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"Pendahuluan: Preeklampsia adalah kelainan kehamilan yang ditandai dengan hipertensi yang diikuti oleh proteinuria, disfungsi organ, atau hambatan pertumbuhan janin pada wanita yang sebelumnya normotensif. Berdasarkan timbulnya gejala, preeklamsia dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi awal (<32 minggu), menengah (32-36 minggu), dan terlambat (> 36 minggu). Kekurangan vitamin D ibu dan kondisi resistensi insulin dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko preeklampsia. Vitamin D memiliki kemampuan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas jaringan terhadap insulin, sehingga kondisi resistensi insulin dapat diperbaiki. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jaringan plasenta preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Sebanyak 7 sampel diperoleh dari RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada 2016-2017. Data kadar vitamin D dan glukosa pertama kali diuji normalitas dengan menggunakan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan dilanjutkan dengan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji normalitas, data kadar vitamin D dan glukosa normal (p> 0,05). Hasil uji korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi positif yang kuat antara vitamin D dan glukosa meskipun data tidak signifikan secara statistik (r = 0,688, p = 0,087). Diskusi: Ada korelasi positif yang kuat antara vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plas preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Namun, studi lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan 17 sampel untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih representatif.

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Introduction: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension followed by proteinuria, organ dysfunction, or fetal growth restriction in previously normotensive women. Based on the onset of symptoms, preeclampsia can be classified into early (<32 weeks), intermediate (32-36 weeks), and late (> 36 weeks). Maternal vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance conditions are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. Vitamin D has the ability to increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, so that the condition of insulin resistance can be improved. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia tissue during 36 weeks of pregnancy.

Method: This study was a preliminary study with a cross-sectional design. The sample used in this study was placental tissue preeclampsia during 36 weeks gestation. A total of 7 samples were obtained from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2016-2017. Data on vitamin D and glucose levels were first tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and continued with the Pearson correlation test.

Results: Based on normality tests, data on vitamin D and glucose levels were normal (p> 0.05). The Pearson correlation test results show that there is a strong positive correlation between vitamin D and glucose even though the data are not statistically significant (r = 0.688, p = 0.087).

Discussion: There is a strong positive correlation between vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia plas tissue during 36 weeks' gestation. However, further studies need to be done with 17 samples to get more representative results."

"Pendahuluan: Di Indonesia, kasus preeklamsia menyebabkan tingginya angka kematian bayi dan anak, yaitu 40% untuk kematian ibu dan 30-50% untuk kematian perinatal. Defisiensi vitamin D diduga mempengaruhi patogenesis preeklamsia. Selain itu, vitamin D diketahui mempengaruhi sensitivitas insulin secara linier, namun pernyataan ini masih memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut, terutama pengaruh vitamin D pada preeklamsia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plasenta preeklamsia terutama di bawah 32 minggu, untuk melihat pengaruh vitamin D terhadap kadar glukosa jaringan plasenta. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dan menggunakan desain cross sectional. Sampel plasenta preeklamsia yang digunakan adalah sampel simpanan yang diambil dari RSU Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan rentang tahun 2016-2017, dengan nomor etik: 0878/UN2.F1/ETIK/2018. Sampel plasenta preeklamsia sebanyak 10 sampel. Kadar vitamin D diukur menggunakan kit Elabscience, sedangkan kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan kit Ransel Randox, menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan metode Pearson. Hasil: Kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plasenta preeklampsia di bawah 32 minggu berhubungan terbalik secara lemah berdasarkan korelasi Pearson (p = -0,180). Namun, korelasi ini tidak signifikan menurut uji signifikansi 1-ekor (p = 0,310). Kesimpulan: Korelasi vitamin D dan glukosa pada jaringan plasenta preeklamsia di bawah 32 minggu adalah negatif lemah.

