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"Timbal yang bersifat neurotoksik dapat dikeluarkan dari daur ulang baterai bekas. Ada kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas di Desa Cinangka yang sudah beroperasi sejak 1978. Studi ini menyangkut faktor risiko untuk eksposur terkait timbal dan mempengaruhi kejadian gangguan perkembangan mental di area daur ulang aki bekas, Desa Cinangka. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus kontrol dengan analisis bivariat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar timbal dalam tanah dan air, kuesioner, dan observasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan tingkat rata-rata timbal dalam tanah adalah 4.448,21 ppm dan rata-rata kadar timbal dalam air adalah 0,02 ppm. Variabel yang berhubungan dan mempengaruhi gangguan perkembangan mentalitas di area daur ulang aki bekas adalah riwayat aktivitas daur ulang aki bekas di rumah (p = 0,036; OR = 7.000). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah di Desa Cinangka, Area daur ulang aki bekas, ada area yang memiliki kadar timbal dalam tanah melebihi standar kualitas 400 ppm dari US EPA dan variabel pengaruh yang signifikan gangguan perkembangan mental di bidang daur ulang baterai bekas adalah sejarah kegiatan mendaur ulang baterai bekas di rumah.

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Lead which is neurotoxic can be removed from recycling used batteries. There is a used battery recycling activity in Cinangka Village that has been operating since 1978. This study concerns the risk factors for lead-related exposure and affects the incidence of mental development disorders in the used battery recycling area, Cinangka Village. This study used a case control study design with bivariate analysis. Data collection was carried out by measuring lead levels in soil and water, questionnaires, and observations. The results showed that the average level of lead in the soil was 4,448.21 ppm and the average level of lead in water was 0.02 ppm. The variable related to and affecting mental development disorders in the used battery recycling area was the history of recycling used batteries at home (p = 0.036; OR = 7,000). The conclusion of this study is that in Cinangka Village, a used battery recycling area, there are areas that have lead levels in the soil exceeding the 400 ppm quality standard of the US EPA and the significant influence variable mental development disorders in the field of used battery recycling is the history of recycling activities. used batteries at home."

"Pajanan timbal lingkungan masih mengintai masyarakat dari kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas informal. Saat ini, kegiatan tersebut menjadi industri pencemar yang paling buruk dan menyebabkan DALYs sebesar 2.000.000-4.800.000 di negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah. Mengingat daur ulang aki bekas informal masih banyak dilakukan di berbagai negara di dunia, termasuk Indonesia, dan anak-anak adalah kelompok paling rentan, maka peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan pajanan timbal lingkungan pada anak di sekitar lokasi tersebut. Menggunakan desain systematic review dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan berpedoman pada PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyse Protocols), sebanyak 10 artikel jurnal dan penelitian akademis ditinjau. Sampel diperoleh dari pangkalan data Google Scholar dan Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia (UI) yang dipublikasikan dalam 10 tahun terakhir (2011-2021). Pada kelompok usia 1-5 tahun, 47% anak memiliki kadar timbal darah sebesar ≥5 μg/dL dan 9% sebesar ≥10 μg/dL dan anak usia sekolah sebesar 16,65±13,18 μg/dL. Kadar tersebut telah melebihi rekomendasi (<5 μg/dL). Rata-rata konsentrasi timbal lingkungan di udara dan tanah masing-masing sebesar 2,94±10,7 μg/mᶾ dan 2254,5±1925,25 mg/kg. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan diantaranya usia, status ekonomi, pendidikan orang tua, pekerjaan orang tua, sumber dan pola asupan nutrisi, kebiasaan dan perilaku anak, lokasi rumah, dan konsentrasi timbal di lingkungan.

