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"ABSTRAKPemanasan global merupakan salah satu indikator bahwa bumi ini sedang berada pada kondisi tertentu yang memerlukan perhatian lebih besar dari sebelumnya. Dalam isu pemanasan global, Arktik menjadi salah satu kawasan yang menarik perhatian dunia karena efek pemanasan global paling besar dapat dilihat di kawasan ini. Pada tahun 1996, sebuah forum kerjasama bernama Dewan Arktik dibentuk. Tujuan utama dari forum ini adalah untuk melindungi lingkungan, melestarikan sumber daya alam yang tersimpan, dan melaksanakan pembangunan berkelanjutan bagi masyarakat di kawasan Arktik. Setelah hampir 24 tahun pembentukan forum ini, kondisi Arktik justru semakin memprihatinkan. Lapisan es yang semula tebal menutupi permukaan, kini semakin menipis seiring dengan semakin bertambahnya suhu bumi. Sumber daya alam yang terkandung di dalam kawasan ini juga perlahan mulai berkurang kadarnya, dan hal ini bukan digunakan untuk kepentingan masyarakat Arktik itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan teori regional security complex, penelitian ini akan menganalisa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan forum ini, serta alasan atas ketidakmampuan forum Dewan Arktik dalam mencapai tujuan pembentukannya. Pertanyaan yang hendak dijawab dalam peneltian ini adalah Mengapa pasca Dewan Arktik terbentuk masih terjadi eksploitasi sumber daya alam secara berlebihan serta militerisasi di kawasan Arktik yang menyebabkan dampak pemanasan global tidak berkurang di kawasan ini? Pertanyaan selanjutnya adalah Mengapa negara-negara anggota Dewan Arktik tidak dapat memenuhi komitmen awal pembentukannya?

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ABSTRACTGlobal warming is one of the indicator that the earth, to some extent, requires greater attention than it does before. On the issue of global warming, the Arctic has become one of the regions that has attracted global attention because of the greatest global warming effect could be seen in this region. On 1996, a cooperation forum, named the Arctic Council, was created. The main purposes of this forum are to protect the environment, to conserve the stored natural resources, and to manage sustainable development for people in Arctic. After nearly 24 years of its establishment, the Arctic condition is even more alarming. The layer of ice that was originally thick has become thinner as the earth's temperature increases. The natural resources contained in this region are also starting to diminish, but not for the good of Arctic society. Using the regional security complex theory, this research will analyze the factors that influence the formation of this forum, as well as the reasons for the inability of the Arctic Council forum to achieve its goals. The question that needs to be answered in this research is: Why is it that after the Arctic Council was establish there was still natural resources excessive exploitation and the militarization in the Arctic region that caused the effects of global warming to not diminish in this region? The next question is, why can't the members of the Arctic Council meet their commitments to establish the forum?."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika geopolitik Greenland dengan Denmark dan Uni Eropa, serta dinamika geostrategi Greenland dengan Denmark dan NATO di kawasan Arktika. Greenland sebagai salah satu daerah yang wilayahnya berada di Arktika menjadi wilayah paling strategis ditinjau dari berbagai faktor, seperti politik, ekonomi, sosial, hingga pertahanan dan keamanan. Sebagai bekas koloni Denmark yang saat ini menjadi negara induknya, hubungan Greenland dan Denmark memiliki pengaruh pada dinamika geopolitik di Arktika yang dirasakan Uni Eropa dan NATO karena Denmark merupakan anggota keduanya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif eksploratif melalui pendekatan geospasial dan studi literatur. Penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Regional Security Complex oleh Barry Buzan dan Konsep Kepentingan Stratejik. Temuan utama dari penelitian ini yakni aspek sejarah memengaruhi hubungan geopolitik Greenland, Denmark, dan Uni Eropa karena relasi ketiga entitas ini sudah ada sejak lama dan kemudian memunculkan isu-isu penting di geopolitik kontemporer. Selain itu, letak geografis Greenland yang strategis menjadikan wilayah tersebut memegang peran penting di berbagai isu geostrategi di Arktika, seperti GIUK Gap, Pangkalan Udara Pituffik, dan hadirnya Tiongkok di Arktika. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memberi perhatian besar pada peran Greenland di Arktika secara geopolitik dan geostrategi.