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Introduction: In Indonesia, cases of preeclampsia cause high infant and child mortality rates, namely 40% for maternal deaths and 30-50% for perinatal deaths. Vitamin D deficiency is thought to influence the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In addition, vitamin D is known to affect insulin sensitivity linearly, but this statement still requires further research, especially the effect of vitamin D on preeclampsia. This study aims to compare vitamin D levels and glucose levels in preeclampsia placental tissue, especially under 32 weeks, to see the effect of vitamin D on placental tissue glucose levels. Methods: This research is an analytic study and uses a cross sectional design. The preeclampsia placenta sample used was a deposit sample taken from Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital with a range of 2016-2017, with an ethic number: 0878/UN2.F1/ETIK/2018. There were 10 samples of preeclampsia placenta. Vitamin D levels were measured using the Elabscience kit, while glucose levels were measured using the Randox Backpack kit, using the spectrophotometric method. The data obtained were then analyzed by the Pearson method. Results: Vitamin D levels and glucose levels in preeclamptic placental tissue under 32 weeks were weakly inversely related based on the Pearson correlation (p = -0.180). However, this correlation was not significant according to the 1-tailed significance test (p = 0.310). Conclusion: The correlation of vitamin D and glucose in preeclampsia placenta tissue under 32 weeks is weak negative."

"Preeklamsia merupakan penyebab tersering kematian ibu dan janin di dunia, terutama pada negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, preeklamsia berat dan eklamsia menjadi penyebab 1,5-25% kematian pada masa kehamilan dan 50% penyebab kematian janin. Penelitian di RSUP Palembang, menunjukkan 70% pesalinan dini akibat preeklamsia terjadi pada usia kehamilan 32-36 minggu. Kadar vitamin D serum ibu dikaitkan dengan penyebab terjadinya preeklamsia, namun belum ada penelitian yang mengukur kadar vitamin D pada plasenta. Kadar vitamin D pada preeklamsia juga berkaitan dengan keadaan resistensi insulin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari korelasi antara kadar vitamin D dan glukosa pada plasenta yang mengalami yang mengalami preeklamsia pada usia kehamilan 32-36 minggu. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang. Sampel merupakan jaringan plasenta tersimpan di Laboratorium Biokimia FKUI. Jaringan plasenta diambil dari Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data vitamin D dan glukosa dianalisis korelasinya dengan Pearson. Kadar vitamin D pada plasenta preeklamsia adalah 0,0069 ± 0,00232 ng/mg protein dan kadar glukosa pada plasenta preeklamsia adalah 0,0000025 ± 0,000002 ng/mg protein. Dari hasil ini dilakukan uji korelasi Pearson dengan hasil r = -0,688 dan p = 0,065. Korelasi antara konsentrasi vitamin D dan glukosa cenderung negatif kuat pada plasenta yang mengalami preeklamsia pada usia kehamilan 32-36 minggu.

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Preeclampsia is the most common cause of maternal and fetal death in the world, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia cause 1.5-25% of deaths during pregnancy and 50% of fetal death. Research at the Palembang General Hospital showed that 70% of early delivery due to preeclampsia occurred at 32-36 weeks' gestation. Studies have measured assosiation between maternal serum vitamin D and preeclapmsia but not vitamin D levels in the placenta. Vitamin D levels in preeclampsia are associated with insulin resistance. This study aimed to find a correlation between vitamin D and glucose levels in the placenta who experienced preeclampsia at 32-36 weeks gestation. The design of this study is cross sectional. Samples are placental tissue stored in the FKUI Biochemistry Laboratory. Placental tissue was taken from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data on vitamin D and glucose were analyzed for correlation with Pearson. Vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia placenta are 0.0069 ± 0.00232 ng/mg protein and 0.0000025 ± 0.000002 ng/mg protein. Pearson correlation test was carried out with the results r=-0.668 and p=0.065. The correlation between vitamin D and glucose concentrations tends to be strongly negative in the placenta who has preeclampsia at 32-36 weeks gestation.

