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"ABSTRACTThis study explores, for the first time, how financial vulnerability affects income inequality across OECD countries, from 1990 to 2015. The empirics use a new financial vulnerability index constructed by Adrian and Duarte (2016). Through the methodology of their modeling approach, panel GARCH and GMM methods, the findings indicate that financial vulnerability exerts a negative impact on income equality conditions. The results survive certain definitions of income inequality and corruption, while they highlight the importance of financial stability conditions, with potential further repercussions to the real economy."

"This book offers a comprehensive overview of the financial systems of major industrialized countries using the statistical framework of the financial accounts. After a discussion of how economists agreed to create a framework to monitor the financial linkages between surplus and deficit sectors, the book analyzes in detail the composition and the recent evolution of financial assets and liabilities for households (including public pension rights), firms and intermediaries. Next, the volume studies the convergence patterns of financial structures and their influence on the effectiveness of monetary policy within European countries. The final chapter unifies the previous pictures, showing how the effects of financial integration and global imbalances could have been foreseen based on the financial accounts. "

"This study examines the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) on earnings quality (EQ) in member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Using 1845 firm-year observations covering the 2008–2016 period, this study performs panel data regressions to examine the association between CSRD as measured by a dummy variable and three common EQ measures, namely, value relevance (VR), accrual quality (AQ), and earnings persistence (PER). The study concludes that CSRD in three of the six GCC countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) has a positive and significant association with EQ in terms of VR. The use of generalized least squares (GLS) shows that CSRD has an effect on AQ in Kuwait and Bahrain whereas CSRD has an effect on PER only in Kuwait. Regulators of capital markets should use CSR information as guidelines to improve financial reporting quality and achieve better allocation of resources in capital markets."

"Struktur modal pada perusahaan sektor ketenagalistrikan menarik untuk diteliti karena industri tersebut memiliki rasio utang tertinggi diantara sektor lain. Peningkatan penggunaan utang sebagai sumber pendanaan semakin meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya kebangkrutan dan berdampak pada profitabilitas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji korelasi antara struktur modal dan profitabilitas, peran risiko kesulitan keuangan (financial distress risk) pada korelasi antara strutur modal dan profitabilitas, serta mengestimasi titik optimum penggunaan utang. Objek pada penelitian ini adalah perusahaan pada sektor ketenagalistrikan di negara G-20, dengan periode penelitian 5 (lima) tahun dari tahun 2018-2022. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah regresi data panel (linear dan non linear) dengan perusahaan observasi sebanyak 250 sehingga data observasi berjumlah 1.250. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan struktur modal (DAR maupun LTD) dan profitabilitas (ROA dan ROE) memiliki korelasi negatif. Pada penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa financial distress risk terbukti berperan (memoderasi) pada korelasi antara strutur modal dan profitabilitas. Lebih lanjut, pada penelitian ini ditemukan hubungan non linear yang menunjukkan indikasi titik optimum DAR sebesar sebesar 24.89% dan LTD sebesar 20.07% unuk mendapatkan ROA yang maksimal. Sedangkan untuk mendapatkan ROE yang maksimal diperoleh titik optimum DAR sebesar 32.21% dan titik optimum LTD sebesar 29.75%.