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This research aims to analyze the geopolitical dynamics of Greenland with Denmark and the European Union, as well as the geostrategic dynamics of Greenland with Denmark and NATO in the Arctic region. Greenland, as one of the regions in the Arctic, is the most strategic region in terms of various factors, such as political, economic, social, defense, and security. As a former Danish colony, which is now its parent country, the relationship between Greenland and Denmark influences the Arctic's geopolitical dynamics that the European Union and NATO feel because Denmark is a member of both. The research method used is exploratory qualitative research using a geospatial approach and literature study. This research uses the Regional Security Complex Theory by Barry Buzan and the Concept of Strategic Interests. The main finding of this research is that historical aspects influence the geopolitical relations between Greenland, Denmark, and the European Union because the relations between these three entities have existed for a long time and have given rise to important issues in contemporary geopolitics. In addition, Greenland's strategic geographic location makes the region play an important role in various geostrategic issues in the Arctic, such as the GIUK Gap, Pituffik Air Base, and China’s presence in the region. Thus, this research pays excellent attention to Greenland's role in the Arctic geopolitically and geostrategically."

"ABSTRAKDisertasi ini membahas dinamika penguasaan tanah dan eksploitasi sumberdaya alam yangberdampak pada krisis sosio-ekologi di wilayah Teluk Kao, Maluku Utara. Studi inimenggunakan extended case method dengan teori regimes of dispossession dan metabolic rift.Hasil studi menunjukkan, bahwa penguasaan tanah oleh negara dan perusahaan berlangsung dibawah paksaan dan kekerasan dengan melibatkan elit adat telah menciptakan ketimpanganpenguasaan dan kepemilikan tanah, serta retaknya relasi sosial dalam masyarakat. Adapuneksploitasi sumberdaya alam memiliki dampak negatif yang lebih luas, bukan hanya menutupdan menghilangkan sarana produksi masyarakat terhadap tanah, tetapi telah berdampak padaketidakberlanjutan ekologi-pencemaran tanah, sungai dan laut yang mengakibatkanterganggunya keberlanjutan produksi-konsumsi masyarakat, serta perubahan budaya. Studi inimerekomendasikan agar kebijakan dan regulasi terkait penguasaan tanah untuk eksploitasisumberdaya alam harus ditinjau kembali dalam upaya pemulihan krisis sosio-ekologi di wilayahTeluk Kao.

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ABSTRACTThis dissertation discusses the dynamics of land control and exploitation of natural resources thathave an impact on the socio-ecological crisis in the region of Teluk Kao, North Maluku. Thisstudy used the extended case method with the theory of regimes of dispossession and metabolicrift. The results of the study showed that land control by the state and companies took placeunder coercion and violence by involving indigenous elites which created inequalities in landcontrol and ownership, as well as the breakdown of social relations within the community. Theexploitation of natural resources had a wider negative impact, not only closing and eliminatingcommunity production facilities on land, but had an impact on ecological unsustainability pollution of land, rivers and seas which resulted in disruption of the sustainability of communityproduction consumption, as well as cultural changes. This study recommends that policies andregulations relating to land control for the exploitation of natural resources must be reviewed inthe context of restoring socio-ecological crisis in the Teluk Kao region."

"The legal status of the Arctic Ocean is strongly debated, particularly in the context of security. Some argue that the Arctic Ocean is a global commons, while others deny this. Japan is currently formulating its Arctic policy, but it is uncertain about this legal definition with respect to security matters. Japan’s Arctic policy, which was publicised on 16 October 2015, will be influenced by its bilateral and multilateral relations with the Arctic and non- Arctic states. This paper considers the following three relevant issues:(1)The concept of a global commons under international law;(2)Whether or not the Arctic Ocean can be defined as a global commons; and(3)Japan’s options for its Arctic policy with special reference to security and Japan-US bilateral relations based on the Japan-US alliance. This paper concludes that the application of global commons to the Arctic Ocean would be misguided and would not resolve issues of security because the legal concept is vague and it lacks specific context and origin. In addition, Japan’s Arctic policy should be concrete and sufficiently comprehensive to face challenges within and outside the Arctic Council."

