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"Penggunaan antibiotik yang tinggi pada pasien sepsis dapat memicu penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional. Upaya untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan antibiotik yang rasional merupakan salah satu tanggung jawab apoteker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas dan kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien sepsis di ruang rawat Intensive care unit (ICU) dengan metode Gyssens dan ATC/DDD dan mengevaluasi pengaruh intervensi apoteker dalam meningkatkan kualitas penggunaan antibiotik dan outcome terapi. Penelitian dilakukan secara prospektif selama periode Agustus-November 2018 dengan menggunakan rancangan studi pra eksperimen one grup pretest-posttest. Rekomendasi diberikan kepada penulis resep terhadap masalah ketidaktepatan penggunaan antibiotik yang ditemukan. Evaluasi kualitatif dengan metode Gyssens diperoleh hasil bahwa penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien sepsis yang rasional sebesar 85,09 % dan yang tidak rasional sebesar 14,91 %. Jenis antibiotik, jenis terapi antibiotik, jumlah antibiotik  dan lama penggunaan antibiotik berpengaruh terhadap kualitas penggunaan antibiotik. Intervensi meningkatkan ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik (0 % menjadi 64,71 %), menurunkan masalah pemilihan antibiotik (88,24 % menjadi 32,35 %), masalah lama pemberian antibiotik (5,88 % menjadi 0 %) dan masalah rute pemberian obat (5,88 % menjadi 0 %). Kualitas penggunaan antibiotik yang rasional dan yang tidak rasional berpengaruh terhadap hasil terapi. Kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik sebesar 63,84 DDD/patient-day dengan nilai terbesar pada antibiotik meropenem yaitu 32,91 DDD/patient-day.

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High use of antibiotics in sepsis patients can lead to irrational use of antibiotics. Pharmacist has responsibility to improve appropriate antibiotics usage. This study was proposed to evaluate quality and quantity of antibiotics usage in sepsis patients in the Intensive care unit (ICU) ward with the Gyssens and ATC/DDD methods and evaluate whether intervention of pharmacy can improve quality of antibiotics usage and therapy outcome. The study was conducted prospectively during the period August - November 2018 using pre experiment one grup pretest-posttest design. Recommendations were given to prescribers to solve the problems of inappropriate antibiotics usage. Qualitative evaluation using that about 85.09 % antibiotic prescriptions were appropriate, and 14.91 % were inappropriate. Type of antibiotics, type of antibiotic therapy, total and duration antibiotics used by patients have effect on quality and quantity antibiotics usage. Intervention of pharmacist improve appropriateness of antibiotics (0% to 64.71 %), decrease drug choice problems (88.24 % to 32.35 %), duration problems (5.88 % to 0 %) and route of administration problems (5.88 % to 0 %). Appropriate used of antibiotics had significant different effect to outcome therapy compare with inappropriate used of antibiotics. The quantity of antibiotic use is 63.84 DDD/patient-day with the greatest value on meropenem antibiotics is 32.91 DDD/patient-day."

"Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak sesuai dapat meningkatkan laju mortalitas pada pasien sepsis. Sepsis masih manjadi penyebab kematian tersering di ruang perawatan intensif. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian penggunaan antibiotik dengan luaran pasien sepsis, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di ruang perawatan Intensive Unit Care ICU . Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan metode cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada pasien sepsis di ICU Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais, Jakarta, Indonesia, selama bulan Februari sampai Mei 2017. Data dikumpulkan dari rekam medis pasien. Pasien dewasa dengan sepsis dan syok septik yang menerima antibiotik parenteral dimasukkan ke dalam kriteria inklusi. Pasien berusia kurang dari 18 tahun atau dengan lama rawat di ICU kurang dari 24 jam tidak disertakan dalam penelitian ini. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS Versi 23.0. Subjek penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu sebanyak 60 pasien. Hasil penelitian menemukan sebanyak 115 antibiotik diresepkan untuk pasien ini. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak sesuai berdasarkan pola kuman lokal sebanyak 45,22 . Pasien yang menerima rejimen antibiotik yang tidak sesuai berdasarkan rekomendasi pedoman Survival Sepsis Campaign SSC tahun 2016 yaitu sebanyak 33,33 dan terdapat 51,67 menerima dosis yang tidak sesuai berdasarkan rekomendasi Drug Information Handbook. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara ketidaktepatan pemberian dosis antibiotik dengan laju mortalitas p=0,034; p

