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"AbstrakPalm oil has become one of the most contested agricultural commodities in developing countries. This commodity character should be viewed in the context of the transnational behavior of agribusiness capital and related industrial restructuring. This paper focuses on the globalization of agribusiness capital and its impact on the industrial structure in Malaysia as a leading country in palm oil development, based on the following viewpoints: the commodity chain perspective and transnationalization of agribusiness capital.The major implications are as follows: Based on plantation development, Malaysian agribusiness capital has implemented strategies not only of vertical integration but also of transnationalization of upstream/downstream sectors. These global strategies of agribusinesses have, however, brought about the following consequences: (1) overseas plantation development has been accompanied by allegations of primitive accumulation and socio-political/environmental disruption, leading to Malaysia being limited as an investor country; (2) with the Malaysian refining industry having to purchase palm oil at relatively high prices from the domestic plantation sector, as well as Indonesia surge in production, the downstream sector in Malaysia has faced difficulties; (3) agribusiness capital has depended heavily on a foreign labor force to avoid paying fair wages for domestic workers, which has led to deepening agricultural vulnerability. In contrast to the growth of globalized agribusinesses, the Malaysian palm oil industry linking upstream and downstream sectors nationally is standing at a crossroads."

"Red palm oil (RPO) mengandung antioksidan yang larut dalam lemak seperti karotenoid (α dan β-karoten, likopen), vitamin E (dalam bentuk α, β, dan δ tokotrienol dan tokoferol), dan ubikuinon. Red palm oil (RPO) dapat digunakan sebagai upaya mencegah stunting dan kekurangan gizi karena nilai gizi yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada minyak goreng yang beredar di pasaran. Akan tetapi, belum terdapat banyak studi mengenai pemanfaatan red palm oil (RPO) dalam hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula emulsi dari red palm oil (RPO). Sediaan emulsi red palm oil (RPO) dibuat menggunakan 5% sukrosa ester palmitat untuk mengemulsifikasi 5% (F1), 10% (F2), dan 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) dengan madu untuk menambah kestabilan, kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi fisik untuk mengetahui stabilitas emulsi selama 12 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama 12 minggu ketiga formula emulsi stabil berdasarkan parameter organoleptis, pH, homogenitas viskositas, ukuran partikel, dan zeta potensial. Hasil uji hedonis pada 30 orang responden menunjukkan bahwa formula F1 paling disukai para responden. Dengan demikian, dalam penelitian ini formula F1 menghasilkan hasil uji yang paling baik.

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Red palm oil (RPO) contains fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids (α and β-carotene, lycopene), Vitamin E (in the form of α, β, and δ tocotrienols and tocopherols), and ubiquinone. Red palm oil (RPO) can be used as an effort to prevent stunting and nutritional deficiencies due to its significantly higher nutritional value compared to cooking oils available in the market. However, there haven't been many studies regarding the utilization of red palm oil (RPO) in this matter. This study aims to obtain an emulsion formula from red palm oil (RPO). The red palm oil (RPO) emulsion preparations were made using 5% sucrose ester palmitate to emulsify 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) with honey to enhance stability. Subsequently, a physical characterization was conducted to determine the emulsion's stability over a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that all three emulsion formulas remained stable over the 12-week period based on organoleptic parameters, pH, viscosity homogeneity, particle size, and zeta potential. Hedonic testing results from 30 respondents indicated that Formula F1 was the most preferred by the respondents. Therefore, in this study, Formula F1 yielded the best test results."

"Light is one of the most important factor in plant tissue culture. The growth and development of plant in vitro are affected by light quality. This study examines the influence of different light qualities on the in vitro growth and development of oil palm shoots. Oil palm shoots were cultured in Murashige & Skoog medium under either white fluorescent lamp, white light-emitting diode (LED), red LED, blue LED, combination of red and blue LED, or in darkness. The results show that the growth and development of oil palm shoots are influenced by the light quality. Root initiation and shoot elongation were good under red light, while chlorophyll and sugar content was better produced under white and blue light than red light. In addition to white fluorescent lamp, the combination of red and blue LED resulted in higher growth parameter compared to other light treatments, but the results were not significantly different."