"Penelitian disertasi ini menganalisis fenomena transmisi budaya korupsi pengelolahan sumber daya minyak dan gas alam di Indonesia, semenjak dikelolah oleh Permina kemudian menjadi Pertamina dan saat ini menjadi PT. Pertamina,Tbk, di tandai oleh adanya budaya korupsi. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah Indonesia dibekali dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah, termasuk sumber daya minyak dan gas alam. Seharusnya sumber daya minyak dan gas alam tersebut dikuasai oleh negara demi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Kenyataannya rakyat Indonesia tidak juga sejahtera walaupun melimpahnya sumber daya minyak dan gas alam tersebut. Penelitian ini studi kasus kebudayaan korupsi, pendekatan metode penelitian kualitatif, Jenis penelitian ini etnografi, subjek penelitian para aktor pada habitus korupsi. Teknik pengelolahan data; metode wawancara dari informan secara struktur, metode pengelolahan data yang digunakan untuk menelusuri data historis, Teknik analisis data memilah-milahnya menjadi satuan, mensintesiskannya. Hasil penelitian tampak dengan jelas bahwa korupsi pengelolahan sumber daya migas di Indonesia telah terbentuk membudaya, Hal tersebut mendukung dan memperkuat dugaan tentang telah membudayanya korupsi di Indonesia, karena transmisi dan struktur lembaga serta induvidu yang korup. Transmisi budaya korupsi dalam pengelelohan sumber daya migas di Indonesia diawali dengan transmisi budaya penyalahgunaan kekuasaan (culture of abuse of power) kecendurungan melakukan korupsi sebagai perilaku dilakukan oleh siapa saja, karena adanya konflik kepentingan terutama pelakunya para pemegang kekuasaan dan kewenangan, habibtus proses mendapatkan kekuasaan dan kewenangan di lembaga negara dan lembaga badan usaha milik negara (BUMN) dalam hal ini Pengelolahan Sumber Daya Minyak dan Gas Alam di Indonesia yang dipenuhi dengan mekanisme transaksional dalam setiap momen transisi, telah menyeret proses pemerintahan ke dalam pusaran korupsi. Para aktor korupsi disebabkan kecintaan terhadap uang, kecintaan terhadap gaya hidup yang mewah merupakan akar dari kejahatan. Saran peneliti, mensolisasikan kepada seluruh komponen bangsa melakukan shame culture dan pembatasan diskresi kepada para birokrat, eksekutif dan legislatif sebagai pejabat publik, serta diperlukan kontrol sosial kepada pejabat publik di lembaga negara sebagai chek and balance secara independent.

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This dissertation research analyzes the phenomenon of the transmission of the culture of corruption in the management of oil and natural gas resources in Indonesia, since it was managed by Permina then became Pertamina and currently PT. Pertamina, Tbk, is marked by a culture of corruption. The problem of this research is that Indonesia is equipped with abundant natural resources, including oil and natural gas resources. The oil and natural gas resources should be controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of the people. In fact the Indonesian people are also not prosperous despite the abundance of oil and natural gas resources. This research is a case study of the culture of corruption, a qualitative research method approach. This type of research is ethnographic, the research subject of the actors in the habit of corruption. Data processing techniques; structured interview method of informants, data processing methods used to trace historical data, data analysis techniques to sort them into units, synthesize them. The results of the study clearly show that corruption in the management of oil and gas resources in Indonesia has been cultured. This supports and strengthens allegations about the culture of corruption in Indonesia, due to the transmission and structure of corrupt institutions and individuals. The transmission of a culture of corruption in the misappropriation of oil and gas resources in Indonesia begins with the transmission of a culture of abuse of power that tends to commit corruption as a behavior carried out by anyone, due to conflicts of interest, especially the perpetrators of power and authority, habibtus of the process of gaining power and authority in state institutions and state-owned enterprises (BUMN), in this case the Management of Oil and Natural Gas Resources in Indonesia, which is filled with transactional mechanisms in every moment of transition, has dragged the government process into a vortex of corruption. Corrupt actors are due to their love of money, love for a luxurious lifestyle is the root of crime. Researcher's suggestion is to symbolize all components of the nation to carry out a share culture and limit discretion to the bureaucrats, executives and legislatures as public officials, and social control is needed for public officials in state institutions as independent checks and balances."

