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"Latar belakang: Semaphorin-3B (SEMA3B) sebagai faktor antiangiogenik dan Cullin-1 (CUL1) sebagai faktor proangiogenik merupakan contoh dua protein yang bekerja secara antagonis dalam invasi trofoblas, yang bila terjadi ketidakseimbangan akan menyebabkan preeklamsia (PE). VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, dan CASP3 merupakan kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyal SEMA3B dan CUL1. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kadar SEMA3B dan CUL1, serta kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya pada patologi PE berdasarkan perbedaan usia kehamilan saat persalinan. Metode: Penelitian diadakan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Budi Kemuliaan dari April 2017-April 2018. Studi potong lintang dengan observasi analitik dilakukan untuk mengukur kadar SEMA3B dan CUL1 dan kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya dalam plasenta, serta kadar SEMA3B dan CUL1 dalam serum ibu pada 70 pasien PE berdasarkan dua kelompok usia kehamilan saat persalinan: <34 minggu dan ≥34 minggu. Pemeriksaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Hasil: Kadar SEMA3B, CUL1, VEGF, dan E-cadherin secara bermakna lebih rendah pada kelompok usia kehamilan <34 minggu. Pada kelompok usia kehamilan <34 minggu: terdapat korelasi positif antara usia kehamilan dengan SEMA3B, CUL1, dan protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya; terdapat korelasi positif antara SEMA3B dengan VEGF dan p21; terdapat korelasi positif antara CUL1 dengan VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, dan CASP3; dan korelasi negatif antara rasio p21/CUL1 dengan usia kehamilan. Pada kelompok usia kehamilan ≥34 minggu: terdapat korelasi positif antara SEMA3B dalam plasenta dengan SEMA3B dalam serum ibu; tidak ada korelasi SEMA3B dengan kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya; terdapat korelasi positif antara CUL1 dengan MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, dan CASP3. Kadar proangiogenik CUL1 dan VEGF yang rendah rendah dan ratio p21/CUL1 yang tinggi secara bermakna berhubungan dengan usia kehamilan <34 minggu saat persalinan. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan kadar CUL1 yang rendah meningkatkan risiko melahirkan sebesar empat kali lebih besar pada usia kehamilan <34 minggu dibandingkan usia kehamilan ≥34 minggu. Kesimpulan: Pada PE usia kehamilan <34 minggu saat persalinan, gambaran patologi PE lebih berat, kadar SEMA3B yang lebih rendah, serta kadar CUL1 yang lebih rendah memiliki risiko empat kali lebih besar terjadi persalinan dibandingkan usia kehamilan ≥34 minggu saat persalinan.

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Background: Semaphorin-3B (SEMA3B) as an antiangiogenic factor and Cullin-1 (CUL1) as a proangiogenic factor are examples of two proteins that work antagonistically in trophoblast invasion, which will cause preeclampsia (PE) if an imbalance occurs. VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, and CASP3 are protein candidates related to the signal transduction cascade of SEMA3B and CUL1. The aim of this study was to analyze SEMA3B and CUL1 levels, as well as protein candidates related to the signal transduction cascade in pathology of PE based on differences in gestational age at delivery.

Methods: The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Budi Kemuliaan Hospital during April 2017 until April 2018. In this cross-sectional study SEMA3B, CUL1, and protein candidates related to the signal transduction cascade (VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, CASP3) were measured in the placenta, as well as SEMA3B and CUL1 levels in maternal serum in 70 PE patients in two gestational age at delivery groups: <34 weeks and ≥34 weeks. Measurements were conducted at Integrated Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.