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Environmental lead exposure still lurking from the informal recycling of used lead-acid batteries (ULAB). Currently, it is the industry's worst polluter and causes DALYs of 2,000,000-4,800,000 in LMIC. Considering that informal ULAB recycling is still widely practiced in the world, including Indonesia, and children are the most vulnerable group, research is needed on risk factors associated with environmental lead exposure in children around these locations. Using a systematic review design with a qualitative approach and guided by PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyse Protocols), 10 journal articles and academic research were reviewed. The sample was obtained from the Google Scholar and the University of Indonesia (UI) Library published in the last 10 years (2011-2021). In the age group 1-5 years, 47% of children had blood lead levels of ≥5 μg/dL and 9% of ≥10 μg/dL and school-age children have an average of 16.65±13.18 μg/dL. These levels have exceeded the recommendation (<5 g/dL). The average concentrations of environmental lead in the air and soil were 2.94±10.7 g/mᶾ and 2254.5±1925.25 mg/kg. The associated risk factors are age, economic status, parental education and occupation, sources and patterns of nutritional intake, children's habits and behavior, home location, and environmental lead concentrations."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi pajanan timbal di udara terhadap kejadian anemia diantara anak-anak berusia 7 hingga 13 tahun yang tinggal di sekitar lokasi daur ulang aki bekas informal di wilayah Jabotabek. Sebuah studi Cross-sectional dilakukan di tiga lokasi (Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi dan Depok) yang terdapat kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas informal. Populasi penelitian adalah anak usia 7 hingga 13 tahun di wilayah daur ulang aki bekas informal, dengan total sampel 418 orang. Sampel lingkungan adalah mengukur kosentrasi timbal di udara mengunakan High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) dan dianalisis dengan spektrometri serapan atom (AAS). Untuk mengatahui kejadian anemia dilakukan pengukuran Hb darah dengan HemoCue® Hb 201+ System. Analisis multivariat dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi faktor yang terkait dengan kejadian anemia pada anak. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata konsentrasi timbal di udara (n=52) adalah 2,96 μg/m3 dengan kisaran 0,01 hingga 78,05 μg/m3 dan standar deviasi 13,23. Rata-rata kadar Hb darah anak-anak adalah 11,89 g/dL kisaran 7,7 hingga 16,10 g/dL, dengan prevalensi anemia 51,2%. Konsentrasi timbal tinggi di udara sangat terkait dengan peningkatan kejadian anemia pada anak (OR: 3,96; 95% CI: 1,83-8,56) setelah di kontrol faktor prilaku konsumsi kalsium (OR: 0,68; 95% CI: 0,46-1,01). Studi ini menunjukan hubunan antara paparan timbal di udara dengan kejadian anemia dan menyoroti perlunya memperkuat kebijakan, pengawasan dan pengembangan strategi untuk mengurangi paparan timbal.

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This research aims to determine the relationship between the concentration of lead's exposure in the air to the incidence of anemia among children between 7 and 13 years, living around an informal recycling site of the used battery in the Jabotabek region. A Cross-sectional study was conducted at three locations (Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi, and Depok) which have recycling activities of the former informal battery. The research population is a 7-to 13-year-old child in the recycling area of used battery, with a total sample of 418 people. The lead concentration in the air is measured by using the High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). To be in the event of anemia done measurements of Hb blood with HemoCue® Hb 201+System. Multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the factors related to the incidence of anemia in children. The results of the study obtained an average of the lead concentration in the air (n = 52) were 2.96 μg/m3 with a range of 0.01 to 78.05 μg/m3 and a standard deviation of 13.23. The average rate of Hb blood of children is 11.89 G/dL range 7.7 to 16.10 G/dL, with the prevalence of anemia is about 51.2%. The high lead concentration in the air is associated with an increased incidence of anemia in children (OR: 3.96; 95% CI: 1.83-8.56) after control of calcium consumption behavior factor (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.46-1.01). The study showed a relationship between exposure to lead in the air and the incidence of anemia and highlighted the need to strengthen policy, supervision and development strategies to reduce lead exposure."