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An inappropriate antibiotic usage can increase the mortality rate in sepsis patients. Sepsis still the most common cause of death in intensive unit care ICU . This study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotics use and the factors associated with outcome of sepsis patients in ICU. This study was an analityc descriptive study using cross sectional method for sepsis patients in the ICU of Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, during February to May 2017. The data is collected from patient rsquo s medical record files. Inclusion criteria is an adult patients with sepsis and septic shock who received parenteral antibiotics. Patients less than 18 years of ages or with lenght of stay in ICU less than 24 hours were excluded. Then, it analyzed using the SPSS Version 23.0 software program. There are 60 patients act as study subjects. As result, 115 antimicrobial was prescribed for these patients. The inappropriate antibiotic usage reached 45,22 , based on local microbial pattern. Among 60 patients, 33.33 received inappropriate types of antibiotics regimens based on Survival Sepsis Campaign SSC guidelines and 51.67 received inappropriate doses based on Drug Information Handbook. Bivariat analysis showed that there was significant correlation between inappropriate doses of antibiotics and mortality p 0.034 p"

"ABSTRAK Latar belakangKematian akibat sepsis dan syok septik pada pasien rawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU) yaitu 20-30%. Pemberian antibiotik empirik yang tepat merupakan salah satu langkah awal yang sangat penting. Amikasin merupakan salah satu antibiotik terpilih untuk tata laksana sepsis di ICU RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Saat ini belum pernah dilakukan penelitian mengenai ketercapaian kadar terapi amikasin dengan menggunakan dosis standar amikasin pada pasien sepsis dewasa di ICU RSCM, sehingga studi ini menjadi penelitian pertama di Indonesia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketercapaian kadar amikasin optimal pada pasien ICU RSCM.MetodeData dikumpulkan secara potong lintang melalui observasi terhadap hasil pemeriksaan kadar plasma amikasin, pengukuran minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dan perhitungan rasio Cmax/MIC pada pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM periode Mei-September tahun 2015.Hasil penelitianProporsi pasien sepsis dengan kadar amikasin optimal ialah sebesar 57% (4/7). Kadar puncak amikasin yang dapat dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari tanpa menghiraukan berat badan ialah median 86,4 (43,5-238) µg/mL. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 87% pasien dengan kadar puncak amikasin di atas 64 µg/mL, meskipun amikasin 1000 mg tersebut lebih rendah dari dosis yang dianjurkan untuk sepsis (25 mg/kgBB). Sebagian besar (78,3 %) subyek pada kenyataannya menerima dosis 15-25 mg/kgBB, dengan pemberian 1000 mg amikasin tanpa memperhatikan berat badan. Bakteri yang banyak ditemukan dari hasil kultur pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM, yaitu K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa dan E. coli. Rentang nilai MIC untuk patogen tersebut berturut-turut yaitu 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 1,5 - >256 µg/mL dan 0,75 - 16) µg/mL. Sebanyak 84% isolat K. pneumoniae masih sensitif terhadap amikasin, diikuti oleh 63% untuk A. baumanii, 47% P. aeruginosa dan 100% untuk E. coli.KesimpulanOptimalitas amikasin terhadap bakteri Gram negatif penyebab sepsis bergantung kadar puncak dan MIC bakteri. Kadar puncak plasma amikasin yang dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari sangat bervariasi. Pemberian amikasin dengan dosis per kgBB dapat dipertimbangkan. Kepekaan beberapa bakteri Gram negatif terhadap amikasin mulai menurun dengan rentang MIC yang cukup lebar. Pengukuran ketercapaian kadar optimal dalam terapi definitif dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi.ABSTRACT BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment."

"Penelitian tugas akhir program magister ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tingginya penggunaan antibiotika dalam terapi empiris di ruang perawatan intensive care unit (ICU) dalam penanganan infeksi, tanpa harus menunggu hasil kepekaan bakteri.Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari hubungan antara penggunaan antibiotika pada terapi empiris dengan kepekaan bakteri dengan menggunakan rancangan studi potong lintang (Cross Sectional), pengambilan data secara retrospektif terhadap rekam medik dan data dianalisis dengan uji regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara intensitas penggunaan antibiotika pada terapi empiris dengan kepekaan bakteri dengan nilai P = 0,000 (P lebih kecil dari α = 0,05), dengan hasil seftriakson merupakan antibiotika yang paling besar memberikan hubungan terhadap resistensi bakteri.Dalam penelitian ini disarankan agar dilakukan perputaran penggunaan antibiotika (antibiotic cycling) berdasarkan pada pola penggunaan antibiotika dan pola kepekaan bakteri.

