semiconductor becomes apromising candidate for devices which operate in wavelength optical communications.In this research, the design of GaN-based directional coupler and optical switchdesign was conducted for telecommunication wavelength at 1.55 um. The design ofdirectional coupler consists of S-bend and linear waveguide, whereas, design of opticalswitch based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer consists of two directional couplersconnected by two rectangular arms. Design optimization was conducted by finitedifference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) using OptiBPM software. Optimizationwas conducted by a varying waveguide parameter such as waveguide width, waveguidethickness, width gap and coupling gap.From the simulation results, the best of width and thickness were 4 um and 4 um,respectively, for support single-mode propagation. Next, based on the optimization resultof the waveguide dimension, it was conducted a design of the directional coupler andoptical switch. It was noticed that the directional coupler was 980 m long, and 15 umwide with width gap and coupling gap were 7 um and 6 μm, respectively. It generatedthe output power of 91.71% with the splitting ratio of 48.83 %: 48.03% while the excessloss of 0.37 dB and the power imbalances of 0.07 dB.The next step, optimization of the optical switch design was conducted based onthe width and thickness of the waveguide. From the simulation result, the best design ofthe optical switch was 6380 μm long and 15 um wide, with the electrode length was 4500μm. The optical switch could operate as an optical switch at = 34V with an insertionloss of 1.23 dB and an extinction ratio of 8.46 dB."

"Parallel-coupled wave-guide with symmetrical structure has interesting coupling characteristics and can be used as multiplexer/demultiplexer when certain working requirements are met. The coupling properties in the coupled wave-guide are analyzed theoretically on the basis of two mode interference effect of the propagating waves, wavelength dependence of wave-guide directional coupler is investigated in the coupling region. A rough approximation of the dependence is determined based on simplified transfer matrix multiplications followed by more detailed computer calculation using Beam Propagation method CBPMI.

By varying the dimensions of wave-guide such as width, thickness, gap, interaction length, refractive index difference and wavelength we could get different coupling properties, then the results of analysis are used to select the appropriate dimensions of multiplexer/demultiplexer that works on the range of wavelength (1.3 pm - 1.6 pm). This burned channel-type directional coupler is designed on Silicon substrate to be fabricated by sputtering technology."

"ABSTRAKKemajuan teknologi telah mendorong pengembangan material dasar semikonduktor. Beberapa dekade terakhir material Galium Nitrida telah menarik para peneliti untuk dikembangkan karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan, antara lain stabil terhadap suhu yang tinggi, memiliki tingkat penumbuhan epitaksi yang tinggi, konsumsi daya yang rendah dan memiliki celah pita langsung yang tinggi. Hingga saat ini, penelitian terkait pemanfaatan material GaN sebagai divais fotonik aktif telah banyak dilakukan, seperti LED, dioda laser dan detektor. Namun riset material GaN pada divais fotonik pasif, yakni divais berbasis pandu gelombang hingga kini masih sangat minim ditekuni oleh para peneliti. Termotivasi oleh hal tersebut, pada skripsi ini dilakukan desain 1 x 2 optical power divider baik dengan memanfaatkan pandu gelombang linier paralel maupun kombinasi pandu gelombang linier paralel dengan struktur S-bend. Terdapat dua konfigurasi pandu gelombang linier paralel yang didesain, yaitu dua pandu gelombang (directional coupler) dan tiga pandu gelombang (three-guide coupler); keduanya memanfaatkan fenomena coupled mode. Optimasi desain dilakukan dengan metode Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method (FD-BPM). Parameter yang dioptimasi adalah lebar dan tebal pandu gelombang, coupling gap, coupling length dan lebar struktur S-bend. Desain ini dioptimasi untuk beroperasi pada panjang gelombang telekomunikasi, yaitu 1,55 μm.Dari hasil optimasi ditunjukkan bahwa lebar dan tebal terbaik untuk memperoleh propagasi single mode masing-masing adalah sebesar 5 μm. Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil optimasi lebar dan tebal pandu gelombang, ditentukan desain 1 x 2 optical power divider dengan konfigurasi dua dan tiga pandu gelombang linier paralel. Untuk konfigurasi dengan dua pandu gelombang linier paralel didapatkan hasil terbaik dengan coupling gap 7 μm dan coupling length 700 μm; sedangkan dengan konfigurasi tiga pandu gelombang linier paralel didapatkan hasil terbaik dengan coupling gap 7 μm dan coupling length 1000 μm.Dari hasil optimasi 1 x 2 optical power divider berbasis pandu gelombang linier, dilakukan optimasi desain berbasis kombinasi pandu gelombang linier paralel dan struktur S-bend. Dari hasil optimasi dan perbandingan diperoleh bahwa desain 1 x 2 optical power divider berbasis kombinasi pandu gelombang linier dan S-bend yang terbaik adalah dengan konfigurasi tiga pandu gelombang linier paralel dengan coupling gap 7 μm, coupling length 1000 μm; ukuran lebar dan tebal S-bend berturut-turut sebesar 5 μm dan lebar 6 μm. 1 x 2 optical power divider hasil desain ini mampu beroperasi menghasilkan daya keluaran relatif sebesar 93,192 % dengan coupling ratio mendekati ideal 50:50, excess loss 0,3062 dB dan power imbalance mendekati 0 dB.

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ABSTRACT

Technological advancements have encouraged the development of semiconductor materials. In the past few decades, Gallium Nitride material has attracted many researchers due to its advantages, such as high-temperature stability, high epitaxial growth rates, low power consumption, and high direct bandgap.

Until now, studies related to the use of GaN material as active photonic devices have been carried out, such as LEDs, laser diodes and detectors. However, research on GaN material on passive photonic devices, namely waveguide-based devices, has been very little.

This condition motivated us to design 1 x 2 optical power divider using both parallel linear waveguides and parallel linear waveguide combinations with the S-bend structure. Two parallel linear waveguide configurations were designed, namely two waveguides (directional coupler) and three waveguides (three-guide coupler); both of them make use of the coupled mode phenomena. Design optimization was conducted using the Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method (FD-BPM) method. The waveguide parameters optimized were width and thickness, coupling gap, coupling length and width of the S-bend structure. This design was optimized to operate at telecommunications wavelengths, 1.55 μm.

The results showed that the best width and thickness for each single-mode propagation were 5 μm. Furthermore, based on the results of the optimization of the width and thickness of the waveguide, the design of 1 x 2 optical power divider was optimized with two and three parallel linear waveguide configurations. For a configuration with two linear waveguides, the best results were achieved with coupling gap 7 μm and coupling length 700 μm; whereas with the configuration of three parallel linear waveguides, the best results obtained with a coupling gap 7 μm and coupling length 1000 μm.

Next based on the optimization 1 x 2 optical power divider using linear waveguides, design optimization was conducted for a combination of parallel linear waveguides and S-bend structures. The results showed that the best design of 1 x 2 optical power divider was achieved by using three parallel linear waveguides and S-bend structures with coupling gap 7 μm, coupling length 1000 μm; the width and thickness of S-bend were 5 μm and 6 µm wide respectively. The proposed design gave the relative output power of 93.192% with an almost ideal coupling ratio 50:50; excess loss of 0.3062 dB and power imbalance close to 0 dB.

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"In line with the increasing need for higher performance for optical and photonic telecommunications equipment at the lowest possible cost, the need for supporting equipment is also increasing. One of these components is an optical power splitter. This component is needed in network systems to distribute light to other components, especially multi-channel optical power separators to support larger network systems. One of the materials developed as a photonic device material from group III-nitride is gallium nitride (GaN). Besides having a large direct bandgap (3.4eV), GaN also has good resistance to temperature changes. Thus, GaN-based power splitters are an interesting research topic to obtain more improvements, innovations and inventions for future demands. In this research, an optical power splitter design is proposed based on the 1 × 8 multimode interference (MMI) structure. The design has been carried out theoretically using 3D FD-OptiBPM on GaN material. Structural modeling using 300 nm AlN and 200 nm AlGaN as a buffer layer on a sapphire substrate material. Numerical experiments were carried out at the optical telecommunications wavelength at = 1.55 m with the effective refractive index of the coating used =2.279±0.001 and =2.316±0.001. The results showed that the optimum width and thickness of the rectangular input channel and taper-shaped output channel was 4 m, and only supported single mode propagation. From the experimental simulation results, it is shown that the MMI-based optical power separator with a total length of 2010 m and a width of 85 m is the best result. It is also shown that the output power is split almost uniformly into eight output channels with a relative output power of 0.96 on the output channel, 0.28 dB of excess loss and 0.28 dB of power imbalance. 13 dB. "