"Kontaminan timbal dapat memberikan efek negatif bagi kesehatan manusia. Kandungan timbal dalam darah ibu hamil dikhawatirkan akan berdampak buruk bagi janin. Di Kabupaten Bogor pada tahun 2014, BBLR berada diurutan pertama dari dua puluh satu pola penyakit kasus rawat inap di rumah sakit golongan umur 0 - < 1 tahun dengan kasus baru sebesar 1.801 jiwa (24, 45%). Desa Cinangka merupakan lokasi dari kegiatan peleburan aki bekas ilegal yang marak dilakukan sejak tahun 1978 dan telah terkonfirmasi sebagai sumber pencemaran timbal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh timbal dalam darah ibu hamil terhadap berat badan lahir bayi. Dilaksanakan di Desa Cinangka, Kec.Ciampea, Kab.Bogor pada Januari - Juni 2016 dengan desain kohort prospektif terhadap 31 ibu hamil. Proporsi ibu hamil yang terpajan timbal melebihi dari batas aman yang ditetapkan oleh WHO, yaitu 10 μg/dl adalah sebesar 51.6%. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat kuat antara kadar timbal dalam darah ibu dengan berat badan lahir bayi dan berpola negatif, artinya semakin tinggi kadar timbal dalam darah ibu, maka semakin rendah berat badan lahir bayi (r= -0,880) dengan nilai p < 0,001. Model akhir dari analisis multivariat diperoleh koefisien B untuk variabel kadar timbal sebesar -60.264. Artinya, Setiap kenaikan kadar timbal dalam darah ibu sebesar 1 μg/dl, maka berat badan lahir bayi akan turun sebesar 60,264 gram setelah dikontrol variabel umur, pendapatan, dan kadar hemoglobin. Diperlukan upaya mengurangi pajanan timbal dengan menghentikan kegiatan peleburan aki bekas yang masih beroperasi, memberi penyuluhan pada masyarakat tentang bahaya dan dampak pencemaran lingkungan khususnya timbal, dan melanjutkan program enkapsulisasi tanah tercemar timbal.

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Lead contaminant may give negative impact for human health. Lead substance ina mother's blood feared would be bad for the health of fetus. In Bogor Regency in 2014, LBW was a number one out of twenty one disease patterns case of hospitalized patient aged 0 - < 1 years old with new case of 1.801 people (24.45%). Cinangka Village is a place for illegal smelting batteries since 1987, and it has been confirmed as lead-contamination source.

This research aims to analyze the impact of lead in pregnant woman's blood towards the baby's birthweight. The research was conducted in Cinangka Village, Ciampea District, Bogor Regency in January - June 2016 using the prospective cohort design with 31 pregnant women as respondents. The proportion of pregnant women exposed to lead that exceeds the safe limit stipulated by the WHO, which is 10 μg/dl, is 51.6%.

The bivariate analysis result indicates that there is indeed a strong relationship between blood lead level of the mothers' and the baby's birthweight,

and it is inversely related: the higher the blood lead level of the mothers', the lower the baby's birthweight (r= -0,880) with value of p < 0,001. In the final model of multivariate analysis, it is discovered that the coefficient B for lead level variable is -60.264, which means that for each increase in the level of lead in the blood of mothers by 1 g / dl, the baby's birthweight will decrease by 60.264 grams after controlled by age, income, and hemoglobin concentration. Serious efforts need to be done to reduce the exposure to lead by stopping the smelting batteries activities, providing counseling for the people regarding the danger and impact of environmental pollution, particularly lead, and continuing the lead contaminated soil encapsulisation."

"Timbal merupakan salah satu logam berat yang mencemari udara dan terus menjadi permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat yang paling serius. Absorpsi timbal yang meningkat menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kadar Hb, penurunan jumlah dan pemendekan masa hidup eritrosit, peningkatan jumlah retikulosit dan peningkatan jumlah eritrosit berbintik basofilik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis efek dari kadar timbal dalam darah terhadap kadar Hb dan eritrosit berbintik basofilik pada siswa SD di Desa Cinangka, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel darah vena diambil dari 103 siswa SD Cinangka untuk diukur kadar timbal dalam darah, kadar Hb dan eritrosit berbintik basofilik. Kuesioner digunakan untuk mengetahui data mengenai tingkat pendidikan pendapatan orangtua dan asupan zat gizi. Variabel status gizi diketahui melalui perhitungan Indeks Massa Tubuh/Umur (IMT/U) yang dikonversikan ke dalam skala Z-Score. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 61,2% siswa SD memiliki kadar timbal dalam darah tinggi ( 10 μg/dl). Hasil analisis statisik dengan chi square menunjukkan bahwa asupan protein (p = 0,03; OR = 4,184 95% CI : 1,062-16,49) dan asupan zat besi (p = 0,008; OR = 5,398 95% CI : 1,406-20,718) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kadar Hb pada siswa SD Cinangka. Untuk variabel dependen eritrosit berbintik basofilik, hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa kadar timbal dalam darah yang tinggi (p = 0,001; OR = 180 95% CI : 38,093-850,551) dan pendidikan ibu yang rendah (P = 0,005; OR = 3,92 95% CI : 1,459-10,532) merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya eritrosit berbintik basofilik pada siswa SD.

