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"Telah dilakukan penelitian interaksi reproduksi orangutan sumatra jantan terhadap betina pasangannya dalam exhibit di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 hari dengan total waktu 7.920 menit, dilakukan selama enam hari dalam sepekan. Pengamatan perilaku dimulai pada pukul 09.30--16.00 WIB. Aktivitas interaksi yang diamati berupa perilaku sosial yang bersifat afiliatif dan agonistik, serta perilaku reproduksi meliputi atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas. Subjek pengamatan yaitu dua individu orangutan sumatra yang berada di dua kawasan berbeda. Kawasan pertama terdapat individu jantan (J1) bersama betina pasangannya dan orangutan anak di Baby Zoo, kawasan kedua terdapat individu jantan (J2) bersama dua betina bunting di Primata Center. Hasil menunjukan proporsi yang berbeda pada perilaku sosial dan perilaku reproduksi pada kedua subjek yang diamati. Pola perilaku sosial pada J1 menunjukan social afiliatif (grooming) menjadi aktivitas tertinggi (40%) sedangkan J2 social afiliatif (approaching) menjadi aktivitas tertinggi (33%). Selama periode pengamatan, perilaku agonistik tidak ditemukan. Individu J1 dan J2 memiliki perilaku reproduksi terbesar adalah atraktivitas, dengan J1 atraktivitas (3%) lebih rendah dibandingkan J2 (14%). Perilaku sosial afiliatif pada individu J1 lebih besar dibanding J2 karena aktivitas grooming yang juga dilakukan kepada anak. Interaksi reproduksi pada J2 lebih besar dibanding J1, karena individu J2 ditempatkan dalam exhibit bersama dua betina pasangannya. Oleh karena itu, interaksi sosial yang dilakukan lebih intensif."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai respons orangutan (Pongo abelii) betina bunting dan betina dengan anak terhadap jantan berdasarkan perilaku reproduksinya di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi respons orangutan betina bunting dan betina yang memiliki anak terhadap jantan, serta mengetahui perilaku harian pada orangutan betina bunting dan betina dengan anak di kawasan konservasi ex-situ Taman Safari Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua orangutan sumatra (Pongo abelii) betina matang kelamin, yaitu B1 memiliki anak berumur 4 tahun dan B2 sedang bunting 6 bulan. Pengamatan perilaku harian menggunakan focal instantaneous sampling dengan time point 5 menit dan pengamatan perilaku reproduksi menggunakan metode adlibitum. Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi perilaku harian. Perilaku harian menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi (P=0,000). Perilaku makan merupakan proporsi tertinggi pada kedua betina. B1 memiliki proporsi makan, bergerak dan sosial yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan B2 memiliki proporsi istirahat yang lebih tinggi. Respons kedua betina terhadap jantan terlihat melalui perilaku atraktivitas, proseptivitas dan resptivitas dengan proporsi yang berbeda (P=0,000). Kedua betina menunjukkan proporsi reseptivitas tertinggi pada perilaku reproduksi, tetapi berdasarkan durasi, reseptivitas B1 lebih rendah dibandingkan B2. Respon B1 terhadap jantan memiliki proporsi yang rendah karena adanya intervensi oleh anaknya. Orangutan B2 teramati menunjukkan perilaku sangat proaktif terhadap jantan dan tidak ada gangguan dari keberadaan betina lain di dalam kandang yang sama.A study of responses of pregnant and female with the child to males in Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) based on reproductive behavior has been conducted in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The aim is evaluating responses of pregnant and the female with a child to males, as well as find out their daily activities under the ex-situ area in Taman Safari Bogor. The subjects are female with a child (4-years old) (B1) and pregnant female (6-months) (B2). The daily activities were observed every 5 minutes by focal instantaneous sampling, whereas reproductive behavior by ad libitum for 5.5 hours a day from October to November 2019. The observation got 8.580 minutes of daily activities and 4.290 minutes of reproductive behavior. The result presented different proportions of the daily activities of both females. Feeding is the highest proportion of their daily activities. The pregnant female (B2) had a higher resting proportion, whereas females with child (B1) had higher proportions of feeding; moving; also socializing. Reproductive behavior presented a different proportion too (P=0,000). Female B1 and B2 have the highest receptivity in reproduction activities, yet based on the duration, B1 receptivity lower than B2. Respons B1 to males was interference by the child. Female B2 has the most proceptivity and not disruption by another female in the same cage."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi, dan pengaruh perilaku harian induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor terhadap perilaku pengasuhannya. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah 2 individu induk betina orangutan, yaitu P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) di Kandang Lokasi dan P2 (Pongo abelii) di Baby Zoo dengan anak berumur 1 dan 4 tahun masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku harian dicatat menggunakan metode focal instantaneous sampling dan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 12 kali untuk masing-masing individu dan total waktu pengamatan kedua individu setara 156 jam. Pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan P1 dan P2 berbeda secara signifikan (Uji Friedmann, P<0,05). Perilaku harian P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas moving (38,6%), P2 oleh aktivitas feeding (41,7%). Perilaku pengasuhan P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas encourages (34,0%), P2 oleh aktivitas breast feeding (29,1%). Hal tersebut disebabkan perbedaan usia orangutan anak dan pemberian enrichment. Aktivitas orangutan anak berupa begging menyebabkan tingginya aktivitas breast feeding sebagai bentuk positive feedback dari induk betina orangutan. Feeding dan moving memengaruhi perilaku pengasuhan sebagai pilihan investasi waktu dan energi (Uji Spearman, P<0,05). Mother rejection ditemukan pada P1 sebagai bentuk dorongan lokomosi, sedangkan pada P2 disebabkan oleh tingginya aktivitas orangutan anak.