"Penelitian disertasi ini menganalisis fenomena transmisi budaya korupsi pengelolahan sumber daya minyak dan gas alam di Indonesia, semenjak dikelolah oleh Permina kemudian menjadi Pertamina dan saat ini menjadi PT. Pertamina,Tbk, di tandai oleh adanya budaya korupsi. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah Indonesia dibekali dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah, termasuk sumber daya minyak dan gas alam. Seharusnya sumber daya minyak dan gas alam tersebut dikuasai oleh negara demi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Kenyataannya rakyat Indonesia tidak juga sejahtera walaupun melimpahnya sumber daya minyak dan gas alam tersebut. Penelitian ini studi kasus kebudayaan korupsi, pendekatan metode penelitian kualitatif, Jenis penelitian ini etnografi, subjek penelitian para aktor pada habitus korupsi. Teknik pengelolahan data; metode wawancara dari informan secara struktur, metode pengelolahan data yang digunakan untuk menelusuri data historis, Teknik analisis data memilah-milahnya menjadi satuan, mensintesiskannya. Hasil penelitian tampak dengan jelas bahwa korupsi pengelolahan sumber daya migas di Indonesia telah terbentuk membudaya, Hal tersebut mendukung dan memperkuat dugaan tentang telah membudayanya korupsi di Indonesia, karena transmisi dan struktur lembaga serta induvidu yang korup. Transmisi budaya korupsi dalam pengelelohan sumber daya migas di Indonesia diawali dengan transmisi budaya penyalahgunaan kekuasaan (culture of abuse of power) kecendurungan melakukan korupsi sebagai perilaku dilakukan oleh siapa saja, karena adanya konflik kepentingan terutama pelakunya para pemegang kekuasaan dan kewenangan, habibtus proses mendapatkan kekuasaan dan kewenangan di lembaga negara dan lembaga badan usaha milik negara (BUMN) dalam hal ini Pengelolahan Sumber Daya Minyak dan Gas Alam di Indonesia yang dipenuhi dengan mekanisme transaksional dalam setiap momen transisi, telah menyeret proses pemerintahan ke dalam pusaran korupsi. Para aktor korupsi disebabkan kecintaan terhadap uang, kecintaan terhadap gaya hidup yang mewah merupakan akar dari kejahatan. Saran peneliti, mensolisasikan kepada seluruh komponen bangsa melakukan bshame culture dan pembatasan diskresi kepada para birokrat, eksekutif dan legislatif sebagai pejabat publik, serta diperlukan kontrol sosial kepada pejabat publik di lembaga negara sebagai chek and balance secara independent.

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This dissertation research analyzes the phenomenon of the transmission of the culture of corruption in the management of oil and natural gas resources in Indonesia, since it was managed by Permina then became Pertamina and currently PT. Pertamina, Tbk, is marked by a culture of corruption. The problem of this research is that Indonesia is equipped with abundant natural resources, including oil and natural gas resources. The oil and natural gas resources should be controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of the people. In fact the Indonesian people are also not prosperous despite the abundance of oil and natural gas resources. This research is a case study of the culture of corruption, a qualitative research method approach. This type of research is ethnographic, the research subject of the actors in the habit of corruption. Data processing techniques; structured interview method of informants, data processing methods used to trace historical data, data analysis techniques to sort them into units, synthesize them. The results of the study clearly show that corruption in the management of oil and gas resources in Indonesia has been cultured. This supports and strengthens allegations about the culture of corruption in Indonesia, due to the transmission and structure of corrupt institutions and individuals. The transmission of a culture of corruption in the misappropriation of oil and gas resources in Indonesia begins with the transmission of a culture of abuse of power that tends to commit corruption as a behavior carried out by anyone, due to conflicts of interest, especially the perpetrators of power and authority, habibtus of the process of gaining power and authority in state institutions and state-owned enterprises (BUMN), in this case the Management of Oil and Natural Gas Resources in Indonesia, which is filled with transactional mechanisms in every moment of transition, has dragged the government process into a vortex of corruption. Corrupt actors are due to their love of money, love for a luxurious lifestyle is the root of crime. Researcher's suggestion is to symbolize all components of the nation to carry out a share culture and limit discretion to the bureaucrats, executives and legislatures as public officials, and social control is needed for public officials in state institutions as independent checks and balances."