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"AbstrakThe aim of this research is to study the determinants of sovereign credit ratings of Indonesia andits neighborhood countries in the period of 1998-2016. Using secondary data and analyzed usingordered probit, it is found that every credit rating agency has its own variables influencing to itspublished credit ratings.In general, for Indonesia and its neighborhood countries, the variables withsignificant and positive relationship are fiscal balance and current account deficit to GDP, freedomindex, and GDP per capita; while the variables with significant and negative relationship are externaldebt to GNI and real exchange rate. Gross domestic savings to GDP influences credit ratings inboth ways. Interestingly, inflation does not affect the credit ratings. Indonesia and neighborhoodgovernments could use this information to manage their macroeconomic indicators in order to getfavorable ratings from credit rating agencies."

"Tesis ini mempelajari nature atau faktor-faktor determinan yang mempengaruhi sovereign credit risk Indonesia dan 5 peers-nya dengan menggunakan ekstensif data Credit Default Swaps (CDS). Sovereign CDS spreads masa kontrak 5 tahun dijadikan proxy dari sovereign credit risk di masing-masing negara. Karena sovereign credit risk hanya direpresentasikan oleh satu variabel yaitu sovereign CDS spreads dan mekanisme perdagangan CDS ini dilakukan oleh bank-bank investasi (investment banks), maka penelitian ini cenderung menggambarkan persepsi pelaku pasar finansial terhadap sovereign credit risk di Indonesia dan 5 peers-nya dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk merefleksikan risiko fundamental ekonomi secara keseluruhan dalam negara tersebut. Saya menemukan bahwa pergerakan sovereign credit risk Indonesia dalam periode Desember 2004 hingga September 2012 lebih dipengaruhi oleh sentimen global seperti US stock market returns dan VIX index dibandingkan faktor domestik sendiri. Dari sisi domestik, ada 2 variabel determinan yaitu Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG) dan laju inflasi. Selain itu, juga ditemukan bahwa bobot variabel global (risk premia) dalam sovereign credit spreads Indonesia hampir dua kali lebih besar dibandingkan bobot variabel domestik (default risk). Saya juga menemukan bahwa tingkat comovement di pasar CDS Indonesia jauh lebih kuat dibandingkan pasar saham dan terjadi secara konsisten baik dalam masa krisis maupun masa normal.

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This research studies the nature or determinant factors of Indonesia sovereign credit risk and 5 peers using an extensive dataset of sovereign Credit Default Swaps (CDS). A 5-year maturity sovereign CDS spread has been used as proxy of sovereign credit risk in each country. Due to sovereign credit risk is represented and proxied by a single variable which is a 5-year maturity sovereign CDS spreads in which principally this instrument traded by investment banks, the research tends to portray the market participants perception on Indonesia sovereign credit risk and 5 peers and is not meant to reflect the overall economic fundamental risk in a particular country.

I find that Indonesia sovereign credit risk during December 2004-September 2012 is more driven by global factors such as US stock market returns and VIX index rather than domestic instruments. From domestic side, Jakarta composite index and inflation are becoming determinant variables for explaining Indonesia sovereign credit spreads. I also find that the weight of global variables (risk premia) is larger by nearly two times than local variables (default risk). In addition, I find that comovement of Indonesia CDS market is consistently higher than stock market either in crises or normal moment."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor determinan Sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) Indonesia menggunakan variabel interest rate, stock returns, dan implied volatility dan menguji tingkat efektifitas hedging Sovereign CDS Indonesia terhadap Indonesia Government Bond. Proxy dari Sovereign CDS Indonesia menggunakan CDS Spreads Indonesia tenor 5 tahun, proxy untuk interest rate menggunakan effective yield Indonesia Government Bond Index, proxy untuk stock return menggunakan return IHSG dan proxy untuk implied volatility menggunakan Vstoxx Indeks. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian statistik dengan metode estimasi OLS, interest rated dan implied volatility memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap Sovereign CDS Indonesia, sedangkan stock returns dan Sovereign CDS Indonesia pada waktu t-1 memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap Sovereign CDS Indonesia dan secara bersama-sama bahwa interest rate, stock return dan implied volatility berpengaruh terhadap Sovereign CDS Indonesia. Pengujian tingkat efektifitas hedging Sovereign CDS Indonesia menggunakan model estimasi OLS, ditemukan bahwa Sovereign CDS Indonesia memiliki tingkat efektivitas hedging terhadap Indonesia Government Bond sebesar 15,95% untuk posisi protection seller. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Sovereign CDS Indonesia belum dapat dijadikan instrumen hedging Indonesia Government Bond, karena dalam konteks hedging, investor dapat menikmati proteksi atas risiko kredit yang dimiliki jika investor mengambil posisi protection buyer.