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Studying the capital structure of electric utilities firms is intriguing due to its industry-leading debt level compared to other sectors. The heightened reliance on debt as a means of financing amplifies the likelihood of bankruptcy and exerts an influence on profitability. The objective of this study is to analyse the correlation between capital structure and profitability, investigate the role of financial distress risk on this relationship, and determine the optimal level of debt use. This study focuses on electric utilities firms within the G-20 countries. The research covered a period of five years, from 2018 to 2022. The research employed panel data regression (linear and non-linear), with a sample size of 250 firms, resulting in a total of 1,250 observations. The findings of this study indicate that there is a negative correlation between capital structure (DAR and LTD) and profitability (ROA and ROE). This research demonstrates that financial distress risk has a role (moderates) in the correlation between capital structure and profitability. Additionally, the study revealed a non-linear correlation that identified an optimal DAR of 24.89% and LTD of 20.07% for achieving the highest possible ROA. For achieving the highest ROE, the optimal point for the DAR is 32.21% and the optimal point for LTD is 29.75%."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk melihat pengaruh diversifikasi pendapatan dan kepemilikan asing bank terhadap financial stability bank di wilayah Asia-Pasifik dengan sampel 82 bank yang terdaftar pada bursa erfek di delapan negara Asia Pasifik sepanjang periode 2005 hingga 2015. Model penelitian diestimasi dengan menggunakan model data panel dengan metode random effect dan fixed effect. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa diversifikasi pendapatan dan kepemilikan asing memengaruhi financial stability bank. Namun, konsentrasi kepemilikan tidak signifikan memengaruhi financial stability bank.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to investigate the impact of income diversification and foreign ownership on the financial stability of banks. The observation includes 82 listed banks from 8 Asia Pacific countries annual data period of 2005 2015. By employing panel regression technique with random effect and fixed effect models, the findings suggest that income diversification and foreign ownership influenced the financial stability of banks. However, ownership concentration is insignificantly affect the bank rsquo s financial stability. "

"Makalah ini membahas dua hipotesis dalam persaingan perbankan, Competition-Stability dan Competition-Fragility di lima negara Asia Tenggara periode 2011-2018. dengan menggunakan Merton Distance to Default dan Z-score sebagai pengukuran stabilitas keuangan dan menggunakan Indeks Lerner kompetisi untuk pinjaman dan deposit bank untuk mengukur persaingan industri perbankan. Kami menemukan bahwa kedua hipotesis terjadi di industri perbankan Asia Tenggara, market power dapat mempromosikan stabilitas perbankan sementara tidak stabil volatilitas incomenya dan kompetisi perbankan dapat membuat volatilitas income menjadi stabil namun rentan terhadap resiko Default

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This paper examines two hypotheses in banking competition, the competition-stability and competition-fragility in five southeast asian countries in the period of 2011-2018. by using Merton Distance to Default and Z-score as financial stability measurement and using the Lerner index competition for bank loans and deposits market to evaluate competition in the banking industry We found that both hypothesis occur in Southeast Asian banking industry, market power can promote banking stability while not stable in bank income volatility and banking competition can make stable in income from banking operations but prone to default risk."

"Negara-negara yang bergantung dengan komoditas atau negara dengan export komoditasnya lebih dari 60% total export, terdiri dari lebih dari setengah negara-negara di dunia (102 dari 189) dan dua per tiga negara-negara berkembang adalah negara yang bergnatung dengan komoditas. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat apakah adanya efek dari penurunan harga komoditas, terhadap stabilutas finansial untuk negaranegara bergantung terhadap komoditas dan negara-negara exportir komoditas. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua sampel dari negara berkembang exportir komoditas dan negaranegara bergantung terhadap komoditas dari periode 2010-2018. Menggunakan model fixed-effects, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penurunan harga komoditas memiliki efek negatif terhadap indikator stabilitas finansial untuk kedua kategori negara. Penurunan harga komoditas memiliki efek negatif secara umum untuk neraca sistem finansial negara eksportir komoditas. Efek negatif ini menunjukkan seberapa besar kerentanan negara yang menjadi exportir komoditas dan yang bergantung terhadap komoditas terhadap penurunan harga komoditas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, bisa direkomendasikan untuk negara-negara fokus untuk menyangga kapital dan meningkatkan kualitas aset dari insititusi finansial karena kedua komponen tersebut dapat meredam efek kehilangan dari penurunan harga komoditas.

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Commodity dependent countries, defined as countries of which commodities account for more than 60% of their total merchandise exports, made up more than half of the countries in the world (102 of 189). And two-thirds of developing countries worldwide are also dependent on commodities. This study, therefore, aims to determine whether commodity price downswing (a negative price shock) has an impact on the financial stability of the countries. This research uses two samples of emerging and developing countries and commodity dependence countries for 2010-2018 and employed a fixed-effects model in assessing the impact. The findings of this study indicate that negative commodity price shock has a negative effect on the financial stability composite index indicator for both sets of countries. Negative price shock negatively affects the financial system' balance sheet for commodity-exporting countries in general and has a significant negative effect on the financial stability indicator index. This adverse effect shows the extent of vulnerability for commodity-dependent countries and commodity-exporting countries to a commodity price downturn Based on the results, it is recommended that countries should focus on capital buffer and asset quality of financial institutions since those two components dampen the effect of loss after a commodity price downturn."