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Lead is one of the heavy metals that pollute the air and lead exposure continues to be the most serious public health problem. Increased lead absorption causes a decrease in hemoglobin contentratiton, a decrease in the amount and shortening the life span of erythrocytes, increased number of reticulocytes and increased number of basophilic stippling.

The purpose of this study to analyze the effects of blood lead levels (BLL) on the hemoglobin concentration and basophilic stippling on elementary students in the Cinangka Village. This study used a cross-sectional design. Venous blood samples were taken from 103 elementary school students to measure BLLs, hemoglobin concentration and basophilic stippling . A questionnaire was used to determine the data on the level of parent?s education, parent?s income and nutrient intake. A nutritional status was known by calculating the Body Mass Index/Age (IMT/U) was converted into Z-Score scale.

The results showed 61.2% of elementary school students have high blood lead level ( 10μg/dl). Statistical analysis with chi square showed that the protein intake (p = 0.03; OR = 4.184 95% CI : 1.062 to 16.49) and iron intake (p = 0.008; OR = 5.398 95% CI : 1.406 to 20.718) has a significant relation with hemoglobin in elementary students. For basophilic stippling as a dependent variable, the statistical analysis showed that the high BLLs (p = 0.001; OR = 180 95% CI: 38.093 to 850.551) and low maternal education (p = 0.005; or = 3.92 95 % CI: 1.459 to 10.532) is a risk factor of basophilic stippling on elementary students."

"Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penyerapan tenaga dengan pekerja yang juga berisiko lebih tinggi terhadap keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. UMKM berbahan dasar logam merupakan salah satu UMKM yang sering melibatkan aktivtias kerja fisik yang berat dan postur janggal dimana hal tersebut merupakan faktor risiko gangguan otot rangka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko gangguan otot rangka terkait postur kerja dan stasiun kerja yang digunakan selama proses produksi. Postur dinilai menggunakan metode Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Selain itu dilakukan pengukuran antropometri dan stasiun kerja menggunakan meteran, termasuk gejala muskuloskeletal menggunakan Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Hasil menunjukkan skor risiko REBA antara rendah hingga sangat tinggi dari berbagai postur, risiko rendah (2,7%), risiko sedang (34,8%), risiko tinggi (53,6%), dan sangat tinggi (8,9%). Dan hasil NMQ menunjukkan sebagian besar gejala dirasakan pada bagian punggung bawah (62,8%), bahu (48,8%), dan pergelangan kaki (44,2%). Perbedaan risiko tersebut disebabkan interaksi antara tubuh pekerja, alat atau mesin yang digunakan, dan aktivitas yang dilakukan. Stasiun kerja, peralatan, dan mesin yang digunakan menunjukkan sebagian besar dimensi ukuran tidak cocok dengan ukuran antropometri pekerja. Pekerja memiliki kapasitas dan keterbatasan yang harus dipertimbangkan untuk membuat desain yang baik. Namun, hal tersebut tidak mengesampingkan kemungkinan bahwa posisi pekerja terhadap alat atau mesin dapat mempengaruhi risiko.

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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a major role in economic growth and employment, with workers at greater risk of occupational safety and health. Metal-based SMEs recognized as one of SMEs with most frequent heavy physical work activities and awkward postures which are considered as MSDs risk factors. This study aimed to analyze risk factors of MSDs associated with different work posture and workstation during production. Posture was examined using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Also workers anthropometry and workstation measured by meter, including musculoskeletal symptoms were collected by Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). The result indicated risk between low to very high risk REBA score in various postures, low risk (2,7%), medium risk (34,8%), high risk (53,6%), and very high risk (8,9%). And NMQ result indicated most symptoms and discomfort on lower back (62,8%), shoulder (48,8%), and ankle (44,2%). These different among posture due to the interaction between workers body, tools or machine used, and task. Workstation, tools, and machine that used were investigated and implies most of them are not suitable for workers anthropometry. Workers have capacity and limitation which have to be considered for establish a good design. But it does not rule out the possibility that workers position towards tools or machine can affect the risk."