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"Preeklamsia dibagi menjadi preeklamsia awitan dini (PEAD) jika terjadi pada usia kehamilan < 34 minggu dan preeklamsia awitan lanjut (PEAL) pada kehamilan > 34 minggu. Intoleransi imun diduga menyebabkan penolakan imun terhadap fetus di plasenta. Dendritic cell 10 (DC-10) dan sel T regulator CD4+CD25+FoxP3 (Treg) di desidua berperan penting dalam menciptakan lingkungan yang tolerogenik selama kehamilan. Namun, peran spesifik dalam patomekanisme PEAD dan PEAL serta faktor-faktor nutrisi yang berperan dalam regulasi DC-10 dan Treg, yaitu seng, vitamin A, dan vitamin D belum diteliti secara jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami patomekanisme penolakan imun pada preeklamsia melalui jumlah DC-10 dan sel Treg desidua serta hubungannya dengan vitamin A, vitamin D, dan seng.Desain penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang komparatif antara kehamilan dengan PEAD, PEAL, dan NT antara Oktober 2019 dan Desember 2021. Subjek penelitian direkrut dari RSUP Fatmawati (Jakarta), RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo (Jakarta), dan RSUD Karawang (Jawa Barat). Kriteria penerimaan adalah semua ibu hamil 20–40 minggu yang menjalani persalinan dengan seksio sesaria dan setuju untuk dilibatkan dalam penelitian. Kriteria penolakan meliputi pasien dengan penyulit obstetrik, plasenta previa, memiliki riwayat penyakit kronik, hipertensi sebelum kehamilan 20 minggu, terdiagnosis COVID-19, demam dan leukosit >15.000 /mL pada saat pemeriksaan dan kematian janin dalam rahim. Spesimen desidua diperoleh dengan kuretase tajam setelah seksio sesaria. Jumlah DC-10 dan sel Treg dihitung dengan flow cytometry. Konsentrasi faktor nutrisi diperiksa dengan metode ICP-MS dan LC-MS. Perbandingan median dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis, sedangkan koefisien korelasi diperoleh dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Subjek penelitian adalah 14 ibu hamil untuk setiap kelompok (total 42 kasus). Jumlah DC-10 lebih rendah secara bermakna pada PEAD dibandingkan NT (p < 0,001) dan lebih rendah secara bermakna pada PEAL dibandingkan NT (p = 0,015). Sebaliknya, sel Treg FoxP3+CD25+ lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada PEAD dibandingkan NT (p = 0,015). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara faktor nutrisi dan jumlah faktor tolerogenik pada kelompok preeklamsia (PE). Namun, terdapat korelasi sedang antara konsentrasi seng desidua dan DC-10 di kelompok NT (r = 0,656; p = 0,011) dan korelasi kuat antara konsentrasi retinol desidua dan DC-10 juga di kelompok NT (r = 0,746; p = 0,002). Korelasi sedang didapatkan antara konsentrasi vitamin D dan jumlah sel Treg FoxP3+CD25+ di kelompok NT (r = 0,590; p = 0,026). Disimpulkan bahwa jumlah DC-10 pada PEAD lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kehamilan NT, sedangkan jumlah sel Treg pada PEAD secara bermakna lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kehamilan NT. Konsentrasi faktor nutrisi desidua tidak berkorelasi dengan jumlah DC-10 atau Treg desidua pada preeklamsia (PEAD dan PEAL). Namun, pada kelompok NT terdapat korelasi positif antara seng dan DC-10, retinol dan DC-10, serta vitamin D dan jumlah sel Treg desidua.

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Preeclampsia is categorized as early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) at < 34 week of gestation and late-onset preeclampsia (LOPE) at > 34 week of gestation. Immune intolerance is thought to be the underlying cause of immune rejection to the fetus in the placenta. Decidual dendritic cell-10 (DC-10) and T regulator cell CD4+CD25+FoxP3 (Treg) play important role to create a tolerogenic environment during pregnancy. However, the specific role in the pathomechanism of EOPE or LOPE and nutritional factors that play role in the regulation of DC-10 and Treg, i.e. zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin D have not been widely studied. This study was aimed to know the pathomechanism of immune rejection in preeclampsia through the number of decidual DC-10 and Treg cell and their correlations with vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc.