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This reserach study analyze the determinants of the Indonesian Sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) using variable interest rates, stock returns, and implied volatility and measurement hedging effectiveness Indonesian Sovereign CDS. As a proxy, for Indonesian Sovereign CDS use Indonesian CDS Spreads 5-year maturity, interest rates use effective yield Indonesian Government Bond Index, for stock returns use JCI returns and for implied volatility use Vstoxx Index. Results of statistical tests using the OLS estimation method, interest rated and implied volatility have a significant positive influence to Indonesian Sovereign CDS, while stock returns and Indonesian Sovereign CDS at time t-1 have a significant negative influence on Indonesian Sovereign CDS and interest rates, stock returns and implied volatility have a significant infuence to Indonesian Sovereign CDS. Result hedging effectiveness measurement Indonesian Sovereign CDS, Indonesian Sovereign CDS has a hedging effectiveness 15.95% of Indonesian Government Bond for protection seller. The conclusion, Indonesian Sovereign CDS cannot be used as an instrument hedging of Indonesian Government Bond, because in the context of hedging, investors get the benefits of credit risk protection, if the investor is a protection buyer."

"Tremendous growth in the credit industry has spurred the need for Credit Scoring and Its Applications, the only book that details the mathematical models that help creditors make intelligent credit risk decisions.Creditors of all types make risk decisions every day, often haphazardly. This book addresses the two basic types of decisions and offers sound mathematical models to assist with the decision-making process. The first decision creditors face is whether to grant credit to a new applicant (credit scoring), and the second is how to adjust the credit restrictions or the marketing effort directed at a current customer (behavioral scoring). The authors have filled an important niche with this groundbreaking book. Currently, only the most sophisticated creditors use the models contained in this book to make these decisions, but all creditors can know these aids to successful lending."

"Getting sovereign credit rating upgrades and achieving investment grade status are main goalsfor countries in order to gain lower yield spread and cost of borrowing. By using ordinary leastsquare method, this research is aimed to analyze the impact of Indonesia sovereign credit rating upgradeand investment grade status on sovereign spread changes. The result shows that the sovereigncredit rating upgrades within speculative grade category and investment grade status for Indonesiado not significantly impact sovereign spread reduction. On the other hand, the global condition, especiallyglobal risk appetite, has significant impact to Indonesia sovereign yield spread. The researchalso indicates that Indonesia macroeconomic fundamentals do not significantly explain the movementof sovereign yield spread."

"This paper is motivated by the fact that emerging market assets size has been expanding and tryingto use sovereign debt market as part of capital market as main research focus. It is highlightingthe distinction between default and non-default determinants and examining their significance inexplaining emerging market sovereign bond yield spread. Using Cross-Sectional Fixed-Effect PanelEstimator, we found that both default (as proxied by Credit Rating and Outlook Index) and non-default(as proxied by 3-month Fed Funds Futures) determinants has significant explanatory power tosovereign bond yield spread. Extensively, we also found the significance to add volatility of 3-monthFed Funds Futures and Fed Target Rate basis and volatility of advanced stock markets as variablesto stand for non-default determinants in the model. The significance of the latter model is strengthenedby higher forecasting as well as indicates the significant role of US market to emerging marketsovereign bond market."

"This study aims to shed light on the co-movement of sovereign credit risk and economic risk in Turkey using the Toda–Yamamoto causality, Gradual Shift causality, and Wavelet Coherence tests. The study answers the following questions, which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been investigated in the literature: (i) Is there any causal linkage between sovereign credit risk and economic risk?; and (ii) If yes, why? Our findings reveal that (i) economic risk caused sovereign credit risk in 1997 and 2002; and (ii) between 2001 and 2012, sovereign credit risk caused economic risk at different scales. The Toda–Yamamoto causality and Gradual Shift causality tests confirm that, in Turkey, changes in sovereign credit risk significantly lead to changes in economic risk, indicating the importance of sovereign credit risk for predicting economic risk."