Results: Levels of SEMA3B, CUL1, VEGF, and E-cadherin were significantly lower in the gestational age group of <34 weeks compared to ≥34 weeks. In the gestational age group of <34 weeks: there were positive correlation between age gestational age and SEMA3B, CUL1, protein candidates related to their signal transduction cascade; there were positive correlations between SEMA3B and VEGF, p21; there were positive correlations between CUL1 and MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, CASP3; there were negative correlation between p21/CUL1 ratio and gestational age. In the gestational age group of ≥34 weeks: there were positive correlation between SEMA3B in placenta and SEMA3B in maternal serum; there were positive correlations between CUL1 and MMP9, Ecadherin, p21, CASP3; there were no correlation between SEMA3B and candidate protein related to the signal transduction cascade. Significantly, low level of proangiogenic CUL1 and VEGF, and high ratio p21/CUL1 were associated with <34 weeks of gestational age at delivery. Multivariate analysis showed that at <34 weeks of gestational age, low levels of CUL1 increased the risk of giving birth by four times greater than at ≥34 weeks of gestational age.

Conclusions: In PE at <34 weeks of gestation age at delivery, pathology of PE was worse, level of SEMA3B was lower, and lower level of CUL1 had four times greater risk of labor than at ≥34 weeks of gestational age at delivery. "

"Latar Belakang: Salah satu tanda klinis preeklampsia yang di hasilkan, yaitu proteinuria, dapat membahayakan perkembangan pertumbuhan janin karena peranan penting yang dimiliki oleh protein dalam perkembangan janin itu sendiri. Kehilangan protein yang terjadi pada ibu, diduga menyebabkan penurunan juga terhadap persediaan kadar protein plasenta. Metode: Penelitian comparative cross-sectional ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan kadar protein plasenta total antara kehamilan normal dengan kehamilan preeklamsi. Subyek penelitian ini adalah sampel plasenta dari 3 kelompok kehamilan yang berbeda; kehamilan normal, preeklamsi awal < minggu ke-35 kehamilan , dan preeklamsi akhir minggu ke-35-40 kehamilan . Data dikumpulkan dengan mengukur kadar absorbansi protein plasenta total dari semua kelompok sampel, menggunakan spektrofotometer, dan kemudian di analisis menggunakan Anova. Hasil: Kadar protein plasenta di ketiga kelompok menunjukan nilai; kehamilan normal; 0.343, preeclampsia awal; 0.357, dan preeclamsia akhir; 0.435. Persebaran data dari ketiga kelompok menunjukan hasil yang merata dengan nilai; kehamilan normal p=0.877 , preeklampsia akhir p=0.939 , dan preeklampsia awal p=0.771 . Analisis data yang menggunakan uji Anova, menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan antara tingkat protein total pada semua kelompok kehamilan p=0.535. Konklusi: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kadar protein total plasenta pada kondisi preeklampsi tidak menurun, mengindikasikan bahwa protein plasenta di jaga dengan baik oleh tubuh, walaupun dengan terjadi nya proteinuria. "

"ABSTRAKSaat ini terjadi peningkatan penduduk usia produktif (15-64 tahun) di negaraberkembang khususnya Indonesia. Pada usia produktif terjadi peningkatan angkakejadian disabilitas. Disabilitas didefinisikan sebagai kesulitan atauketidakmampuan yang dialami seseorang dalam melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari(yang diukur melalui 12 parameter sesuai dengan WHODAS 2.0). Studi empiristelah menemukan banyak faktor risiko yang terkait dengan disabilitas. Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor-faktor risiko disabilitasterhadap kejadian disabilitas pada penduduk Indonesia usia produktif sehinggadapat menentukan prioritas intervensi pelayanan kesehatan yang sebaiknyadisediakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013 denganbesar sampel 665.546 orang berusia 15-64 tahun dengan studi cross-sectional.Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa penduduk Indonesia usia produktifyang mengalami disabilitas ada sebanyak 14.2% dengan risiko mengalamidisabilitas meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan usia. Faktor risiko yangmeningkatkan kejadian disabilitas pada usia produktif di Indonesia yaitu :penyakit diabetes mellitus, hipertensi, stroke, tidak melakukan aktivitas fisik,merokok, obesitas, gangguan mental emosional, usia yang semakin tua, jeniskelamin perempuan, dan tidak/belum pernah sekolah. Faktor risiko yang dominanadalah stroke (OR = 5.045, 95% CI 4.045 ? 6.292) dan gangguan mentalemosional (OR = 8.822, 95% CI 8.348 ? 9.323). Penyakit stroke dan gangguanmental emosional menjadi fokus intervensi pengendalian disabilitas pada usiaproduktif di Indonesia melalui program intervensi berbasis masyarakat.

