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"Produksi gula adalah industri besar di Australia, yang menghasilkan pendapatan hingga 2,0 miliar Dollar Australia. Namun, terdapat kerugian pendapatan sebesar 7% untuk setiap panen, disebabkan oleh tebu yang rusak oleh pemanen mekanis. Kerusakan tersebut - terutama yang merupakan fraktur - berasal mesih pemanen yang menekuk dan memotong tebu tersebut dapat dipanen. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menemukan bagaimana proses panen dapat merusak tebu selama proses panen; dengan cara menemukan sifat-sifat batang tebu, hubungannya dengan pemotong, dan berapa banyak kekuatan yang ditimbulkan sehingga menyebabkan patah. Namun, tidak ada yang menemukan bagaimana data ini pada akhirnya dapat mengurangi kerusakan pada tongkat, sehingga kerugian dapat diminimalkan. Makalah ini akan mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut: bagaimana cara mengurangi kerugian tebu saat dipanen. Dengan mengejar pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang batang tebu, serta interaksinya dengan mesin pemanen.

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Sugar production is a major industry in Australia, generating up to $2.0 billion of income. However, 7% of revenue is lost for each harvest, caused by cane being damage by the harvester. The damage—mainly fracture—come from bending and cutting the cane for it to be harvested. Several studies have been conducted to discover how the harvesting process may damage the cane during the harvesting process; by finding the properties of the cane, the relation with the base cutter, and how much force needed to break it. However, nobody has found how these data can eventually reduce the damage on the cane, so the loss can be minimised. This paper will try to answer that question: how to reduce cane loss due to harvesting. By pursuing a deeper understanding of the sugarcane stalk, as well as its interaction with the harvester."

"ABSTRAKFractures of the neck of condyle usually are the result of a blow to the mandible. A lateral blow to the body of the mandible commonly cause a contralateral condylar fracture. There are many signs and symptoms of a condylar fracture, for example crepitation, deviation of the mandible to the side of injury, and spasm of the associate group of muscles. These will result in a functional disability, which is usually seen as a limited mandibular movement. This paper reported a patient with a fracture of the right condylar neck. Patient had been treated with closed reduction and immobilization for 2 months. After that, she felt that her bite was charged, she could not occlude her teeth well, and she had clicking sound in the right joint when she opened her mouth. Besides that, patient had difficulties to move the mandible to the left side, and she could not open her mouth widely. The patient was treated with a repositioning splint and she had to do some jaw exercises.The purposes were to regain the position of condyle, to reduce the muscle spasm and finally got the normal jaw movement."

"Sugarcane industry and trade (SIT) in Indonesia is significantly influenced by the government policies. This paper reviewed SIT policies from colonial period up to now to obtain valuable lessons for future development of SIT. Lessons learned include: (1) During the colonial era, the peak triumph was achieved through farmers' sacrifice; (2) High financial support for research institutions to produce super varieties, such as POJ 2838 and 3016 with productivity as high as 18 ton/ha of crystal; (3) In the beginning of independence, Indonesia's institutions and manpower were not exclusively ready to optimally develop SIT; (4) There were no comprehensive policies and several of the existing one were conflicting. Based on these lessons, a comprehensive policy issued by related institutions are strongly required for future development of SIT."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengeliminasi berbagai pemborosan yang ada pada proses produksi gula di Pabrik Gula Meritjan Kediri, yang merupakan unit bisnis dari PT Perkebunan Nusantara X, dengan menggunakan value stream mapping (VSM) yang diintegrasikan dengan activity based costing (ABC) untuk mencapai lean manufacturing. Observasi dan wawancara menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka dilakukan untuk mengerti proses produksi gula. Berbagai anggota pabrik yang terlibat dalam proses produksi diwawancara melalui kunjungan dan diskusi di pabrik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan VSM untuk memahami produksi gula, mengidentifikasi berbagai pemborosan, dan merancang solusi untuk mengeliminasi berbagai pemborosan tersebut. Sedangkan pendekatan ABC diintegrasikan dengan current state map dan future state map untuk menghitung biaya aktivitas yang ada pada value stream, termasuk value added cost dan non-value added cost. Hasil utama dari penelitian ini adalah telah diidentifikasi lima pemborosan penting diantaranya menunggu, persediaan yang tidak perlu, transportasi yang tidak efisien, proses yang tidak tepat, dan produksi berlebih. Prioritas solusi yang dihasilkan adalah menjaga kontinuitas supplai bahan baku tebu dengan penjadwalan penebangan malam hari, penghapusan persediaan yang tidak perlu pada penerimaan tebu, dan menerapkan teknologi sugar bag handling system dan sistem paletisasi pada persediaan akhir gula. Pada future state map, berbagai solusi tersebut ditargetkan untuk mengurangi total lead time dari 6,92 hari menjadi 5,35 hari dan penghematan pada total biaya hingga 13% yang terdiri dari 30,4% penghematan non-value added cost dan 0,4% penghematan value added cost. Penelitian ini juga memberikan saran praktis implementasi berbagai improvement yang tertuang dalam value stream plan tahunan dengan membaginya dalam tiga kelompok aktivitas: supplier loop, processing loop, dan pacemaker loop.