"Pekerja anak dan partisipasi sekolah dapat berubah melalui pemintaan dan penawaran pekerja saat peningkatan permintaan komoditas. Peningkatan permintaan global terhadap kelapa sawit mendorong perhatian international terkait pekerja anak di sektor kelapa sawit Indonesia. Kami menggunakan estimasi difference-in-difference untuk dua periode waktu data dari SUSENAS di tahun 2002 dan 2010 pada tingkat kabupaten menggunakan peningkatan permintaan secara global dan kecocokan pengolahan lahan kelapa sawit sebagai exogenous treatment. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa peningkatan permintaan kelapa sawit meningkatkan pekerja anak sebesar 1,44% dan mengurangi partisipasi sekolah sebanyak 1.85% di kabupten yang menghasilkan kelapa sawit di atas batas estimasi kesesuaian perhitungan kelapa sawit yang dapat diolah (suitability cultivation) dibandingkan kabupaten yang menghasilkan kelapa sawit di bawah batas tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Indonesia harus berkomitmen untuk mengurangi tingkat pekerja anak di kabupaten penghasil kelapa sawit dengan meningkatkan pengawasan tenaga kerja secara langsung dan meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas sekolah-sekolah di daerah-daerah penghasil kelapa sawit.

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Child labour and schooling can be changed through the demand and labour supply of a booming commodity. The increased global demand for palm oil put another international attention on the increased child labour incidence in the Indonesia palm oil sector. We estimate difference-in-difference estimation for two period data of SUSENAS in 2002 and 2010 on district level using increasing global demand and suitability cultivation as the exogenous treatments. This paper's findings suggest that the palm oil boom increased child labour by 1.44% and reduced schooling as much as 1.85% on average in the district above the suitability of palm oil cultivation than those below the median. Therefore, the Indonesian government should commit to eradicating child labour incidence in palm oil areas by improving labour control and increasing the number and quality of schools."

"“This engaged and vital edited volume brings together the varied viewpoints of academics, consultants and activists all concerned with the astonishing expansion of palm oil as a globally traded commodity. It reveals how this complex, contested and controversial expression of globalization transcends narrow national and sectoral interests, stimulating a transnational exchange of goods, capital and labour, as well as laws, norms, values and even understanding. Compelling, readable and insightful, the study shows that corporate responses to civil societys concerns about palm oils role in global warming, human rights abuses, land grabbing and biodiversity loss, now need to be complemented by legal, regulatory and governance reforms to be effective.” Marcus Colchester, Director, Forest Peoples Programme"

"Industri minyak sawit merupakan industri yang signifikan dalam perdagangan global, Akan tetapi, minyak sawit juga memiliki tantangan keberlanjutan dengan adanya dampak merugikan dari segi ekologis maupun sosial yang telah dikritik oleh berbagai aktor internasional sejak lama. Dengan semakin globalnya perdagangan sawit, muncullah berbagai inisiatif yang bertujuan untuk mengubah praktik produksi yang selama ini dilakukan. Salah satu inisiatif ini adalah RSPO, sertifikasi minyak sawit berkelanjutan, pada 2003. Sertifikasi ini merupakan suatu global private governance dan diikuti oleh stakeholder dalam industri minyak sawit, yakni sektor hulu dan hilir serta LSM dan lembaga keuangan. Hal menarik terjadi ketika Malaysia membuat MSPO, sertifikasi minyak sawit keberlanjutan nasional pada 2013. Mengacu pada teori Smith dan Fischlein yang diadaptasi oleh Hospes, governance yang muncul ketika sudah ada tatanan yang serupa mdash;pada kasus ini, MSPO mdash;adalah rival governance. Faktor yang memotivasi aktor untuk mendirikan rival governance ada dua, yakni eksklusi serta ancaman terhadap kepentingan aktor tersebut ketika berpartisipasi dalam tatanan yang telah ada. Penelitian ini menelusuri kedua faktor tersebut yang dialami MPOA selaku perwakilan Malaysia dalam partisipasinya di RSPO. Penelitian ini menemukan berkurangnya kemampuan industri minyak sawit Malaysia dalam berkompetisi Pemerintah Malaysia butuh menjauhkan diri dari ancaman legitimasi atas bidang yang mereka jadikan kepentingan, yakni keberlangsungan industri sawit nasional.

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Palm oil industry is an industry that holds a significance in the global trade. However, palm oil also possesses sustainability challenges given its scathe ecological and social impacts which have been criticized by various international actors for a long time. With the increasingly global palm oil trade, emerged initiatives which aim to alter the existing palm oil production practices. One of these initiatives is RSPO, a sustainable palm oil certification, in 2013. This certification is a global private governance and is participated by stakeholders in the industry, namely the upstream and downstream sector, NGO rsquo s, and financial institutions. Interestingly, Malaysia also establishes MSPO, their own national palm oil certification, on 2013. Referring to Smith and Fischlein rsquo s theory that is adapted by Hospes, a governance that emerges in the same field of another existing governance is called a rival governance. There are two factors that motivate actors to establish rival governance, namely exclusion and rules that threaten their ability to compete effectively within original domain. This research follow the course of the two factors that are experienced by MPOA as Malaysia rsquo s representative in its participation in RSPO. This research finds that in competing, Malaysia needs to keep away from legitimacy threats on fields of their interest, which is the survivability of national palm oil industry."

"Atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease of large and medium arteries which loss their elasticity and the arterial walls are thickened which may cause coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis is related to hyperlipidemia and concentration of serum lipoprotein cholesterol which are influenced by the intake of certain dietary lipids. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), particularly linoleic acid is believed to have a lowering effect, saturated fatty acid (SAFA) increase, and mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) is neutral or has no effect on serum triglyceride that PUFA especially when given ia a large amount besides HDL-c. MUFA seems to have a similar effect as PUFA but without lowering effect on HDL-c. Low LDL-c and high HDL-c levels have positive effect on preventing and curing atherosclerosis and contrary of high LDL-c and low HDL-c.In this study, 60 albino, 2 month old male rats were put in separate cages and divides randomly into 6 groups. Each group received proportionally the first phase diet rich in margarine (40% of total energy) and cholesterol (10% w/w) for 3 months with additional oralforced feeding of proplythiouracil treated with the second phase diet with additional different types of fat source. The control group receieved normal diet. Determination of serum TG, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and microscopic pathological examination of the aorta were carried out after treatment with the first and second phase diets.Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, the amount of diet consumed and the body weight changes between the treatment serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-c as peanut oil. Serum HDL-c appeared not to be influenced by the different types of dietary fat. Pathological examination did not reveal any identifiable atherosclerosis signs in the aorta of the rats."

"Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu produk yang penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa performan ekspor Indonesia untuk CPO, Produk-Produk Turunan dari CPO, dan Crude Palm Kernel Oil ke China dan untuk mencari pengaruh dari variable-variable independen seperti: real exchange rate, harga komoditi ekspor di pasar dunia, penetapan tarif export yang diberlakukan untuk komoditi ekspor, dan kebijakan penetapan tarif impor yang diterapkan oleh negara tujuan ekspor sebagai variabel dummy.Kami menguji penelitian ini dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Interval waktu yang kami gunakan yaitu mulai tahun 2002 sampai 2008 dengan data quarter. Sebagai hasilnya kami mendapatkan hasil bahwa eksportir CPO dan CPKO terbesar di dunia adalah Indonesia. Sedangkan di pasar China, Indonesia menempati urutan ke dua setelah Malaysia sebagai eksportir CPO dan produkproduk turunannya. Namun demikian ekspor Indonesia untuk CPKO ke China bahkan ke pasar dunia menempati nomor satu. Untuk itu Indonesia akan untung jika melakukan spesialisasi ekspor CPKO ke China maupun ke pasar internasional.Sebagai hasil pengujian data panel dengan ekonometri didapatkan bahwa variable real exchange rate mempengaruhi ekspor Indonesia secara signifikan. Variable tarif juga memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Sedangkan harga komoditi di pasar dunia juga memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Tetapi berhubungan positif, hal ini disebabkan karena komoditi ini digunakan untuk spekulasi bisnis. Sehingga fluktuasi harganya mengikuti pergerakan harga minyak mentah di pasar dunia. Variabel CEPT5 juga berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke China.

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Palm oil commodity is the one product that is important to the Indonesia's economy. The aim of this research are to analyze export performance of Indonesian exports of crude palm oil (CPO), its derivative products and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) to China and to find out the effects of such as: real exchange rate, prices of commodities in the world market, Indonesian export duty of commodities, and dummy CEPT5 toward Indonesian export volume of those commodities to China.We examine this research using panel data regression. The data periods for this research were quoted from 2002 to 2008 quarterly. As a result of this research we obtain the biggest exporter of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil in the world is Indonesia while Malaysia possesses more comparative advantage than Indonesian in regards of the export of other palm oil products. However, in China`s market, Indonesian market share of CPO and its derivative products is lower than Malaysia. Nevertheless, in China, Indonesia has export volume of CPKO larger than Malaysia. Consequently Indonesia will benefit to do specialization CPKO export to the world especially to China.In addition, the result of econometric regression shows that real exchange rate variable significantly influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities. Also, tariff export variable give significant influence on those Indonesian exports of those commodities. Meanwhile the relation between price variable and export demand is significant but the expected sign for this variable is not appropriate with the hypotheses. We expect the price sign is negative but the result of estimation we obtain positive price sign. We state that in the world market price of CPO is used for business speculation. Finally, dummy-CEPT5 is affectively influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities."