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"Partai, sistem pemilu dan sistem pemerintahan dalam praksisnya saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Sistem pemilihan umum akanmembentuk format sistem kepartaian dan memberi implikasi terhadap efektivitas pemerintahan presidensial. Meski Indonesia mengadopsi sistem pemerintahan presidensial namun sampai saat ini pemilihan umum belum mampu membentuk sistem kepartaian yang koherendengan presidensialisme. Tulisan ini hendak melihat mengenai pentingnya membangun sistem kepartaian yang koheren dengan penguatan sistem pemerintahan presidensial melalui rekayasa sistem pemilihan umum."

"This final assignment is observing about government system and institutions relationship in Indonesia, since Soeharto?s era until Reformation era. Its research is focused on presidentialism practice in Indonesia, study case of SBY-JK government (October 2004 ? March 2008). This objective study is based on the theories of presidentialism, democracy, political party, and presidential leadership especially in the third world with qualitative literature approach.Executive and legislative institution in Indonesia, had a dynamic relationship since Soeharto?s era. That situation made a problem in presidentialism practice. Within Soeharto?s power, new order era succeed to make executive heavy on the system. It means, Soeharto controlled the government system and became a centralistic of authority. On the other hand, legislative was powerless. This executive heavy caused dissatisfaction on the accountability, transparency, and mandate for the people. President is voted by legislative but in practical, executive was so powerful. Many people had realized then, if there were a disappointment on the government and political practice for 32 years of Soeharto?s era. After that, General economic distress was happened on 1997 in Indonesia within global monetary crisis. In addition, the government was controlled by corruption, collusion, and nepotism politician. As a result, people pushed the reform in 1998.Reformation 1998, has made a renewal in institutional relationship between executive, legislative, and judicative, especially President - House of Representative. With amendment UUD 1945, liberalization of political parties was occurred, House of Representative?s authority has been empowered, and all of the problems were started to be fixed. In the next four generation of President (B.J. Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawati, SBY), Indonesia had implemented those reform, but still adjusted. Until the election in 2004 and almost 10 years, reformation still has had a problem in presidentialism practice.The election in 2004 (within separated election and multiparty) was the new era for President who would be more powerful because of the direct election, but on the contrary, the combination between presidentialism and multiparty was a complicated combination. President faced with coalition party, minority president, and cohabitation in executive leadership. The fact, SBY-JK controls the government with weak management/policy and leadership of SBY-JK inside. So that, many problems which are faced by the government cannot be solved effectively/efficiently, at least during this research is being done."

"The amendments through Indonesian Constitution of i945 (UUD I945) have impacted to various change including to government system. The change an the government system has came about UUD 1945 (at pre-amendments) is the semi-presidential then it's become hilly presidential system after amended. The -author here also scrutinizes on the government system which had appeared in not only the constitutional level but also on the practice in the national implementations. The author also presents her advices for the legislator members to deeper grasped toward basic concepts which had been exercised by UUD l 945 post-amendments, including the presidential system. its directed to the presidential power to make legislations will not disregard to UUD 1945."

"Pada akhir abad ke 19 dan awal abad ke 20 bangsa Cina yang mendapat suatu 'pukulan dan penghinaan dengan masuknya pengaruh Barat, dengan sendirinya tokoh-tokoh progresif (reformasi) dan cendikiawan berkenalan dengan pemikiran-pemikiaran Barat serta mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan Barat. Salah seorang cendikiawan dan tokoh progresif tersebut adalah Liang Qichao yang mengembangkan pemikiran-pemikiran politik, ekonomi dan lain-lain, dan membentuk partai politik Jinbudang, yang berusaha mengadakan reformasi tetapi gagal karena menghadapi tantangan yang ada ketika itu. Salah satu cara menghadapi masalah-masalah tersebut dengan revolusi yang dipelopori oleh Dr. Sun Yatsen. Kedua kelompok ini selalu timbul pertentangan dan perbedaaan pandangan, maka antara kedua belah pihak bukannya tidak ada kemungkinan berdamai dan mengadakan kerjasama. Karena kedua partai tersebut hanya menganjurkan cita-citanya masing-masing tanpa memperhatikan kepentingan pihak lainnya. Skripsi ini mencoba memberikan gambaran deskritif tentang pemikiran-pemikiran politik Liang yang selalu dipengaruhi dan nampak selalu berbah-ubah tetapi konsisten. Selain gerakan reformasi masih ada gerakan lain yang dipelopori Dr. Sun Yatsen dengan jalan revolusi yang kelak dapat menggulingkan kekuasaan Qing dan mendirikan Republik. Skripsi ini juga mencoba memberi gambaran mengenai Liang Qichao dengan seluruh proses kegiatan di dalam kepartaian serta pikiran-pikiran politiknya di dalam peristiwa /kejadian dikepartaian itu sendiri yang akhirnya tidak menguntungkan."