The study design was cross-sectional comparative among EOPE, LOPE, and NT pregnancies between October 2019 and December 2021. Study subjects were recruited from Fatmawati General Hospital (Jakarta), Cipto Mangukusumo National General Hospital (Jakarta), and Karawang Regional Public Hospital (West Java). Inclusion criteria were all pregnant women between 20–40 weeks of gestation who underwent cesarean delivery and gave their written consent to be included in the study. Exclusion critera were patients with obstetric complications, placenta previa, history of chronic disease, hypertension before 20 weeks of gestation, was diagnosed with COVID-19, fever and leukocyte count of >15.000 /mL at the time of examination and presence of intrauterine fetal death. Decidual specimens were obtained by curettage after the cesarian section. The number of DC-10 and Treg cells were counted using flow cytometry. Concentrations of nutritional factors were assayed using ICP-MS and LC-MS method. Median comparison among groups was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, while correlation coefficient was obtained by using the Spearman correlation test. Study subjects were 14 pregnant women for each group (42 cases in total). The DC-10 was significantly lower in EOPE compared to NT (p < 0.001) and significantly lower in LOPE compared to NT (p = 0.015). On the other hand, Treg FoxP3+CD25+ cells were significantly higher in EOPE compare to NT (p = 0.015). No correlation between nutritional factors and the number of tolerogenic factors in the preeclampsia group. However, there was a moderate correlation between decidual zinc concentration and DC-10 in the NT group (r = 0.656; p = 0.011) and a strong correlation between decidual retinol concentration and DC-10 also in NT group (r = 0.746; p= 0.002). A moderate correlation was found between vitamin D concentration and Treg FoxP3+CD25+ cells in the NT group (r = 0.590; p = 0.026). To conclude, the number of DC-10 in EOPE is lower than NT pregnancy, whereas the number of Treg cells in EOPE is higher than NT pregnancy. Concentrations of dedicual nutritional factors do not correlate with the number of decidual DC-10 or Treg cells in preeclampsia (EOPE and LOPE). However, in NT group, there is positive correlation between decidual zinc and DC-10, retinol and DC-10, and vitamin D and Treg cells."

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Vitamin D memiliki peran dalam implantasi plasenta dan meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin di sel target.  Pada plasenta, VDR ditemukan di vili trofoblas, desidua, otot polos sel pembuluh darah plasenta, dan nukleus sel stroma vili plasenta. Melalui peningkatan sensitivitas insulin, vitamin D dapat memengaruhi kadar glukosa di jaringan plasenta. Insulin akan menstimulasi GLUT4 pada plasenta untuk pengambilan glukosa ke dalam sel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosa dalam jaringan plasenta. Penelitian ini merupakan studi awal dengan desain potong lintang dengan sampel berupa 10 jaringan plasenta kehamilan normal. Setiap sampel diukur kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosanya lalu dilakukan uji korelasi. Kadar vitamin D diukur dengan metode ELISA sedangkan kadar glukosa diukur dengan metode spektofotometri. Uji korelasi dilakukan dengan uji Pearson menggunakan SPSS versi 20. Hasil uji korelasi kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosa menunjukkan kecenderungan korelasi positif lemah menuju sedang dengan korelasi Pearson r=0,397. Namun, hasil uji memberikan p=0,128 sehingga secara statistika tidak bermakna. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai acuan untuk penelitian selanjutnya dengan besar sampel minimal, yaitu 48 sampel. 