"Baterai merupakan alat penyimpan energi dalam bentuk muatan listrik. Baterai kini menjadi perhatian karena memiliki peran yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan teknologi energi terbarukan. Pada skripsi ini, penulis melakukan penelitian pada baterai, terutama baterai lead acid dengan cara mengatur ambient temperature dari 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C yang dihubungkan ke beban resistif murni berupa lampu pijar 120 watt dan 240 watt. Jenis baterai yang digunakan memiliki rating 12 V, 45 Ah dengan merk Global. Tegangan baterai akan dirubah terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan inverter agar dapat mensuplai lampu pijar. Besarnya tegangan dan arus akan dicatat dengan menggunakan alat ukur berupa voltmeter dan amperemeter yang akan dicatat pada setiap menitnya. Selanjutnya, data yang diperoleh akan direpresentasikan dalam bentuk grafik untuk melihat perubahan yang terjadi akibat perubahan ambient temperature. Dari hasil penelitian, ambient temperature mempengaruhi penurunan level tegangan, waktu baterai dalam mensuplai beban, dan energi yang disuplai baterai selama pembebanan berlangsung. Semakin tinggi ambient temperature, maka laju penurunan tegangannya akan semakin cepat. Pada beban 120 watt, baterai dapat mensuplai beban selama 193 menit dan energi yang dapat dikirim oleh baterai mencapai 476,3 Wh. Sedangkan pada beban 240 watt, baterai hanya mampu mensuplai beban selama 76 menit dan energi yang dapat dikirim oleh baterai mencapai 353,77 Wh.

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Battery is energy storage device in the form of electric charge. Nowadays, battery has an important role for the development of renewable energy technologies. In this thesis, writer conducted research on battery, especially to lead acid battery by regulating the ambient temperature of 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C which is connected to purely resistive load such as incandescent bulbs of 120 watt and 240 watt. The type of battery that used has rating 12 V, 45 Ah by Global. Battery will be converted into AC voltage by using inverter in order to supply the load. The magnitude of voltage and current will be recorded by using a measuring instrument such as voltmeter and amperemeter every minute. Furthermore, the data obtained will be represented in the form of graph to see the changes that occur due to change of ambient temperature.

From the research, the ambient temperature affect the drop voltage level, battery time to supply the load, and the energy supplied during the load. The higher temperature, the rate decrease in the voltage will be faster. At 120 watt, the battery can supply the load for 193 minutes and the energy that can be delivered reaches 476,3 Wh. While the load of 240 watt, the battery is only able to supply the load for 76 minutes and the energy that can be delivered reaches 353,77 Wh."

"Pestisida merupakan bahan beracun yang memiliki potensi menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan gangguan kesehatan manusia. Petani di Desa Jonggol merupakan populasi berisiko untuk terpajan pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui estimasi risiko pajanan pestisida bahan fungisida terhadap kebiasaan mengonsumsi sumber air minum pada petani di wilayah pemukiman pertanian Desa Jonggol pada tahun 2022. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif menggunakan desain studi Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, observasi, dan pengukuran residu pestisida pada sumber air minum di Desa Jonggol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi maksimal pestisida di sumber air minum adalah 0,0855 mg/l pada titik 1 air sumur di Kampung Kujang (diatas baku mutu) dengan radius 2 m dari pertanian. Titik 2 yaitu Air Sungai Kampung Bengkok & Titik 3 yaitu Air Sumur Kampung Karni dengan radius sekitar 20 m dari lokasi pertanian yakni tidak terdeteksi pestisida. Mayoritas petani mengonsumsi air minum yang berasal dari Air Sumur lokasi pertanian. Perhitungan intake non karsinogenik (realtime) adalah 0,00246 mg/kg/hari, sedangkan untuk perhitungan intake karsinogenik (realtime) adalah 0,001056 mg/kg/hari. Berdasarkan perhitungan karakteristik risiko non karsinogenik adalah 0,246 yakni memiliki nilai RQ ≤ 1 berarti belum menimbulkan risiko efek non karsinogenik. Nilai Excess Cancer Risk yaitu risk probability sehingga dibutuhkan manajemen risiko. Risiko Kesehatan secara non karsinogenik dan karsinogenik didapatkan pada gangguan kesehatan petani yakni rata-rata petani mengalami gangguan kesehatan sekitar 78%, gangguan pernafasan 74,7%, dan gangguan pencernaan 48,4%. Selain penyebab dari kebiasan mengonsumsi sumber air minum yang tercemar di pertanian, terdapat faktor lainnya yakni petani memiliki kebiasaan merokok 72,5%, melakukan aktivitas pembakaran 95,6%, dan tinggal di lokasi pertanian 96,7%, mengonsumsi makanan yang dibakar 78%.Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini petani tetap di Desa Jonggol telah memiliki risiko baik secara realtime maupun lifetime. Perlu dilakukan upaya manajemen risiko untuk melindungi petani agar tidak timbulnya masalah kesehatan.