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This study is purposed to identify and eliminate various wastes in the sugarcane production of Meritjan Kediri Sugarcane Factory of PT Perkebunan Nusantara X by using a value stream mapping (VSM) integrated with activity based costing (ABC) to achieve lean manufacturing. Critical interview techniques and observations were used with open-ended questions to understand the process involved in the sugarcane production. Different chain members were investigated through personal visits and discussions. This study using VSM approach is to understand the value stream of sugarcane production, identify wastes, and purpose solution to eliminate wastes. ABC approach is integrated with the current state map and the future state map to calculate cost of activity involved in the value stream both value added cost and non-value added cost. Major findings obtained from the study are five wastes being identified which are waiting, unnecessary inventory, inefficient transportation, inappropriate process, and overproduction. The prioritized improvements purposed are maintaining continuity of cane supply by night harvest scheduling, removing unnecessary inventory in the cane loading area, and installing sugar bag handling system and palletization system in the finished good warehouse. In the future state map, those improvements are targeted to achieve reduction on total lead time from 6,92 days to 5,35 days and reduction on total cost by 13% consisting 30,4% reduction on non-value added cost and 0,4% reduction on value added cost. This study also suggests practical implementation showed in yearly value stream plan by dividing entire improvement plan into three loop of activities: supplier loop, processing loop, and pacemaker loop."

"Latief AS, Syarief R, Pramudya B, Muhadiono. 2010. Productivity of sugarcane plants of ratooning with various fertilizing treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 43-47. This research aims to determine the sugarcane plants of ratooning productivity with low external input of fertilization treatment towards farmers can increase profits. The method used is the Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with four treatments and three repetitions (4x3). Sugarcane varieties R 579 planted in each patch experiment 5x5 m2. Dosage of fertilizer: P0 = 3.6 kg/year plot experiment was 100% dosage usage of chemical fertilizers used by farmers. Further dosages were P1 (75%) = 2.7 kg/plot, P2 (50%) = 1.8 kg/plot and P3 (0.25%) = 0.9 kg/plot, each supplemented with fertilizer 5 mL of liquid organic/patch a year. Sugarcane crops with a variety of treatment showed no significant difference. The highest productivity was achieved at dosages of P2 (50% chemical fertilizers plus organic fertilizer) is 21.67 kg per square meter. Chemical fertilizers can be saved 7 quintals per hectare a year or Rp 997,500 per year. Additional costs of liquid organic fertilizer Rp.100,000 per hectare year and labor Rp 100,000 per hectare, so the additional advantage of saving farmers fertilizer Rp. 797,500 per year. "

"Torrefaction, which is used to improve the properties of sugarcane bagasse as fuel in pulverised fuel combustion and as carbon feed in gasification, is a low heating rate pyrolysis of biomass carried out at a temperature of 200–300oC, at an atmospheric pressure, and in an inert environment. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse was torrefied at heating rates of 3, 6, and 10oC/minute, respectively, to achieve a final temperature of 275oC and after the final temperature was reached, hold times of 0 and 15 minutes, respectively occurred at a constant temperature of 275oC for a heating rate of 6oC/minute. The physical characteristics of torrefied sugarcane bagasse samples to be determined were a particle size distribution accomplished by grinding, hydrophobicity by allowing the samples to absorb moisture from the ambient air, and pellet hardness of the sample pellets. The torrefaction results show that increasing heating rate and hold time reduced the cellulose content of the sugarcane bagasse to as low as between 5.35% to 10.61% by weight composition, respectively. As the lignin content increased, the sample pellets resulted in better hardness in comparison to that measured on raw sugarcane bagasse. As the hemicellulose content increased, the samples, after grinding and stronger hydrophobicity, produced a higher fraction of smaller particle sizes. The maximum weight fraction of particles in these samples with sizes smaller than 105 µm achieved was 83.43% weight in contrast to 0.62% weight in raw sugarcane bagasse. The maximum water absorption by the samples in 3 hours was 1.28% weight in contrast to 8.02% weight by raw sugarcane bagasse. The results indicate that torrefaction is able to improve sugarcane bagasse physical characteristics, which are favourable for biomass pelletization, storage and transportation."