"ABSTRACTThe combination of the coupled mode and normal mode theories has been used to formulaic the theoretical performance represented by the coupling length and crosstalk parameters of the X-cut APE-LN SDC fabricated using the benzoic acid as the proton source, where in this case the matrix effective refractive index (MERI) method is applied for solving the symmetric and antisymmetric propagation constants of the normal modes propagating in this device. The corresponding near field method has been used to experimentally determine its crosstalk. The actual performance of this device is characterized by comparing the theoretically calculated with the experimentally determined crosstalk parameters. A software computer program has been developed in order to numerically characterize the entire characteristic and performance of the SDC under study. For the SDC under study, the best crosstalk obtained at the operating wavelength lamda =1.3 micrometer is ~0.21 dB for the interaction length L = 6 mm and the gap separation g = 5 mm. Its coupling length is ~ 1.33 mm. The propagation constant of the corresponding individual single-mode X-cut APE-LN channel waveguide making up this SDC is beta = 10.37901 micrometer, and thereby its effective refractive index is N cπ= 2.14743330. It has been shown that the fabricated SDC is very lossy. It has been deduced that its bad performance predominantly caused by the side diffusion effect, corresponding to the fabrication problem, where in this case the substrate sample has been not coated first with the buffer layer when the deposition of substrate sample with the aluminum mask was to be performed in the fabrication stages. Moreover, in this case only the simple annealing has been performed. The successive annealing process in order to reduce the coupling loss has been not applied yet. Under the assumption that the fabrication tolerances are such that the practical devices with coupling loss below 0.25 dB are feasible, the fabricated SDC under study is a 3 dB coupler. "

"ABSTRACTIn optical communication system, optical star coupler devices are important for distributing optical signal from one incoming fiber into several outgoing fibers. In this research, an investigation on the design of optical fiber star coupler has been carried out by the use of simple way. Utilizing the cone-shaped end face of several fibers as receivers, optical star coupler has been constructed without using any optical element .An experiment to examine the efficiency of coupling light power from an incoming fiber to seven outgoing fibers has been excetited. The measurement shows that each sample of set outgoing fibers receives an equal amount of light power, which means that the individual coupling efficiency of respective outgoing fibers is equal. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed star coupler is applicable to be utilized for distributing a light signal to several output terminals."

"Kebutuhan akan divais optik terus mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat belakangan ini. Material Gallium Nitride merupakan material yang menarik banyak peneliti, karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan, antara lain: stabil terhadap perubahan suhu, memiliki tingkat epitaxial growth yang tinggi, konsumsi daya yang rendah dan memiliki direct band gap yang tinggi. Namun riset dibidang passive waveguide hingga kini belum banyak ditekuni para peneliti. Oleh karena itu, pada skripsi ini, dikembangkan power splitter dengan rugi-rugi yang rendah dan memiliki distribusi medan optik yang uniform, dengan memanfaatkan bentuk pandu gelombang S-Bend. Desain Y-branch power splitter dilakukan dengan menggunakan OptiBPM 12 free trial. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh Y-branch power splitter terbaik saat tebal dan lebar pandu gelombang lurus adalah 4 μm, panjang pandu gelombang multimode sebesar 25 μm dan radius pandu gelombang S-Bend 10,5 μm.

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Recently, demand of optical devices are growing termendously, Gallium Nitride is become attractive by many researchers, because of its advantages, such as: temperature stability, high rate of epitaxial growth, low power consumption and large direct band gap. But nowadays, there is not much research about passive waveguide GaN based. Thats why, this final project of Y-branch power splitter which has low power consumption and uniformity of distribution optical waveguides distribution using S-Bend waveguides is designed. OptiBPM 12 free trial is used for the design purpose in this final project. From the simulation, it can be concluded that the best S-Bend Y-branch power splitter is when straight waveguide both thickness and width are 4 μm, multimode waveguide length is 25 μm and radius of S-Bend is 10,5 μm."