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The study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of daily behavior and parenting activities, influencing factors, and the influence of daily behavior of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor on their parenting behavior. Subjects observed were two orangutan female parents, P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kandang Lokasi and P2 (Pongo abelii) at the Baby Zoo, children aged 1 and 4 years respectively. Daily behavior was recorded using focal instantaneous sampling method and parenting behavior using ad libitum. Observations were carried out 12 times for each individual, 156 hours of total observation time. Daily behavior patterns and parental care are differed significantly (Friedmann's Test, P<0.05). P1 daily behavior was dominated by moving activities (38.6%), whereas P2 was feeding (41.7%). P1 parenting behavior was dominated by encourages activities (34.0 %), whereas P2 was breast feeding (29.1%). The age difference in infant orangutans and enrichment are the cause. Begging activities of infant orangutans cause high breast feeding as a positive feedback from its mother. Feeding and moving influence parenting behavior as a form of investment choice of time and energy (Spearman Test, P<0.05). Mother rejection was found in P1 as a form of locomotion drive, whereas in P2 was high activity of infant orangutans."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai Pola Perilaku Pengasuhan Induk Betina Orangutan (Pongo sp.) terhadap Anak di Kawasan Konservasi Ex-Situ Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi, dan pengaruh perilaku harian induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor terhadap perilaku pengasuhannya. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah dua individu induk betina orangutan, yaitu P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) di Kandang Lokasi dan P2 (Pongo abelii) di Baby Zoo yang memiliki anak berumur 1 dan 4 tahun masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku harian menggunakan metode pencatatan focal instantaneous sampling dengan time point 5 menit. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan metode pencatatan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 12 kali untuk masing-masing individu. Hasil penelitian didapatkan data yang setara dengan 156 jam waktu pengamatan. Perilaku harian P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas moving (38,6%), sedangkan P2 didominasi oleh aktivitas feeding (41,7%). Perilaku pengasuhan P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas encourages (34,0%), sedangkan P2 didominasi oleh aktivitas breast feeding (29,1%). Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan usia orangutan anak yang lebih besar pada P2 dibandingkan dengan P1. Aktivitas orangutan anak berupa begging menyebabkan tingginya aktivitas breast feeding sebagai bentuk positive feedback dari induk betina orangutan. Mother rejection ditemukan pada P1 sebagai bentuk dorongan lokomosi, sedangkan pada P2 disebabkan oleh tingginya aktivitas orangutan anak. Pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan P1 dan P2 berbeda secara signifikan (Uji Friedmann, P<0,05). Umur orangutan anak dan pemberian enrichment merupakan faktor yang secara umum paling berpengaruh pada pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor. Perilaku harian berupa feeding dan moving cenderung memengaruhi perilaku pengasuhan sebagai bentuk pilihan investasi waktu dan energi oleh induk betina orangutan (Uji Spearman, P<0,05).

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Research has been conducted about Parenting Pattern of Mother Orangutans (Pongo sp.) to Their Infants in Ex-Situ Conservation Site Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of daily behavior and parenting activities, factors that influence it, and the influence of daily behavior of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor on their parenting behavior. Subjects observed were two orangutan female parents, namely P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kandang Lokasi and P2 (Pongo abelii) at the Baby Zoo which had children aged 1 and 4 years respectively. Observation of daily behavior using the focal instantaneous sampling recording method with a time point of 5 minutes. Observation of parenting behavior using the ad libitum recording method. Observations were carried out for one month with repetition 12 times for each individual. The results of the study obtained data equivalent to 156 hours of observation time. P1 daily behavior is dominated by moving activities (38.6%), whereas P2 is dominated by feeding activities (41.7%). P1 parenting behavior is dominated by encourages activities (34.0 %), whereas P2 is dominated by breast feeding activities (29.1%). This is due to the greater age in P2 compared to P1. Activities of infant orangutans in the form of begging cause high breast feeding activities as a form of positive feedback from mother orangutans. Mother rejection was found in P1 as a form of locomotion drive, whereas in P2 was caused by high activity of infant orangutans. Daily behavior patterns and parental care of orangutan mother P1 and P2 are differed significantly (Friedmann's Test, P<0.05). Age of infants orangutans and enrichment are generally the most influential factors in the daily behavioral and parenting patterns of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor. Daily behavior in the form of feeding and moving tends to influence parenting behavior as a form of investment choice of time and energy by mother orangutans (Spearman Test, P<0.05)."

"Penelitian mengenai ekologi orang utan di hutan primer seluas 330 ha dan hutan bekas tebangan seluas 83 ha, Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, telah dilakukan sejak Juli 2009-Juli 2010, dengan data tambahan pada 1993-1995 (sebelum penebangan) dan 2003-2008 (pasca penebangan) khusus untuk daerah jelajah orang utan. Perbandingan kedua tipe habitat di hutan primer dan hutan bekas tebangan dilakukan melalui analisis vegetasi, fruit trail, nest count, pemanfaatan fruit patch per km dan penggunaan daerah jelajah. Pengambilan data vegetasi dilakukan dengan metode kuadrat sebanyak 20 plot. Sedangkan untuk fruit trail dan nest count menggunakan metode transek (4 jalur transek sepanjang 9,1 km), dan untuk pemanfaatan fruit patch per km serta penggunaan daerah jelajah orang utan menggunakan metode focal animal instantaneous dan GPS. Analisis statistik nonparametrik Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan penggunaan kedua tipe habitat. Analisis korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan kepadatan sarang (nest counts), kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan jelajah orang utan, serta hubungan antara sumber pakan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jelajah orang utan. Analisis GIS Arc View 3.2 dan Arc GIS 9.3 digunakan untuk melihat luas daerah jelajah orang utan. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan terdapat 275 pohon dari 99 jenis pohon di hutan primer dengan 67 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Sedangkan untuk hutan bekas tebangan terdapat 303 pohon dari 87 jenis pohon dengan 56 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Hutan primer tersusun atas vegetasi asli, sedangkan hutan bekas tebangan tersusun oleh vegetasi perintis. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H?) di hutan primer 3,074; di hutan bekas tebangan 2,961 dan Indeks Kesamaan (ISs) pohon 59,70%; liana 61%, sehingga menyimpulkan bahwa kedua habitat hampir sama dan proses pemulihan hutan dalam 8 tahun terlihat berjalan dengan baik walaupun belum mencapai suksesi akhir. Kelimpahan pohon berbuah tertinggi terjadi pada Juni ? Agustus pada setiap tahun. Kepadatan orang utan berkorelasi positif terhadap ketersediaan buah di hutan primer, tetapi pola yang sama tidak terlihat di hutan bekas tebangan. Jarak jelajah jantan (Asymp.Sig = 0,439) atau betina (Asymp.Sig = 0,121) sebelum penebangan (1993-1995) dan pascapenebangan I (2003-2008), ataupun pascapenebangan II (2009-2010) tidak ada perbedaan. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan (0,307 di hutan primer dan 0,119 di hutan bekas tebangan) antara kelimpahan pohon (semua jenis) berbuah di trails dengan jarak jelajah orang utan. Namun demikian, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sumber pakan orang utan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jarak jelajah orang utan (0,022 di hutan primer dan 0,015 di hutan bekas tebangan). Tujuan orang utan menjelajah untuk mencari sumber pakan khususnya pakan berbuah (Asymp.Sig = 0,005). Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui pula, 79% orang utan menggunakan hutan primer dan 21% hutan bekas tebangan sebagai daerah jelajahnya.

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Research on ecology of orangutans in 330 ha area of which is pristine forest and 83 ha of which has been logged, Ketambe Research Station. The study was conducted in July 2009-July 2010, with additional ranging data from 1993 to 1995 and data from 2003 to 2008. Comparison of these two habitat types was done through analysis of vegetation, fruit trail, nest counts, use of food patches per km and use of ranging. Vegetation data collected from squares method (20 sampling plots), fruit trail and nest count 9.1 km transect lines. Ranging data were collected by focal animal instantaneous sampling and GPS. Arc GIS 3.2 and Arc View GIS 9.3 were used for the analysis of ranging area and tested with Mann-Whitney. The results of vegetation analysis revealed that in unlogged forest there were 275 trees comprising 99 species with 67 species being orangutan food trees, whereas in logged forest there were 303 trees with 87 species of which 56 species were orangutan food trees. Unlogged forests are typically composed of native vegetation whereas logged forests comprise pioneer species. Diversity Index (H?) in unlogged forest 3,074; in logged 2,961 and Similarity index (ISs) to trees 59,70%; liana 61%, revealed that both habitats are similar and natural succession during the past eight years has been progressing well although pioneer trees such as Elateriospermum tapos and Macaranga sp. were still present in the logged forest. Fruit trails studies revealed that levels of productivity of trees fruiting were highest between June-August in each year. Nest counts showed that the productivity of fruit trees was positively correlated to the density of orangutans. Orangutan density was positively correlated to fruit availability in unlogged forest, but the same pattern is seen in logged forest. A range pattern of male and female on before and after logging were not difference. They used primary forest wider than in logged area. There was no significant relationship (0.307 and 0.119 in the unlogged forest in logged forest) between the abundance of fruit trees (all) in trails with a orangutans range. However, there is a significant relationship between orangutan fruit patches with an orangutan?s range (0.022 in the unlogged forest and 0.015 in logged forest). Orangutans prefer to range use the primary forest (79%) as compared to logged forest (21%)."

"Komunikasi suara memainkan peran penting dalam sistem sosial primata. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orangutan berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan individu lain melalui seruan panjang (long call). Kemampuan mengeluarkan seruan panjang yang dapat terdengar jauh ini terbatas hanya pada orangutan jantan berpipi. Studi jangka panjang telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1988 di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara mengenai seruan panjang ini.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:Pertama, mengidentifikasi interaksi antara orangutan jantan berpipi dan antara orangutan jantan berpipi dengan betina.Kedua, menentukan fungsi seruan panjang bagi asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association).Ketiga, menentukan pola seruan panjang orangutan jantan, apakah mengeluarkan seruan panjang di lokasi tertentu misalnya pohon Ficus spp., pohon nonFicus spp., dan pohon sarang.Asosiasi jangkauan suara yang digunakan oleh jantan berpipi adalah suatu strategi jantan untuk menjaga jarak dekat dengan betina dan menolak kehadiran jantan lain yang berada di sekitarnya. Meskipun strategi seperti ini pernah diamati oleh para peneliti sebelumnya, kejadiannya di lapangan belum pernah secara kuantitatif diverifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengikuti individu target menggunakan metode Ad Libitum untuk merekam interaksi yang terjadi.Berdasarkan studi jangka panjang ini, telah dikonfirmasi ada hirarki non-linier antara jantan berpipi dan ada satu jantan dominan. Selain itu, status sosial yang tinggi dari orangutan jantan berpipi adalah tidak permanen. Selanjutnya, betina dewasa diketahui paling sering ditemukan di sekitar jantan berpipi yang dominan, sehingga membentuk asosiasi di sekitar jantan yang dominan. Respon jelajah jantan terhadap seruan panjang saling menjauhi, sebaliknya respon jelajah betinan terhadap seruan panjang saling mendekati.Penelitian yang juga menunjukkan bahwa, asosiasi bergerak mengikuti di sekitar lokasi dan posisi seruan panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh jantan yang dominan telah membuktikan ada asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Seruan panjang lebih sering dipancarkan di tepi studi area dan juga di pohon sarang tidur. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa seruan panjang berfungsi menjaga dan memandu betina yang tinggal dalam radius jangkauan suara terdengar.

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Vocal communication plays an importan role in primate social system. In a social life, orangutans communicate with other individual through long calls. However, this behavior is limited to the flanged males orangutan. The long-term studies were conducted since 1988 in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Southeast Aceh regarding this behavior; nonetheless, the reasons of long calls are still unclear.

Therefore, the purposes of the study are:

First, identify the interactions of males and females orangutan while long-calls are emitted.

Second, determine the function of long-calls as a guidance to keep earshot association.

Third, determine the pattern of male orangutans long call at a specific locations e.g. fig tree, non-fig tree, and nest tree.

Earshot association is a spacing strategy employed by the flanged males to keep close distance to females, while repelling other males orangutan. Although this strategie has been observed by previous researchers, its existence in the field has never been quantitatively verified before. Data were collected by following the individual target using Ad Libitum method to record their interaction.

Based on this long-term study, a non-linear hierarchy between flanged males and a dominant flanged male is confirmed. In addition, the high social status of flanged males orangutan is not permanent. Furthermore, adult females are most frequently found around the dominant flanged male, thus forming associations around the dominant male.

This study also shows the association is moving around to follow the location and position of long call emitted by the dominant male confirming earshot association. Long calls act as a guidance to keep the association between flanged male and other individuals. When the long-calls emitted by a dominant male, other flanged males are generally keep their distance whereas females are approaching the long-calls? source. The dominant male spend a long time in the fig trees than other males. In addition, males spend their time in the middle of the study area in which overlapped with adult females. Based on the rate of long calls, flanged males more frequently emitted the long calls on the edge of study area and also in the nest tree. These results conclude the long-calls could maintain the association with adult females who live in the similar range with the flanged male (earshot association)."

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Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku pengasuhan induk betina dan jantan terhadap anak bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemunculan perilaku pengasuhan oleh induk betina dan jantan bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) terhadap anak di kawasan konservasi ex situ Taman Safari Bogor. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah tiga individu bekantan yaitu, B1, B2, dan J1 yang memiliki anak berumur 8 bulan dan 20 bulan masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan focal animal sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 10 kali untuk masing-masing individu. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan data yang setara dengan 11.100 menit waktu pengamatan di Pusat Primata. Perilaku pengasuhan didominasi oleh induk betina bekantan B1 73,4%. Perilaku pengasuhan induk betina bekantan B1 didominasi oleh aktivitas menggendong yaitu sebesar 47,1%, sedangkan induk betina bekantan B2 dan induk jantan J1 didominasi oleh aktivitas kontak tubuh dengan masing-masing 43,3% dan 41,2%. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan usia bekantan anak yang lebih besar pada bekantan anak A2 dibandingkan A1. Keterbatasan ukuran kandang yang terdapat di Pusat Primata juga dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas kontak tubuh yang terjadi pada induk jantan.

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Research has been conducted about the parenting behavior of female and male proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) parents toward child in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The study aims to evaluate the emergence of parenting behavior of female and male proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) parents to their child in Taman Safari Bogor as an ex situ conservation. Subjects observed were three individuals, B1, B2, and J1 which had children aged 8 month dan 20 month old. Observation of parenting behavior is using focal animal sampling and ad libitum method at interval 10 minutes without a break. Observations were carried out for one month with repetition 10 times for each individual. The results of the study obtained is equivalent to 11,100 minutes of observation time at the Primate Center. Parenting behavior is dominated by female parent B1 73.4%. Parenting behavior of female parent B1 is dominated by cradling activities as much as 47.1%, whereas female parent B2 and male parent J1 are dominated by body contact activities with 43.3% and 41.2%. This is due to the greater age difference in child proboscis monkey in A2 compared to A1. Limitation of the cage size located in Primate Center area can affect the body contact that occurs in the male parent.

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"Orangutan dalam pusat rehabilitasi diketahui mulai menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi pada usia lebih muda dibandingkan dengan orangutan di alam liar. Nutrisi, perkandangan, dan kemampuan imitating dapat menjadi penyebab kemunculan perilaku reproduksi pada orangutan remaja yang dianggap belum matang kelamin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kemunculan perilaku reproduksi orangutan borneo, Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) jelang usia matang kelamin pada kandang orangutan kandidat rilis di Pusat Rehabilitasi Sintang Orangutan Center. Subjek pengamatan merupakan orangutan kandidat rilis dengan kelas usia remaja, menggunakan 2 metode yaitu scan sampling untuk mengamati perilaku sosial dan metode focal animal sampling untuk mengamati perilaku reproduksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian 2 dari 6 individu sebagai subjek utama sudah menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi seperti genital checking, genital sniffing, genital touching, genital licking, mounting, dan masturbating. Kedua individu tersebut melakukan perilaku reproduksi sampai pada tahap kopulasi terhadap salah satu individu betina yang merupakan subjek sekunder. Pembelajaran dan imitating orangutan dewasa yang berada dalam satu kelompok sosial dengan kedua individu tersebut dianggap sebagai salah satu penyebab kemunculan perilaku reproduksi pada kedua individu tersebut.

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Orangutan in the rehabilitation center has been known to exhibit reproductive behavior in the earlier age than the wild orangutan. Nutrition intake, captivity factor, and their imitating abilities may cause possibility of the immature orangutan in the term age and puberty occurrence, to unveil their reproductive behavior. The objective of this research is to identify the orangutan borneo, Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) reproductive behavior emergence during their puberty period, in The Rehabilitation Sintang Orangutan Center. The observation subject in this research is release candidate adolescent orangutans, taken using 2 methods: scan sampling and focal animal sampling. Scan sampling method is used to observe social behavior and focal animal sampling is used to observe reproductive behavior. From the total 6 of the main observation subjects, 2 of them has already shown reproductive behavior such as genital checking, genital sniffing, genital touching, genital licking, mounting, and masturbating. Copulation occurs in both of them against one of female secondary subject. It is suspected that the emergency of reproductive behavior for these 2 subjects is mainly caused by the learning and imitating process happened on adult social group they joined in."

"Perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) menjadi gambaran adanya interaksi antara orangutan induk dan anaknya. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Peralihan habitat dari alam ke kebun binatang dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan. Perilaku pengasuhan menjadi bagian terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orangutan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan menganalisis pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan, sehingga orangutan dapat berperilaku secara alami dan orangutan anak dapat diasuh dengan baik. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu satu orangutan induk (Mony) dan satu orangutan anak (Hope). Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat pola pengasuhan yang terbentuk, yaitu breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, dan aggression. Perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yaitu perilaku breastfeeding (32,60%), sedangkan perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku no food sharing dan aggression (0%). Pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung membuat perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul memiliki perbedaan, seperti ketika ramai pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (following), sedangkan ketika sepi pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (breastfeeding). Kesejahteraan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata 85,20. Perilaku pengasuhan yang diberikan orangutan induk sesuai dengan kondisi anaknya dimana masih usia yang belum disapih. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung terhadap beberapa perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka.

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Parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) becomes an overview of interactions between parent orangutans and their children. A study regarding the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo has been conducted. Habitat transition from nature to the zoo can cause changes in behavior, one of which is parenting behavior. Parenting behavior becomes the most important part of the growth and development of baby orangutans. Therefore, this study aims to observe and analyze the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans, so that orangutans can behave naturally and baby orangutans can be well cared for. The subjects of the study were one parent orangutan (Mony) and one baby orangutan (Hope). Methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the parenting behaviors formed were breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, and aggression. The highest parenting behavior was breastfeeding (32,60%), while one lowest parenting behavior was no food sharing and aggression (0%). The influence of visitors made parenting behavior different. When there were many visitors, the dominating behavior was following, while when there were no visitors, the dominating behavior was breastfeeding. The welfare of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is included in a very good category with an average score of 85,20. The parenting behavior given by parent orangutans is in accordance with the babies’ conditions, which are not weaned yet. Moreover, there is an influence of visitors on some parenting behavior that appear in Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo."

"Sumatran orangutans, found in the Province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatra Province, are fragmented into four populations. One of these populations exists in Angkola, a forested area located in the southern part of Lake Toba. This population is considered small and narrowly distributed. Our survey shows that individual orangutans appear in and around the Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. This indicates that orangutans can adapt to fragmented habitats, such as those found near Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve, south of Tapanuli, North Sumatra.The preliminary study was conducted from April 2002 to January 2003. This study recorded the distribution and daily activities of orangutans in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. Repeated crisscrossing surveys and focal animal observation were used to document orangutan distribution and daily activity.Human activities are the main factor for the loss of orangutan habitat. Illegal logging, forest conversion for timber concessions and plantations, road construction, and settlement are the main factors for forest loss. This forces orangutans out of their native habitat and makes them vulnerable to extinction.Based on direct sightings, orangutans are found at Aek Nabara and Sitolu. Moreover, the presence of orangutans is indicated by nests at the Sihulambu and Bulu Mario sites. The orangutan population is not evenly distributed but seems to be present at locations with food resources.Seven individuals were chosen as focal animals. They consisted of three adult females, three sub-adult males, and one juvenile. Total observation time was 757 hours and 40 minutes. Feeding, moving, resting, nesting, and social activities were the main activities that were recorded. Orangutans spent their daily activity budgets as follows: feeding (42.29%), moving (16.47%), resting (37.41%), nesting (1.89%), and social contact (1.93%). Orangutans spent much of their time (42.29%) feeding, particularly when food resources were abundant. Due to their large body size, food consumption was high.There are 115 types of orangutan food consisting of fruits (36.6%), flowers (3.89%), leaves (28.33%), bark (17.7%), and pith/stem (11.67%), and other food types (insects, honey, etc.) (1.67%). Fruit is the main source of orangutans' food.We concluded that the distribution and daily activity of orangutans at Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve are greatly influenced by the availability of food, particularly fruit. When favored fruit is abundantly available, orangutans will constantly consume that fruit and visit fruit trees of the same species in other locations. Orangutans will also search for other food in community farms near the Nature Reserve when forest fruit availability is low, leading to conflict with local people."