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The Relationship Between the Use of Antibiotics on Empirical Therapy with a Sensitivity of Bacteria in Intensive Care Unit at Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta Period January 2009 - March 2010. The research was motivated by the high use of antibiotics in empirical therapy in intensive care unit (ICU) for treatment of infection, without having to wait for the results of bacterial sensitivity.This study aims to find the relationship between use of antibiotics in empirical therapy with a sensitivity of bacteria by using cross-sectional study design (cross sectional), retrospective data collection of medical records and data were analyzed with logistic regression.Results showed a significant correlation between the intensity of the use of antibiotics in empirical therapy with a sensitivity of bacteria with P = 0.000 (P less than α = 0.05), with the results of antibiotic ceftriaxone is the greatest give the relationship of bacterial resistance.In this research suggests the use of antibiotic cycling based on usage patterns of antibiotic and patterns of sensitivity bacteria."

"Penggunaan antimikroba yang tidak tepat di ruang ICU dapat meningkatkan terjadinya resistensi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis rasionalitas/ketepatan penggunaan antimikroba dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rasionalitas/ketepatan penggunaan antimikroba tersebut di ruang ICU periode Januari ndash; Desember 2010 dengan menggunakan metode Gyssens.Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain potong lintang cross sectional, data retrospektif diambil dari kardeks obat dan data rekam medis pasien. Faktor-faktor yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi rasionalitas/ketepatan penggunaan antimikroba berdasarkan metode Gyssens dilakukan analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik ordinal.Penggunaan antimikroba di ruang ICU RSUP Fatmawati sebanyak 912 rejimen dari 410 pasien. Berdasarkan metode Gyssens, penggunaan antimikroba antimikroba empiris yang tidak tepat sebesar 596 rejimen 74,03 dan penggunaan antimikroba definitif yang tidak tepat sebesar 84 rejimen 78,51 . Rasionalitas/ketepatan penggunaan antimikroba empiris dipengaruhi oleh penyakit utama terkait infeksi, penyakit penyerta terkait infeksi dan dokter. Penggunaan antimikroba di ruang ICU RSUP Fatmawati tidak rasional/tidak tepat.

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Inappropriate use of antimicrobial in the intensive care unit can increase bacterial resistance. The aim of this research were to analyze the rationality of antimicrobial use and the factors that influenced the rationality of antimicrobial use in the Intensive Care Unit during the period of January to December 2010 based on the Gyssens's method.This research was a cross sectional study with retrospective datas taken from patient rsquo s medicine orders and medical records. The factors that most influenced the rationality of antimicrobial use based on the Gyssen rsquo s method were analyzed using ordinal regression logistic. There were 912 regimens of antimicrobial use from 410 patients in the Intensive Care Unit of Fatmawati hospital.Using the Gyssens rsquo s method, there were 596 inappropriate empiric antimicrobial regimens 74,03 and 84 inappropriate definitive regimens 78,51 . The rationality of empiric antimicrobial use was influenced by the infection as the main disease presentation, the infection as the supplementary factor to the disease presentation and clinician rsquo s choice.The use of antimicrobial in the Intensive Care Unit at Fatmawati hospital was inappropriate."

"Meningkatnya kompleksitas obat-obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan danberkembangnya polifarmasi, memungkinkan terjadinya interaksi obat makinbesar. Berdasarkan hasil analisa resep pasien ICU di depo farmasi IGD dan IRIbulan Agustus 2008, didapatkan berbagai interaksi obat berdasarkan literaturyang meliputi : 44 % interaksi farmakodinamik, 34,5 % interaksi farmasetik dan21,5 % interaksi farmakokinetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruhbanyaknya item obat dan makanan yang diberikan kepada pasien dengan interaksiobat ? obat dan interaksi obat ? makanan yang terjadi. Survei yang dilakukan pada70 pasien yang dirawat di ruang ICU RSUP Fatmawati periode Maret ? April2010 berdasarkan instruksi harian dan rekam medik pasien. Dari hasil surveimenunjukan bahwa sebagian besar interaksi obat ? obat yang terjadi merupakaninteraksi farmakodinamik (54,87 %) dan farmakokinetik (20,35 %) dan farmasetik(24,78 %). Interaksi yang banyak terjadi, umumnya adalah obat-obat golongandiuretik (furosemid). Interaksi obat ? makanan yang terjadi secara farmakokinetik(68,18 %) dan farmakodinamik (31,82 %). Berdasarkan perhitungan Chi SquareTest ada hubungan antara jumlah obat yang diberikan secara bersamaan denganbanyaknya interaksi obat ? obat yang terjadi dan tidak ada hubungan antarajumlah makanan yang diberikan secara bersamaan dengan banyaknya interaksiobat ? makanan yang terjadi."