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ABSTRACTThere is an increased population of productive ages (15-64 years old) indeveloping countries, especially Indonesia. At the productive age there have beenan increase in the incidence of disability. Disability is defined as the difficulty orinability of people conducting daily activities (as measured by the 12 parametersin accordance with WHODAS 2.0). Empirical studies have found many riskfactors associated with disability. The purpose of this study was to determine theeffect of risk factors on the incidence of disability in the Indonesian population ofproductive ages so that it can determine the priority of health care interventionsthat should be provided. This study uses data from Basic Health Research 2013with the sample 665.546 people from 15-64 years old with a cross-sectional study.In this study showed that the Indonesian population of productive ages who havedisabilities have as many as 14.2% with a risk of having a disability increaseswith increasing age. The risk factors that increase the incidence of disability inproductive ages in Indonesia, namely: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, donot do physical activity, smoking, obesity, mental emotional disorder,increasingly older age, female gender, and do not / have never attended school.The most dominant risk factor are stroke (OR = 5.045, 95% CI 4045-6292) andmental emotional disorder (OR = 8822, 95% CI 8348-9323). Stroke and mentalemotional disorder have become the focus of disability control interventions in theproductive ages in Indonesia through community-based intervention program."

"Preeklamsia merupakan penyebab tersering kematian ibu dan janin di dunia, terutama pada negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, preeklamsia berat dan eklamsia menjadi penyebab 1,5-25% kematian pada masa kehamilan dan 50% penyebab kematian janin. Penelitian di RSUP Palembang, menunjukkan 70% pesalinan dini akibat preeklamsia terjadi pada usia kehamilan 32-36 minggu. Kadar vitamin D serum ibu dikaitkan dengan penyebab terjadinya preeklamsia, namun belum ada penelitian yang mengukur kadar vitamin D pada plasenta. Kadar vitamin D pada preeklamsia juga berkaitan dengan keadaan resistensi insulin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari korelasi antara kadar vitamin D dan glukosa pada plasenta yang mengalami yang mengalami preeklamsia pada usia kehamilan 32-36 minggu. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang. Sampel merupakan jaringan plasenta tersimpan di Laboratorium Biokimia FKUI. Jaringan plasenta diambil dari Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data vitamin D dan glukosa dianalisis korelasinya dengan Pearson. Kadar vitamin D pada plasenta preeklamsia adalah 0,0069 ± 0,00232 ng/mg protein dan kadar glukosa pada plasenta preeklamsia adalah 0,0000025 ± 0,000002 ng/mg protein. Dari hasil ini dilakukan uji korelasi Pearson dengan hasil r = -0,688 dan p = 0,065. Korelasi antara konsentrasi vitamin D dan glukosa cenderung negatif kuat pada plasenta yang mengalami preeklamsia pada usia kehamilan 32-36 minggu.

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Preeclampsia is the most common cause of maternal and fetal death in the world, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia cause 1.5-25% of deaths during pregnancy and 50% of fetal death. Research at the Palembang General Hospital showed that 70% of early delivery due to preeclampsia occurred at 32-36 weeks' gestation. Studies have measured assosiation between maternal serum vitamin D and preeclapmsia but not vitamin D levels in the placenta. Vitamin D levels in preeclampsia are associated with insulin resistance. This study aimed to find a correlation between vitamin D and glucose levels in the placenta who experienced preeclampsia at 32-36 weeks gestation. The design of this study is cross sectional. Samples are placental tissue stored in the FKUI Biochemistry Laboratory. Placental tissue was taken from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data on vitamin D and glucose were analyzed for correlation with Pearson. Vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia placenta are 0.0069 ± 0.00232 ng/mg protein and 0.0000025 ± 0.000002 ng/mg protein. Pearson correlation test was carried out with the results r=-0.668 and p=0.065. The correlation between vitamin D and glucose concentrations tends to be strongly negative in the placenta who has preeclampsia at 32-36 weeks gestation.

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"Pendahuluan: Preeklampsia adalah kelainan kehamilan yang ditandai dengan hipertensi yang diikuti oleh proteinuria, disfungsi organ, atau hambatan pertumbuhan janin pada wanita yang sebelumnya normotensif. Berdasarkan timbulnya gejala, preeklamsia dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi awal (<32 minggu), menengah (32-36 minggu), dan terlambat (> 36 minggu). Kekurangan vitamin D ibu dan kondisi resistensi insulin dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko preeklampsia. Vitamin D memiliki kemampuan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas jaringan terhadap insulin, sehingga kondisi resistensi insulin dapat diperbaiki. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jaringan plasenta preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Sebanyak 7 sampel diperoleh dari RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada 2016-2017. Data kadar vitamin D dan glukosa pertama kali diuji normalitas dengan menggunakan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan dilanjutkan dengan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji normalitas, data kadar vitamin D dan glukosa normal (p> 0,05). Hasil uji korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi positif yang kuat antara vitamin D dan glukosa meskipun data tidak signifikan secara statistik (r = 0,688, p = 0,087). Diskusi: Ada korelasi positif yang kuat antara vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plas preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Namun, studi lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan 17 sampel untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih representatif.

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Introduction: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension followed by proteinuria, organ dysfunction, or fetal growth restriction in previously normotensive women. Based on the onset of symptoms, preeclampsia can be classified into early (<32 weeks), intermediate (32-36 weeks), and late (> 36 weeks). Maternal vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance conditions are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. Vitamin D has the ability to increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, so that the condition of insulin resistance can be improved. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia tissue during 36 weeks of pregnancy.

Method: This study was a preliminary study with a cross-sectional design. The sample used in this study was placental tissue preeclampsia during 36 weeks gestation. A total of 7 samples were obtained from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2016-2017. Data on vitamin D and glucose levels were first tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and continued with the Pearson correlation test.

Results: Based on normality tests, data on vitamin D and glucose levels were normal (p> 0.05). The Pearson correlation test results show that there is a strong positive correlation between vitamin D and glucose even though the data are not statistically significant (r = 0.688, p = 0.087).

Discussion: There is a strong positive correlation between vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia plas tissue during 36 weeks' gestation. However, further studies need to be done with 17 samples to get more representative results."

"Pendahuluan: Di Indonesia, kasus preeklamsia menyebabkan tingginya angka kematian bayi dan anak, yaitu 40% untuk kematian ibu dan 30-50% untuk kematian perinatal. Defisiensi vitamin D diduga mempengaruhi patogenesis preeklamsia. Selain itu, vitamin D diketahui mempengaruhi sensitivitas insulin secara linier, namun pernyataan ini masih memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut, terutama pengaruh vitamin D pada preeklamsia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plasenta preeklamsia terutama di bawah 32 minggu, untuk melihat pengaruh vitamin D terhadap kadar glukosa jaringan plasenta. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dan menggunakan desain cross sectional. Sampel plasenta preeklamsia yang digunakan adalah sampel simpanan yang diambil dari RSU Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan rentang tahun 2016-2017, dengan nomor etik: 0878/UN2.F1/ETIK/2018. Sampel plasenta preeklamsia sebanyak 10 sampel. Kadar vitamin D diukur menggunakan kit Elabscience, sedangkan kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan kit Ransel Randox, menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan metode Pearson. Hasil: Kadar vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plasenta preeklampsia di bawah 32 minggu berhubungan terbalik secara lemah berdasarkan korelasi Pearson (p = -0,180). Namun, korelasi ini tidak signifikan menurut uji signifikansi 1-ekor (p = 0,310). Kesimpulan: Korelasi vitamin D dan glukosa pada jaringan plasenta preeklamsia di bawah 32 minggu adalah negatif lemah.

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Introduction: In Indonesia, cases of preeclampsia cause high infant and child mortality rates, namely 40% for maternal deaths and 30-50% for perinatal deaths. Vitamin D deficiency is thought to influence the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In addition, vitamin D is known to affect insulin sensitivity linearly, but this statement still requires further research, especially the effect of vitamin D on preeclampsia. This study aims to compare vitamin D levels and glucose levels in preeclampsia placental tissue, especially under 32 weeks, to see the effect of vitamin D on placental tissue glucose levels. Methods: This research is an analytic study and uses a cross sectional design. The preeclampsia placenta sample used was a deposit sample taken from Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital with a range of 2016-2017, with an ethic number: 0878/UN2.F1/ETIK/2018. There were 10 samples of preeclampsia placenta. Vitamin D levels were measured using the Elabscience kit, while glucose levels were measured using the Randox Backpack kit, using the spectrophotometric method. The data obtained were then analyzed by the Pearson method. Results: Vitamin D levels and glucose levels in preeclamptic placental tissue under 32 weeks were weakly inversely related based on the Pearson correlation (p = -0.180). However, this correlation was not significant according to the 1-tailed significance test (p = 0.310). Conclusion: The correlation of vitamin D and glucose in preeclampsia placenta tissue under 32 weeks is weak negative."

"ABSTRAK Hipertensi merupakan kelainan yang umum dijumpai pada kehamilan.Sekitar 70% wanita hamil mengalami gestational hypertension dan preeklampsia.Disfungsi endotel pada preeklampsia menyebabkan permukaan endotel yangnontrombogenik menjadi trombogenik sehingga dapat terjadi aktivasi koagulasi.Preeklampsia meningkatkan keadaan hiperkoagulabel yang sudah ada padakehamilan normal. Gestational hypertension pada wanita hamil adalah hipertensiyang tidak memenuhi kriteria preeklampsia. Hampir setengah dari pasien dengangestational hypertension akan berkembang menjadi preeklampsia. Fibrinmonomer merupakan petanda aktivasi koagulasi yang digunakan pada keadaan pretrombotik oleh karena terbentuk terlebih dahulu pada keadaan hiperkoagulabel daripada D-dimer yang terbentuk setelah fibrinolisis. Tujuan penelitian adalahmendapatkan gambaran fibrin monomer pada gestational hypertension danpreeklampsia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang pada 30 wanitahamil gestational hypertension dan 30 wanita hamil preeklampsia yang dilakukanpada Oktober sampai November 2015. Pemeriksaan FM menggunakan reagenSTA-Liatest memakai koagulometer STA Compact Analyzer. Kadar fibrinmonomer pada gestational hypertension didapatkan mean 4,61 µg/mL denganstandar deviasi 0,86 µg/mL. Kadar fibrin monomer pada preeklampsia didapatkanmedian 10,5 µg/mL dengan mean 11.99 µg/mL dan rentang 6,12 ? 23,26 µg/mL.Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar fibrin monomer pada gestationalhypertension dan preeklampsia dengan nilai p<0,001.ABSTRACT Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001."

"Untuk mencapai kehamilan sehat dibutuhkan interaksi dalam kandungan yang baik antara ibu hamil dengan janin. Apabila terjadi gangguan, maka masalah pada kehamilan yang bersifat fatal seperti preeklamsia dapat terjadi. Banyak studi telah menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang tinggi antara rusaknya proses aktivasi invasi trofoblas dan masalah pada maternal vascular endothelium. Peranan penting sebuah faktor transkripsi bernama Hif-1⍺ penting untuk regulasi oksigen khususnya dalam kondisi hipoksia, dan dipercaya juga berperan penting pada terjadinya preeklamsia di kehamilan. Pada studi ini, 20 sampel jaringan plasenta terdiri dari 10 sampel dari kehamilan preeklamsi dan 10 sampel dari kehamilan normal dianalisis menggunakan ELISA untuk melihat peranan protein HIF-1⍺ dan diinterpretasikan untuk menunjukkan hipoksia pada kehamilan preeklamsi. Hasil dalam studi ini menemukan bahwa tidak ada hasil yang signifikan ketika dianalisa secara statistic (p>0,05), namun ada kecenderungan bahwa kadar HIF-1⍺ lebih tinggi dibanding kadar HIF-1⍺ yang ditemukan dalam plasenta kehamilan normal.

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Healthy pregnancy requires successful appropriate interaction established between mother and the fetus. When this fails to occur, problems in pregnancy such as a life- threatening disorder called preeclampsia may occur. Many studies have shown high correlation between the development of preeclampsia with faulty trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodelling at early weeks of gestation, that consequently led to placental ischemia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1⍺), an essential transcription factor for oxygen regulation induced in hypoxic environment, is believed to be important in the course of this disease. However, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still elusive. In this study, 20 tissue samples composed of 10 preeclamptic placenta and 10 normal pregnancy placenta were examined using ELISA Kit, with the aim to assess the HIF-1⍺ protein level and determine whether it could be used to demonstrate presence of persistent hypoxia in preeclampsia. The results demonstrated that there is no statistically significant difference between the HIF-1⍺ level in preeclamptic and normal placenta (p>0.05), but there is an evident tendency of the level in preeclampsia placenta to be elevated."

"Kecukupan energi maupun protein tergolong kurang dapat memberikan dampak yang merugikan bagi tumbuh kembang, status gizi, perilaku makan yang terbentuk, dan kesehatan dari siswa sekolah dasar. Kecukupan energi dan protein seorang anak dapat dipengaruhi oleh konsumsi, pengetahuan gizi, dan sosial ekonomi keluarga. Untuk melihat perbedaan proporsi kecukupan energi dan protein berdasarkan faktor tersebut, dilakukan penelitian studi cross-sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder tahun 2018. Penelitian melibatkan 92 siswa/i SD X Jakarta Timur. Ditemukan proporsi kecukupan energi dan protein tergolong kurang secara berurutan sebesar 58,7% dan 55,4%. Hasil analisis dengan chi-square menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan proporsi kecukupan energi maupun protein berdasarkan faktor konsumsi, yaitu keragaman konsumsi pangan (p­-value=0,013 dan p-value=0,014), frekuensi konsumsi makanan utama (p­-value=0,003 dan p-value=0,000), dan konsumsi makanan utama pagi (p-value=0,007 dan p-value=0,000). Meskipun tidak ditemukan perbedaan proporsi, kecenderungan proporsi kecukupan energi dan protein masih ditemukan berdasarkan frekuensi jajan dan uang jajan. Penelitian juga menemukan sedikit kecenderungan proporsi kecukupan protein berdasarkan pengetahuan gizi. Dengan begitu, konsumsi (keragaman konsumsi pangan, frekuensi konsumsi makanan utama, konsumsi makanan utama pagi, frekuensi jajan), pengetahuan gizi, dan sosial ekonomi keluarga (uang jajan) merupakan faktor penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam upaya mengoptimalkan kecukupan energi dan protein siswa/i.

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Energy and protein inadequacy are capable of giving adverse impacts on primary schoolers’ growth and development, nutritional status, formed eating behavior, and health. Energy and protein adequacy themselves may influenced by consumption, nutritional knowledge, and family’s socioeconomic status. In order to assess the differences of energy and protein adequacy proportion based on those factors, a cross-sectional study using 2018 secondary data analysis was conducted. This study involved 92 SD X Jakarta Timur students. There were 58,7% and 55,4% students with energy and protein inadequacy. The result of chi-square analysis indicated that there were differences of energy and protein adequacy proportion based on consumption, those are food diversity (p-value=0,013 and p-value=0,014), meal frequency (p-value=0,003 and p-value=0,000), and morning meal consumption (p-value=0,007 and p-value=0,000). Even though no proportion differences found, the tendencies of energy and protein adequacy proportion based on snacking frequency and students’ allowance were still found in this study. This study also discovered a slight tendency of protein adequacy proportion based on nutrition knowledge. Therefore, consumption (food diversity, meal frequency, morning meal consumption, snacking frequency), nutrition knowledge, and family’s socioeconomic status (students’ allowance) are essential factors that need to be considered in order to improve students’ energy and protein adequacy."