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Pesticides are toxic materials that have the potential to have a negative impact on the environment and human health problems. Farmers in Jonggol Village are a population at risk of being exposed to pesticides. This research aimed to determine the estimated risk of exposure to pesticides fungicidal substances to the habit of consuming drinking water sources in farmers in the agricultural settlement area of Jonggol Village in 2022. This research was a descriptive study using the design of the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL) study. The data of this research was obtained from the results of interviews using questionnaires, observations, and measurements of pesticide residues on drinking water sources in Jonggol Village. The results showed that the maximum concentration of pesticides in drinking water sources was 0.0855 mg / l at point 1 of well water in Kampung Kujang (above quality standards) with a radius of 2m from agriculture. Point 2 was Crooked Village River Water & Point 3 is Karni Village Well Water with a radius of about 20 m from the agricultural location, no pesticides were detected. The majority of farmers consumed drinking water derived from Well Water in agricultural locations. The calculation of non-carcinogenic intake (real-time) was 0.00246 mg / kg / day, while for the calculation of carcinogenic intake (real-time) was 0.001056 mg / kg / day. Based on the calculation of the characteristics of non-carcinogenic risk was 0.246, having an RQ value ≤ 1 meant that it had not caused a risk of non-carcinogenic effects. The value of Excess Cancer Risk was risk probability, so risk management was needed. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were found in farmers' health problems, the average farmer experienced health problems around 78%, respiratory disorders 74.7%, and indigestion 48.4%. In addition to the causes of the habit of consuming polluted drinking water sources in agriculture, there were other factors, farmers had a smoking habit of 72.5%, carried out burning activities 95.6%, and lived in agricultural locations 96.7%, consuming 78% burnt food. The conclusion was that farmers who remained in Jonggol Village already had risks both in real time and lifetime. It was necessary to make risk management efforts to protect farmers from the onset of health problems."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sonikasi dengan media air terhadap serbuk timbal sebagai material aktif elektroda positif (PAM) dan hubunganya terhadap kapasitas baterai lead acid. Serbuk timbal yang dipakai merupakan standar pabrik yang di produksi dengan metode ball mill (Shimadzu). Serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi kemudian dianalisa dengan Partikel Size Analizer (PSA), X-ray diffraction ( XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS dan Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Aglomerasi serbuk timbal terjadi pada awal proses sonikasi. Telah didapat serbuk timbal dengan ukuran nano (92 nm) pada sonikasi 600 menit. Serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi digunakan sebagai elektroda positif yang dipasangkan dengan elektroda negarif dari standar pabrik. Kapasitas mula yang dihasilkan ternyata lebih kecil dari kapasitas standar pabrik hal ini karena hilangnya komponen free lead pada serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi. Semakin kecil free lead yang terkandung dalam serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi dengan media air, PAM secara mekanik tidak stabil, proses formasi sulit dan kapasitas baterai yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Ditemukan pula bahwa semakin besar ukuran partikel serbuk timbal sebagai bahan material aktif positif maka umur pakai baterai semakin baik.

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ABSTRACTOur goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It?s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It?s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better, Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better]"