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"ABSTRAKAdalah sesuatu pilar demokrasi adalah masyrakat madani, yang salah satu perujudan utamanya berupa organisasi kemasyarakatan (ormas). Seiring proses demokratisasi pasca-reformasi 1998, di berbagai kota di Indonesia bermunculan banyak ormas, baik yang lingkup kegitanya di tingkat nasional maupun daerahh. kemunculan ormas-ormas ini merupakan ekspresi hak untuk berkumpul, berserikat, dan berpendapat yang dijamin oleh UUD 1945. Menyikapi perkembangan tersebut, berbagai regulasi dikeluarkan olehpemerintah. penerapan regulasi ini pun mengalami dinamika dari waktu ke waktu. Tujuanya menjamin hak konstitusional warga negara dengan memfasilitasi dan mengoptimalkan kehadiran ormas yang berkontribusi bagi tercapainya tujuan nasional."

"Hingga pertengahan abad XX terdapat perbedaan kategori ulama (ulama birokrat/ulama penghulu dan ulama non-penghulu/ulama bebas) di Palembang. Hal ini bermula dari proses birokratisasi agama, ketika sistem kekuasaan merasa berkewajiban untuk memberikan pelayanan keagamaan atau ketika kekuasaan melihat agama harus dikendalikan. Sementara itu, sejak dekade kedua abad XX banyak terjadi konflik antara ulama-ulama bebas maupun ulama birokrat Palembang yakni antara ulama bebas yang berorientasi Islam tradisionalis dan ulama bebas yang berorientasi Islam modernis. Di sisi lain, bersamaan dengan bangkitnya gerakan Islam modernis di Palembang, pada awal abad XX, berdatangan juga para ulama tradisionais lainnya yang bermukim di Mekkah. Ulama-ulama yang berfaham Islam tradisionalis ini diantaranya mulai melakukan upaya gerakan pembaharuan dalam bidang pendidikan Islam yakni dengan mendirikan lembaga berupa "Madrasah". Upaya pendirian lembaga pendidikan dengan sistem madrasah ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya unsur "pembaharuan" yang kemudian menegaskan perbedaannya dengan sistem pendidikan Islam tradisional.Kajian ini mengungkap kontinuitas tradisi keilmuan dalam bentuk penulisan karya-karya keagamaan serta pengajaran agama yang dilakukan oleh ulama bebas dan ulama birokrat setelah Kesultanan Palembang dihapus, serta peran ulama bebas dan ulama birokrat di Karesidenan Palembang di tengah wacana adanya gerakan pembaharuan Islam dan gerakan nasionalisme. Dalam perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat Palembang, ulama bebas dapat dikatakan sebagai agent of change yakni tokoh yang mampu membawa perubahan sosial sebab terbukti mempunyai kemampuan yang enabling bagi lingkungannya. Sedangkan ulama birokrat dipandang tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk melakukan perubahan-perubahan dalam masyarakat atau tidak berperan sebagai agent of change, hal ini disebabkan ulama birokrat dibatasi oleh salah satu perannya yakni sebagai pejabat pemerintah kolonial yang harus loyal terhadap aturan-aturan.

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Until the mid-twentieth century, the categories of ulama were differentiated into two types: bureaucratic ulama/ulama penghulu (headman ulama) and independent ulama in Palembang. These differences have resulted from the process of bureaucraticization of religion, when the power system feels obliged to provide religious services or when the power considers that religion must be strongly controlled. On the one hand, since the second decade of the twentieth century, the conflicts between independent Muslim ulama with their orientation on traditionalist perspectives and those with modernist perspectives took place. On the other hand, along with the rise of the Modernist movement in Palembang, in the early twentieth century, the other traditionalist scholars who lived in Mecca also took part in these movements. Scholars with traditionalist Islam perspectives partly initiated their efforts of renewal movement in the field of Islamic education by establishing the institution in the form of 'Madrasah'. This effort of establishment of educational institutions with the madrasah system demonstrates the element 'renewal' which then confirms the difference with the traditional Islamic educational system.

This study reveals the continuity of the tradition of knowledge in the form of writing works of religious matters as well as religious instructions conducted by independent scholars and bureaucratic ulama after the Palembang Sultanate had been removed, and the role of independent ulamas and bureaucraticic ulamas at the residency of Palembang in the middle of the discourse of Islamic reform movements and the nationalist movements. In the changes that occur in people of Palembang, the independent scholars can be regarded as the agent of change who is capable of bringing about social changes because it has proved to have the enabling capabilities for the environment. Meanwhile, the bureaucratic clerics are considered not to have the ability to make changes in the society, or they do not act as agent of change due to the fact that bureaucratic ulama are constrained by one of their role as the colonial government officials who should be loyal to the rules."