"Antibiotika golongan sefalsoporin merupakan salah satu antibiotika yang banyak digunakan oleh pasien ICU RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengevalusi penggunaan antibiotika golongan sefalosporin pada pasien ICU. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode survey yang bersifat deskriptif analitis retrospektif-prospektif. Data dikumpulkan dari Catatan Medis dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium (uji kultur dan sensitivitas) pasien ICU yang dirawat pada bulan Januari-September 2006.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan 323 pasien ICU (68,43%) menggunakan antibiotika golongan sefalosporin. Antibiotika golongan sefalosporin yang banyak digunakan adalah seftazidim 32,68%, seftriakson 29,05% dan sefpirom 14,50%. Pada evaluasi penggunaan antibiotika golongan sefalosporin terdapat 17,96% ketidaktepatan dosis.Hasil uji kultur dan sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa antibiotika golongan sefalosporin telah mengalami resistensi yaitu sefaleksin (73,24%), sefotiam (71,83%), sefotaksim (63,38%), seftriakson (60,56%) dan sefpirom (60,34%). Data diuji dengan metode kai Kuadrat dan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan ada hubungan bermakna antara tingkat penggunaan antibiotika golongan sefalosporin dengan resistensi kuman terhadap antibiotika golongan sefalosporin di ICU RSUP Fatmawati.Cephalosporin is the most frequently antibiotics used at Intensive Care Unit, Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta. The objective of this study is to know the description and to evaluate the cephalosporin use at Intensive Care Unit. The study conducted with analytical descriptive retrospective-prospective method. The data collected from Medical Record and laboratory test result (Culture and Sensitivity Test) of ICU patient during January until September 2006.

The result of this study indicated that 323 patient (68,43%) used cephalosporin. The most frequently cephalosporin used by ICU patient was ceftazidime 32,68%, followed by ceftriaxone 29,05% and cefpirome 14,50%. Evaluation of cephalosporin used indicated 17,96 % an incorrect doses of cephalosporin.

The result of Culture and Sensitivity Test showed that cephalosporin has been resistance including cefotiam (71,83%), cefotaxime (63,38%), ceftriaxone (60,56%) and cefpirome (60,34%). The data from the study examined with Chi Square Test Method and the result show that there was a correlation between the level of cephalosporin use and the resistance of microbe to cephalosporin at Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Jakarta."

"Seorang apoteker memiliki peran penting dalam praktek pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit dan apotek. Apoteker harus memenuhi standar kompetensi sebagai persyaratan untuk memasuki dunia kerja dan menjalani praktek keprofesiannya. Standar kompetensi apoteker di Indonesia terdiri dari sepuluh standar kompetensi sebagai kemampuan yang diharapkan oleh apoteker saat lulus dan masuk ke tempat praktek kerja profesi. Sebagai bekal dan pengalaman calon apoteker untuk dapat memahami peran apoteker dan meningkatkan kompetensi, maka dilaksanakan Praktik Kerja Profesi Apoteker (PKPA) di RSUP Fatmawati dan Apotek Dini selama periode bulan Februari-Juni 2020. Selama PKPA, calon apoteker diharapkan dapat memperluas wawasan, pemahaman, dan pengalaman untuk melakukan pekerjaan kefarmasian di tempat praktik kerja profesi.

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A pharmacist has an important role in health services in hospitals and pharmacies. Pharmacists must meet competency standards as a requirement to enter professional work practice and undergo professional practice. Pharmacist competency standards in Indonesia consist of ten competency standards as the skills expected by pharmacists when they graduate and enter professional work practices. As a provision and experience for prospective pharmacists to be able to understand the role of pharmacists and improve competence, an internship was carried out at RSUP Fatmawati and Apotek Dini during the period February-June 2020. During internship, prospective pharmacists are expected to broaden their horizons, understanding, and experience doing pharmaceutical work in a professional work practices."

"ABSTRAKPasien yang terpasang ventilator mengalami kesulitan berbicara sehingga mengalami gangguan dalam berkomunikasi dan menggunakan suatu metode dalam berkomunikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain crossectional dengan sampel 45 responden dan tekhnik pengumpulan data purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan metode komunikasi yang digunakan pasien yaitu menunjuk atau membuat isyarat dengan tangan yang digunakan 100% responden, menulis atau menggambar yang digunakan 40% responden, menggerakkan bibir atau mencoba untuk berbisik yang digunakan 91% responden, ekspresi wajah yang digunakan 84% responden, dan menggerakkan kepala, ya atau tidak yang digunakan 93% responden. Metode komunikasi lain yang digunakan adalah mengetuk tempat tidur. Perawat diharapkan mengetahui metode komunikasi yang digunakan pasien yang terpasang ventilator sehingga dapat memberikan penjelasan tentang pilihan metode komunikasi sesuai keadaan pasien serta menyediakan media sesuai metode komunikasi yang dipilih.