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Vitamin D has a role in placental implantation and increases insulin sensitivity in target cells. In the placenta, VDR is found in trophoblast villi, decidua, smooth muscle cells of the placental vessels, and nuclei of placental villous stromal cells. Through increased insulin sensitivity, vitamin D can affect glucose levels in placental tissue. Insulin stimulates GLUT4 on the placenta for glucose intake. This study aimed to determine the relationship of vitamin D levels and glucose levels in placental tissue. This study was a preliminary study with a cross-sectional design with a sample of 10 normal pregnancy placental tissues. Vitamin D levels were measured by the ELISA method while glucose levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Then performed a correlation test. Correlation test was carried out by Pearson test using SPSS version 20. The results of the correlation test of vitamin D levels and glucose levels showed a weak-to-moderate positive correlation with Pearson correlation r=0.397. However, the test results give p=0.128 that means statistically it’s not significant. The results of this study can be used as a reference for further research with a minimum sample size, which is 48 samples. 

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"Tujuan: Penelitian ini membandingkan kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 pada serum maternal, darah tali pusat dan jaringan plasenta pada ibu hamil normal dan preeklamsia. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan jumlah sampel 86 pasien yang melakukan persalinan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RSUD Tangerang. Setelah itu data disajikan dalam tabel dan dianalisis dengan uji parametrik, yaitu uji-t berpasangan bila sebaran data normal atau uji non parametrik, yaitu uji Mann-Whitney bila sebaran data tidak normal Hasil: Didapatkan kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 serum maternal kelompok preeklamsia sebesar 16.30 6.20-49.00 ng/mL sedangkan pada sampel kelompok tidak preeklamsia, sebesar 13.50 4.80 ndash; 29.20 ng/mL di mana didapatkan nilai p = 0,459, dengan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik. Didapatkan kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 tali pusat kelompok preeklamsia sebesar 11.80 3.50 ndash; 38.60 ng/mL sedangkan kelompok tidak preeklamsia sebesar 11.70 1.00 ndash; 28.80 ng/m, di mana didapatkan nilai p = 0.964, dengan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik. Didapatkan kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 jaringan plasenta kelompok preeklamsia sebesar 49.00 22.00 ndash; 411.00 ng/mL. sedangkan kelompok tidak preeklamsia, sebesar 43.40 11.80 ndash; 153.00 ng/mL, di mana didapatkan nilai p 0.354 dengan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik Didapatkan hasil kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 serum kelompok preeklamsia awitan dini sebesar 10.80 6.20 ndash; 41.90 ng/mL sedangkan kelompok preeklamsia awitan lanjut sebesar 18.00 7.00 ndash; 49.00 ng/mL dengan nilai p = 0,133, di mana tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik. Didapatkan hasil kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 tali pusat kelompok preeklamsia awitan dini sebesar 10.65 3.50 ndash; 38.60 ng/mL. sedangkan pada kelompok preeklamsia awitan lanjut, sebesar 12.65 6.40 ndash; 33.20 ng/mL. di mana didapatkan nilai p = 0.377 dengan tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik. Didapatkan kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 pada jaringan plasenta kelompok preeklamsia sebesar 79.00 36.00 ndash; 411.00 ng/g. sedangkan pada kelompok tidak preeklamsia sebesar 40.00 22.00 ndash; 171.00 ng/g. di mana didapatkan nilai p 0.006, dengan didapatkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada rerata kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 jaringan plasenta Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada rerata kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 pada darah serum, tali pusat dan jaringan maternal pada wanita preeklamsia dan tidak preeklamsia. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada rerata kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 pada darah serum dan tali pusat pada wanita preeklamsia dan tidak preeklamsia Terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada rerata kadar 25- OH -vitamin D3 pada plasenta wanita preeklamsia dan tidak preeklamsiaKata kunci: 25- OH -vitamin D3, preeklamsia, serum, tali pusat, jaringan plasenta