"ABSTRAKPreeklamsia/eklamsia merupakan salah satu penyebab utama penyumbang kematian ibu di Indonesia.Angka kematian ibu di Indonesia saat ini tergolong masih tinggi di negara Asia.Salah satu penyebab terjadinya preeklamsia/eklamsia diduga adalah adanya obesitas pada ibu.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi dan prevalensi faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya preeklamsia/eklamsia serta mengetahui hubungan antara obesitas dengan kejadian preeklamsia/eklamsia pada ibu saat hamil atau bersalin di Indonesia tahun 2010 setelah dikendalikan oleh variabel usia ibu, jumlah paritas, pekerjaan ibu, tingkat pendidikan ibu, status ekonomi, berat badan lahir bayi, riwayat merokok, riwayat abortus, kunjungan pelayanan antenatal dan kualitas pelayanan antenatal.Desain studi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional menggunakan analisis multivariat dengan uji regresi logistic ganda. Sampel penelitian dengan mengambil semua sampel Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2010 yang eligible dari 33 provinsi yaitu sebanyak 5.112 responden (obesitas sebanyak 680 responden dan tidak obesitas sebanyak 4.432 responden), yang diambil dengan metode stratified two stagecluster design. Hasil penelitian terlihat prevalensi obesitas sebesar 13,30% dan preeklamsia/eklamsia sebesar 3,91%. Terdapat hubungan obesitas dengan kejadian preeklamsia/eklamsia dengan Odd Ratio (OR) sebesar 1,88 (95% CI 1,33-2,66) setelah dikontrol oleh variabel usia ibu, berat badan lahir dan riwayat merokok. Jadi obesitas merupakan salah satu faktor yang cukup penting dalam menyebabkan terjadinya preeklamsia/eklamsia.Oleh karena itu pemerintah dan masyarakat perlu berperan aktif dalam upaya pencegahan terjadinya preeklamsia/eklamsia dengan menjaga berat badan ideal sejak usia remaja sehingga tidak mengalami obesitas pada saat hamil.

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ABSTRACT

Preeclampsia/eclampsia is one of the major causes of maternal mortality in Indonesia. The maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is still relatively high in Asian countries. One of the causes of preeclampsia/eclampsia is maternal obesity.

The aim of this studyis to know the distribution and prevalence of the factors that could affect the occurrence of preeclampsia/eclampsia and to know the association of the obesity and preeclampsia/eclampsia in the mother during pregnancy or delivery in Indonesiain 2010,after controlled by maternal age, parity, mother's occupation, mother's education level, economic status, birth weight, history of smoking, history of abortion, antenatal visits and quality of antenatal care variable.

Study design is cross-sectional using multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression. The study sample by taking all sampled that eligible in 2010 Basic Health Survey are 5,112 respondents (680 respondents obese and 4,432 respondents non-obese). Study result is shown the prevalence of obesity was 13.30% and preeclampsia/eclampsia was 3.91%. There is a relationship of obesity and preeclampsia/eclampsia with Odds Ratios (OR) of 1,88 (95% CI1,33 to 2,66) after controlled by maternal age, birth weight and smoking history variable. So, obesity is a significant factor in the cause of preeclampsia/eclampsia. Therefore, the government and community should play an active role in the prevention of preeclampsia/eclampsia with maintaining a healthy weight since their teens so not obese during pregnancy."