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ABSTRAKPatients who have difficulty speaking with mechanical ventilation so that impaired communication and uses a method of communicating. This study used crosssectional design with a sample of 45 respondents and data collection purposive sampling technique. The results showed that method of communication used by patients to refer or make a gesture with the hand were used 100% by the respondents, writing or drawing were used 40% by respondents, moving his lips or trying to whisper were used 91% by respondents, the facial expression were used 84% by respondents, and move his head, yes or not were used 93% by respondents. Another communication method which was used by the patient is knocking on the bed. Nurses are expected to know the method of communication used by patients with mechanical ventilation in order to provide an explanation of the preferred method of communication according to the situation of patients and provide appropriate media communication method selected."

"Latar belakang : Penggunaan antibiotik pada ruang perawatan intensif (Intensive Care Unit, ICU) masih sangat tinggi terutama pada kasus sepsis. Penggunaan terapi tidak rasional merupakan masalah serius dan umum terjadi dan dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya resistensi antibotik. Sepsis merupakan disfungsi organ yang mengancam kehidupan (life-threatening organ dysfunction) yang disebabkan oleh disregulasi imun terhadap infeksi. Terapi antibiotik merupakan komponen utama dalam tatalaksana sepsis. Pemberian antibiotik yang tepat sejak dini pada pasien sepsis perlu dilakukan, dengan pilihan obat yang sesuai dengan pola kuman di komunitas dan rumah sakit.Tujuan : Mengevaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif pada kasus sepsis yang menjalani perawatan di PICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo.Metode : Desain penelitian potong lintang berdasarkan data pasien anak dengan sepsis yang dirawat  di PICU RSCM yang tercatat di rekam medis sejak April 2017 - Maret 2018. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan secara secara total sampling. Hasil : Subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian yaitu 82 pasien. Sebagian besar subyek perempuan, dengan rentang usia enam bulan sampai satu tahun, status gizi baik, durasi rawat <7 hari, fokus infeksi tersering saluran napas, terutama infeksi komunitas. Penggunaan alat invasif yang paling banyak adalah ventilator, kateter urin dan selang nasogastrik. Antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah sefotaksim, meropenem, dan seftazidim dengan indikasi terbanyak sebagai terapi empirik, penggunaan kurang dari tujuh hari, dan jumlah antibiotik yang digunakan lebih dari satu jenis. Evaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif didapatkan pemilihan yang tepat sebesar 71,3%. Kesalahan tersering pemilihan antibiotik yaitu dosis dan interval antibiotik tidak tepat.Simpulan : Penggunaan antibiotik di PICU cukup tinggi. Evaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif didapatkan pemilihan yang tepat sebesar 71,3%.

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Antibiotics are the most commonly used medicines in the Pediatirc Intensive Care Units (PICUs) espesially in sepsis cases. Irrational antibiotic therapy is a serious problem and can lead to increased antibiotic resistance. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by immune dysregulation of infection. Antibiotic therapy is a major component in the management of sepsis. Proper administration of antibiotics in sepsis patients needs to be done, with a choice of drugs that are appropriate to the patterns of bacteria in the community and hospitals.Aim: To qualitatively evaluate antibiotic use in sepsis cases undergoing treatment in PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Method: We perform cross sectional study, reviewing patient medical report of child diagnosed with sepsis admitted to PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April 2017 – March 2018. All antibiotic usage data was collected. Result: Subjects who met the study criteria were 82 patients with sepsis and given antibiotics. The majority patients given antibiotics were female, ranging in age from six months to one year, with good nutritional status, duration of stay <7 days, the most common focus infections was respiratory infection, and community infections. The most common invasive devices used were ventilator, urinary catheter and nasogastric tube. The most common antibiotics used cefotaxime, meropenem, and ceftazidim with mostly empiric therapy indication, use less than seven days, and more than one type of antibiotics were given. Qualitative evaluation of antibiotics was obtained with the appropriate use 71.3%. The most common mistake in choosing antibiotics were inappropriate dosage and inappropriate interval of antibiotics. Conclusions: Antibiotic use in PICU still high. Of sepsis patients recieving antibiotics treatment at PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 71,3% were given antibiotics appropriately."