"The study of nanocellulose has been emerging due to its highly possible applications. The main objective of this research is to fabricate nanocellulose crystalline filament from Sugarcane Bagasse through wet-spinning method. Sugarcane Bagasse is chosen due to its abundance in Indonesia and high cellulose content. In this research, the Sugarcane Bagasse were mechanically treated in order to minimize the size. Secondly, the biomass is pre-treated with NaClO2 (Bleaching) in order to eliminate lignin and hemicellulose. Thirdly, the biomass is treated with Acid Hydrolysis. The variation used in Acid Hydrolysis is HCl with 1, 3, and 5. After obtaining Nanocellulose Crystalline, the biomass was spun through wet-spinning method using 16G needle, 18G needle, 1.5, and 2 in concentration as the variation. The wet spinning method used a coagulating bath that is filled with Acetone. The characterization used in this research would be Cellulose Content Test, TEM, XRD, and Tensile Strength Test. The average results of this research are 42.75 on cellulose isolation, 63.9 on CNC crystallinity index, 45.3 nm on particle size, and 4.3 lbs on tensile strength at fracture with 11.91 on elongation. Nanocellulose Filament used in this research would be applicable for the future textile and material industry that possibly replace fossil fuel-based material.

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Studi tentang nanoselulosa telah muncul karena pengaplikasian yang sangat memungkinkan. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat filamen kristal nanoselulosa dari ampas tebu melalui metode pemintalan basah atau wet spinning. Ampas tebu dipilih karena kelimpahannya di Indonesia dan kandungan selulosa yang tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini, ampas tebu diperlakukan secara mekanis untuk meminimalkan ukuran. Kedua, ampas tebu diolah dengan NaClO2 (Bleaching) untuk menghilangkan lignin dan hemiselulosa. Ketiga, ampas tebu diperlakukan dengan Hidrolisis Asam. Variasi yang digunakan dalam Hidrolisis Asam adalah HCl dengan 1, 3, dan 5. Setelah memperoleh Nanocellulose Crystalline (CNC), biomassa dipintal melalui metode pemintalan basah menggunakan jarum 16G, jarum 18G, konsentrasi 1,5, dan 2 sebagai variasi. Metode pemintalan basah menggunakan rendaman koagulasi yang diisi dengan Aseton. Karakterisasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Uji Konten Selulosa, TEM, XRD, dan Uji Kekuatan Tarik. Hasil rata-rata dari penelitian ini adalah 42,75 pada isolasi selulosa, 63,9 pada indeks kristalinitas CNC, 45,3 nm pada ukuran partikel, dan 4,3 lbs pada kekuatan tarik pada fraktur dengan 11,91 pada perpanjangan. Filamen Nanoselulosa yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini akan berlaku untuk industri tekstil dan material yang mungkin dapat menggantikan bahan berbasis bahan bakar fosil di masa yang akan datang."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pemanfaatan teknik adaptasi danimobilisasi sel khamir Candida tropicalis InaCC Y799 pada fermentasi xilitol darihidrolisat hemiselulosa daun tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.). Praperlakuan dauntebu dilakukan menggunakan 1,8% asam maleat dan iradiasi gelombang mikropada suhu 180 C selama 5 menit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajarikemampuan khamir untuk tumbuh dan beradaptasi pada hidrolisat hemiselulosasebelum fermentasi, dan meneliti potensi penggunaan matriks kalsium alginatuntuk imobilisasi sel khamir, serta pengaruhnya dalam peningkatan produksixilitol dari hidrolisat hemiselulosa daun tebu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa khamirC. tropicalis InaCC Y799 teradaptasi mampu tumbuh pada media hidrolisathemiselulosa daun tebu. Adaptasi khamir pada 75% hidrolisat menghasilkankonsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol maksimum masing-masing sebesar 11,27 1,65g/L dan 0,56 0,05 g/g (54,98% dari nilai rendemen teoritis) selama 24 jamfermentasi, lebih tinggi daripada khamir tidak teradaptasi (kontrol). Namundemikian, imobilisasi C. tropicalis pada kalsium alginat hanya menghasilkankonsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol maksimum masing-masing sebesar 5,51 0,63g/L dan 0,27 0,04 g xilitol/g xilosa awal (29,97% dari rendemen teroritis)selama 48 jam fermentasi. Konsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol pada sistem selterimobilisasi setengah kali lebih rendah daripada sel bebas (kontrol).

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ABSTRACTResearch on adaptation and immobilization method of Candida tropicalisInaCC Y799 in xylitol production from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)waste hemicellulosic hydrolysate has been conducted. Sugarcane waste werepretreated with 1,8% of maleic acid and microwave at 180 C for 5 minutes. Theaim of this research were to study the effects of yeast adaptation using sugarcanewaste hydrolysate and the potential of using calcium alginate as immobilizationmatrix of yeast C. tropicalis InaCC Y799 in the xylitol production duringfermentation. The results revealed that fermentation using adapted yeast in 75%concentration of hydrolysate produce higher xylitol concentration and yield thanthose with non adapted yeast. The highest xylitol concentration and yield obtainedusing adapted yeast were 11.27 1.65 g/L and 0.56 0.05 g xylitol /g initialxylose (54.98% of theoretical yield) for 24-hours fermentation. However, thehighest xylitol yield obtained by immobilization method were 5.51 0.63 g/L and0.27 0.04 g xilitol/g initial xylose (29.97% of theoretical yield) for 48-hoursfermentation, which were lower than free cells system."