"Hubungan antara sektor finansial dan pertumbuhan ekonomi penting untuk ditinjau di wilayah dengan sejarah terjadinya krisis ekonomi, salah satunya Asia Tenggara. Wilayah ini juga sedang mengalami deindustrialisasi, yang berpotensi menghambat pola pembangunan ekonominya. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan panel dinamis untuk mengestimasi dampak intermediasi finansial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan industrialisasi, serta bagaimana hubungan ini dimediasi oleh krisis finansial dan digitalisasi. Dengan sampel berupa 9 negara ASEAN+ dari dari 1996 hingga 2022, hasil studi secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi sektor perbankan berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan industrialisasi. Untuk negara-negara ASEAN+ berpendapatan tinggi, terdapat indikasi dari pembiayaan berlebih sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh dampak negatif dari kedalaman sektor perbankan. Berikutnya, pasar saham hanya berdampak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan industrialisasi di negara berpendapatan tinggi, sementara industrialisasi di negara bukan berpendapatan tinggi lebih terkorelasi dengan sektor perbankan. Terakhir, krisis finansial cenderung membalik hubungan antara intermediasi finansial, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan industrialisasi, sementara digitalisasi cenderung mengamplifikasinya.

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The relationship between the financial sector and economic growth is important to reassess in regions with a history of financial crises, such as Southeast Asia. Deindustrialization is also concurrently happening in the region, potentially hampering its pattern of economic development. This study uses a dynamic panel approach to estimate the impact of financial intermediation on economic growth and industrialization, as well as how this relationship is mediated by financial crises and digitalization. Using a sample of 9 ASEAN+ countries from 1996 to 2022, results consistently show that banking sector efficiency positively impacts economic growth and industrialization. For high-income ASEAN+ economies, there is an indication of overfinancing as shown by the negative impact of banking sector depth. Furthermore, the stock market is only significantly impactful towards growth and industrialization in high-income countries, while industrialization in non-high-income countries is more correlated with the banking sector. Lastly, financial crises tend to invert the nexus between financial intermediation, growth, and industrialization, while digitalization tends to amplify it."

"Tulisan dalam skripsi ini mencoba melihat dampak pendalaman sektor keuangan terhadap pertumbuhan pendapatan perkapita pada provinsi - provinsi di Indonesia. Periode penelitian dibagi menjadi dua yaitu 1988-1997 dan 2004-2011 berdasarkan pada perbedaan jumlah provinsi di kedua periode tersebut. Dengan estimasi data panel ditemukan korelasi positif dari pendalaman sektor keuangan terhadap pertumbuhan pendapatan perkapita di Indonesia baik pada periode 1988-1997 dan 2004-2011, kesimpulan yang didapat mendukung adanya keterlibatan sektor keuangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu wilayah. Pertumbuhan pendapatapan perkapita akan datang seiring dengan pendalaman pada jumlah tabungan masyarakat dan kredit modal aktif.

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This paper examines the effect of financial deepening and income percapita growth with Indonesia provinces as the main object. Based on the difference number of provinces, there are two period of time on this paper 1988-1997 and 2004-2011. Empirical results show that financial deepening can affect income percapita growth on both period and support the existence of relation between financial deepening and growth. The growth of income percapita appears to be favoured more by development on saving and credit"

"This study aims to analyse the effect of trade openness, wages, inflation, economic growth, and population toward unemployment in the D-8 Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries over the period, 1991 to 2020. The quantitative approach uses techniques analysis of panel data regression. The study result shows a significant simultaneous effect of trade openness, wages, inflation, economic growth, and population on unemployment of D-8 OIC member countries. While partially, trade openness has a significant positive effect on unemployment, wages, economic growth, and inflation have a significant negative relationship with unemployment. The population has a significant positive effect on unemployment. Overall, the result implies that each OIC member country should promote an effective and strategic plan to enhance the demand for labour and employment. Furthermore, professional courses and vocational training should be initiated to fulfil the growing demand for skilled labour."