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Abstract Objective: This study is designed for comparing 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels in maternal serum, cord blood and placental tissue in non preeclampsia and preeclampsia pregnant women.Methods: This study is a cross sectional study with the number of samples of 86 patients who deliver in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Tangerang District Hospital. After that the data is presented in the table and analyzed by parametric test, ie paired t-test when the distribution of normal data or non parametric test, ie Mann-Whitney test when the data distribution is not normal..Results: The serum maternal 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels of preeclampsia group were 16.30 6.20-49.00 ng / mL while in the non-preeclamptic sample group, 13.50 4.80 - 29.20 ng / mL were obtained p = 0.459, with no statistically significant difference . The umbilical cord 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels of preeclampsia group were 11.80 3.50 - 38.60 ng / mL while the preeclampsia group was 11.70 1.00 - 28.80 ng / m, where p = 0.964 was obtained, with no statistically significant difference. Obtained 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels of placental tissue in the preeclampsia group by 49.00 22.00 - 411.00 ng / mL. while the group did not preeclampsia, amounting to 43.40 11.80 - 153.00 ng / mL, where p value of 0.354 was obtained with no statistically significant difference Earning serum 25- OH -vitamin D3 serum pre-eclampsia group onset was 10.80 6.20 - 41.90 ng / mL whereas the onset of pre-eclampsia group was 18.00 7.00 - 49.00 ng / mL with p value = 0.133, where no statistically significant difference was obtained. The results of the umbilical cord 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels of early onset preeclampsia group were 10.65 3.50 - 38.60 ng / mL. whereas in the onset of pre-eclampsia group, it was 12.65 6.40 - 33.20 ng / mL. where obtained p value = 0.377 with no statistically significant difference. Obtained 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels in placental tissue preeclampsia group of 79.00 36.00 - 411.00 ng / g. while in the pre-eclampsia group was 40.00 22.00 - 171.00 ng / g. where obtained p value of 0.006, with statistically significant difference in mean 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels of placental tissueConclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in mean serum 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels in serum, cord blood and maternal tissue in women with preeclampsia and not preeclampsia. There was no statistically significant difference in mean 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels in serum and umbilical blood in pre-eclampsia and non-preeclampsia women. There were statistically significant differences in mean 25- OH -vitamin D3 levels in female placenta preeclampsia and not preeclampsia Keywords: 25- OH -vitamin D3, preeclampsia, serum, umbilical cord, placental tissue "

"Untuk mencapai kehamilan sehat dibutuhkan interaksi dalam kandungan yang baik antara ibu hamil dengan janin. Apabila terjadi gangguan, maka masalah pada kehamilan yang bersifat fatal seperti preeklamsia dapat terjadi. Banyak studi telah menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang tinggi antara rusaknya proses aktivasi invasi trofoblas dan masalah pada maternal vascular endothelium. Peranan penting sebuah faktor transkripsi bernama Hif-1⍺ penting untuk regulasi oksigen khususnya dalam kondisi hipoksia, dan dipercaya juga berperan penting pada terjadinya preeklamsia di kehamilan. Pada studi ini, 20 sampel jaringan plasenta terdiri dari 10 sampel dari kehamilan preeklamsi dan 10 sampel dari kehamilan normal dianalisis menggunakan ELISA untuk melihat peranan protein HIF-1⍺ dan diinterpretasikan untuk menunjukkan hipoksia pada kehamilan preeklamsi. Hasil dalam studi ini menemukan bahwa tidak ada hasil yang signifikan ketika dianalisa secara statistic (p>0,05), namun ada kecenderungan bahwa kadar HIF-1⍺ lebih tinggi dibanding kadar HIF-1⍺ yang ditemukan dalam plasenta kehamilan normal.

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Healthy pregnancy requires successful appropriate interaction established between mother and the fetus. When this fails to occur, problems in pregnancy such as a life- threatening disorder called preeclampsia may occur. Many studies have shown high correlation between the development of preeclampsia with faulty trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodelling at early weeks of gestation, that consequently led to placental ischemia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1⍺), an essential transcription factor for oxygen regulation induced in hypoxic environment, is believed to be important in the course of this disease. However, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still elusive. In this study, 20 tissue samples composed of 10 preeclamptic placenta and 10 normal pregnancy placenta were examined using ELISA Kit, with the aim to assess the HIF-1⍺ protein level and determine whether it could be used to demonstrate presence of persistent hypoxia in preeclampsia. The results demonstrated that there is no statistically significant difference between the HIF-1⍺ level in preeclamptic and normal placenta (p>0.05), but there is an evident tendency of the level in preeclampsia placenta to be elevated."

"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) adalah faktor transkripsi yang bertanggung jawab pada kondisi hipoksia seperti preeklampsia. Studi ini membandingkan konsentrasi HIF-1a pada kehamilan preeklampsia di bawah 32 minggu gestasi dan kehamilan normal. Sebagai penelitian observasional potong lintang pendahuluan, 10 sampel digunakan untuk masing-masing grup. Konsentrasi HIF-1a diukur menggunakan kit enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang insignifikan (p>0.05) antara konsentrasi HIF-1a pada kehamilan preeklampsia awal dan kehamilan normal walaupun terdapat kecenderungan untuk konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi pada kehamilan preeklampsia awal. HIF-1a kemungkinan tidak terlibat pada perkembangan preeklampsia awal. Sebaliknya, konsentrasi HIF-1a pada plasenta dipengaruhi oleh kerusakan syncytiotrophoblast akibat modifikasi arteri spiralis yang inadekuat dan berujung pada kurangnya jumlah HIF-1a.

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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) is a transcription factor that is expressed by cytotrophoblast in the placenta during hypoxic condition of preeclampsia. This study compares the level of placental HIF-1a in preeclampsia pregnancies under 32 weeks old of gestation and normal pregnancies. As an observational cross-sectional preliminary study, 10 samples were used for each group. The level of placental HIF-1a was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Statistical analysis revealed insiginificant difference (p>0.05) of placental HIF-1a concentration between the early preeclampsia pregnancies and the normal ones although there’s a tendency of the level being higher for the former. HIF-1a might not be involved in the development of early preeclampsia. Instead, its level in the placenta is affected by the syncytiotrophoblast damage due to inadequate spiral arteries remodeling that leads to a reduced amount of HIF-1a."

"Prevalensi penyakit kardiovaskuler (PKV) meningkat seiring dengan proses penuaan. Aterosklerosis yang menyebabkan terjadinya inflamasi dan diikuti peningkatan kadar C-reactive protein (CRP). Vitamin D merupakan vitamin yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi dan dapat menurunkan kadar hsCRP. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain potong lintang yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kadar vitamin D dengan kadar hsCRP pada usia lanjut (usila). Penelitian dilakukan di Pusat Santunan Keluarga (Pusaka) 12 di Tomang dan Pusaka 39 di Senen pada pertengahan bulan Desember 2012 sampai bulan Januari 2013. Pengambilan subyek dilakukan dengan cara cluster random sampling, dan didapatkan 71 orang subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara meliputi data usia, asupan vitamin D dengan metode Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) semikuantitatif serta total skor pajanan sinar matahari mingguan. Pengukuran antropometri untuk menilai status gizi dan pemeriksaan laboratorium yang meliputi kadar vitamin D dan hsCRP. Didapatkan median usia 69 (60-85) tahun dan 80,3% subyek adalah perempuan. Malnutrisi terdapat pada 71,8 % subyek. Asupan vitamin D menunjukkan 98,6% subyek memiliki asupan vitamin D kurang dari Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) Indonesia. Sebanyak 97,2% subyek memiliki skor pajanan sinar matahari rendah. Nilai rerata kadar vitamin D 38,02±12,94 nmol/L dan 78% subyek tergolong defisiensi vitamin D. Nilai median kadar hsCRP 1,5 (0,1-49,6) mg/L, dan 67,6% subyek tergolong risiko PKV sedang dan tinggi. Didapatkan korelasi positif tidak bermakna antara kadar vitamin D serum dengan kadar hsCRP pada usila (r=0,168, p=0,162).

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The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in the elderly. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of CVD which stimulate inflammation and followed by increase production of C-reactive protein (CRP). Vitamin D is a vitamin which has anti-inflammatory effects and may reduce level of hsCRP. The aim of this cross sectional study was to find the correlation between serum vitamin D level and hsCRP in elderly. Data collection was conducted during December 2012 to January 2013 on 2 selected Pusaka, Pusaka 12 (Tomang) and Pusaka 39 (Senen). Subjects were obtained using cluster random sampling method. A total of 71 elderly subjects had met the study criteria. Data were collected through interviews including age, vitamin D intake and weekly score of sunlight exposure. Anthropometry measurements to assess the nutritional status and laboratory examination i.e blood levels of vitamin D and hsCRP. Majority of the subjects were female (80,3%), median age was 69 (60-85) years. Malnutrition was occured in 71.8% of the subjects. Intake of vitamin D showed 98.6% of the subjects were less than recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Majority of the subjects had low score of sunlight exposure (97,2%). Mean of vitamin D levels 38,02±12,94 nmol/L, while 78% the of subjects were categorized as vitamin D deficiency. Median of hsCRP levels 1,5 (0,1-49,6) mg/L, while 67,6% subjects were at moderate and high risk of CVD. No significant correlation was found between serum vitamin D levels and hsCRP levels (r=0,168, p=0,162)."

"Usia lanjut berisiko tinggi mengalami defisiensi vitamin D, sedangkan vitamin D memiliki efek protektif terhadap massa otot. Penurunan massa otot dan fungsinya disebut dengan sarkopenia. Prevalensi sarkopenia sangat tinggi pada usia lanjut yang tinggal di panti wreda, kondisi ini disebabkan gaya hidup sedentari pada penghuni panti wreda. Deteksi dini sarkopenia dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur fungsi otot, salah satunya adalah mengukur performa fisik dengan tes short physical performance battery (SPPB). Penelitian potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk melihat korelasi antara kadar vitamin D serum dengan performa fisik pada usia lanjut di lima panti wreda yang terdaftar di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Pengambilan subjek dilakukan dengan cara proportional random sampling, didapatkan 100 usila yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pemeriksaan kadar vitamin D menggunakan kadar kalsidiol serum dengan metode chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Pemeriksaan massa otot menggunakan bioelectric impedance analysis Tanita SC-330. Analisis korelasi menggunakan uji nonparametrik. Didapatkan nilai tengah usia subjek adalah 74,89 tahun dan 72% subjek adalah perempuan. Terdapat  85% subjek memiliki asupan vitamin D yang kurang dan  94% subjek memiliki skor pajanan sinar matahari yang rendah, serta seluruh subjek masih memiliki massa otot yang normal. Nilai tengah kadar vitamin D serum  adalah 15,50(4-32) ng/mL, dengan 72% subjek mengalami defisiensi vitamin D. Nilai tengah performa fisik adalah 9(3-12) dan sebanyak 47% subjek mengalami performa fisik yang buruk. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar vitamin D serum dengan performa fisik pada usia lanjut di panti wreda (r=0,130; p=0,196).

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Elderly individuals have a risk of vitamin D deficiency, whereas vitamin D has a protective effect on muscle mass. Decrease in muscle mass and function is called sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia is very high in the elderly who live in nursing homes, this condition is due to the sedentary lifestyle. Early detection of sarcopenia can be done by measuring physical performance with short physical performance battery (SPPB) test. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the correlation between vitamin D serum levels with physical performance among elderly individuals in five nursing homes registered in South Tangerang. A hundred subjects who fulfilled study criteria gathered using proportional random sampling method. Examination of vitamin D levels using calcidiol serum with the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) method. Muscle mass was measured using bioelectric impedance analysis Tanita type SC-330. Nonparametric correlation was used for correlation analysis. Median age of subjects was 74.89 years old and 72% were female. Eighty-five percent of subjects had low vitamin D intake, 94% of subjects had low sun exposure score, and all subjects had normal muscle mass. Mean level of vitamin D serum was 15.50 (4-32) ng/mL, with 72% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency. Mean score of physical performance was 9(3-12) and 47% of subjects had low physical performance. This study showed that there was no correlation found between vitamin D serum levels with physical performance among elderly individuals in nursing homes (r=0.130; p=0.196)."