"Penyakit menular yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di negara berkembang adalah penyakit diare. Penyakit ini sering menimbulkan KLB dan penyebab kesakitan serta kematian pada balita. Diperkirakan di seluruh negara berkembang setiap tahun terdapat 1,3 milyar penderita dengan 3,2 juta kematian pada balita akibat diare. Dari SKRT 1992, penyakit diare sebagai penyumbang kematian kedua pada bayi dan balita, dengan proporsi 11% kematian pada bayi dan 23% pads anak balita. Sedangkan SKRT 1995, disebutkan penyakit ini penyebab kematian ketiga pada balita yaitu sebesar 13,9%, untuk luar Jawa dan Bali penyebab kematian 16,4% pads bayi dan 20,6% pada anak balita. Di Propinsi Sumatera Selatan Tahun 1998 tercatat angka kesakitan diare 18,38/1000 penduduk (CFR 0,003%), Tahun 1999 meningkat menjadi 21,19/1000 penduduk (CFR 0,001%) dan Tahun 2002 meningkat lagi menjadi 22,97/1000 penduduk dengan CFR 0%. Pada tahun 2000, jumlah kasus diare yang berobat ke Puskesmas di propinsi ini sebanyak 36.557 kasus, 40,8% diantaranya (14.913 kasus) adalah kasus diare pada golongan balita. Untuk Kota Palembang, data Tahun 2002 dilaporkan kasus diare 28,7/1000 penduduk (26,4% dari jumlah kasus di Prop. Sumatera Selatan), angka tersebut juga sudah meningkat dari tahun sebelumnya (2001) yang tercatat sebesar 24,55/1000 penduduk dengan CFR 0%. Beberapa penelitian mengatakan diare tidak terlepas dari kondisi sanitasi dasar yang tidak baik, seperti sarana air bersih, jamban dan lain-lain, disamping faktor status gizi, perilaku atau faktor lainnya. Berdasarkan data dan informasi tersebut, penulis tertarik melakukan penelitian serupa di tempat berbeda dengan tujuan ingin mengetahui hubungan sanitasi dasar yang meliputi penggunaan sarana air bersih, tingkat risiko pencemaran sarana air bersih, kondisi jamban keluarga, kondisi saluran pembuangan air limbah, kondisi tempat pembuangan sampah sementara, dan kondisi rumah dengan insiden diare pada balita di Puskesmas Wilayah Kota Palembang Tahun 2001-2003. Dengan desain penelitian ekologi, dan unit analisis data laporan triwulan insiden diare pada balita dan sarana sanitasi dasar di 34 Puskesmas di Kota Palembang selama 3 tahun (2001-2003) serta menggunakan analisis regresi linier ganda maka disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara kondisi jamban keluarga, kondisi saluran pembuangan air limbah dan kondisi rumah dengan insiden diare pada balita. Faktor paling dominan yang berhubungan dengan insiden diare pada balita adalah kondisi saluran pembuangan air limbah. Untuk mengantisipasi insiden diare pada balita dimasa mendatang hendaknya dilakukan upaya perbaikan sarana sanitasi dasar dengan memprioritaskan pada faktor yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan insiden diare yaitu kondisi SP.AL, rumah dan jamban keluarga yang dapat dilakukan secara bertahap melalui kegiatan proyek percontohan, pemberian dana atau material stimulan untuk perbaikan rumah dan pembuatan sarana sanitasi dasar yang memenuhi syarat. Disisi lain guna meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat, perlu juga dilakukan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat melalui kegiatan di posyandu, pertemuan di kelurahan, RT atau RW serta kegiatan pemantauan rumah yang dilakukan secara berkala dalam waktu 3 bulan sekali. Disisi lain, sebaiknya perlu juga dilakukan penelitian lanjutan dengan melihat faktor-faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan insiden diare sehingga hasil penelitian yang ada akan lebih komprehensif untuk menggambarkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi diare.

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The Relation Between the Base Sanitation and the Diarrhea Incident on Under Kindergarten at Polyclinic in Palembang City Region of Year 2001-2003The contagious disease that is still being a health problem factor of the growth country is diarrhea disease. This disease often brings about KLB, painful and death on under kindergarten. On predict, in all of growth country every years there are 1.3 billions sufferers with 3.2 millions deaths on under kindergarten caused by diarrhea.

From SKRT 1992, the diarrhea disease is the second death contributor of baby and under kindergarten, with proportion 11% death on baby and 23% death on under kindergarten. Meanwhile, in SKRT 1995 was said that this disease is the third death agent on under kindergarten that is as big as 13.9%, for outer of Java and Bali is the death agent 16.4% on baby and 20.6% on under kindergarten.

In Province of Sumatera Selatan in year of 1998 was recorded the number of diarrhea sufferer 18.38/1000 inhabitant (CFR 0.003%), in year of 1999 was increased became 21.19/1000 inhabitant (CFR 0.001%) and year of 2002 was increased again became 22.97/1000 inhabitant with CFR 0%. In year of 2000, the amount of diarrhea cases which got medical treatment at polyclinic in this province was as many as 36,557 cases, 40.8% among of them (14,913 cases) were diarrhea cases on under kindergarten group.

In Palembang City, data of year of 2002 was reported that the diarrhea cases 28.7/1000 inhabitant (26.4% number of cases in Province of Sumatera Selatan), the number had increased from previous year (2001) which was recorded as big as 24.5511000 inhabitant with CFR 0%.

Several researches assert that diarrhea is not regardless with bad condition of the base sanitation, such as pure water supply, lavatory, and so on, besides nutrient status factor, behaviors or another factors. Based on the data and such information, I am interesting to perform similar research in different place with objective is to determine the relation of sanitation base which is consist of pure water utilizing, risk level of water supply pollution, family's lavatory, drainage of waste water, temporary dump and house condition, with diarrhea incident on under kindergarten at polyclinic in Palembang City Region of year 2001-2003.

With ecology research design, analysis unit of three-months data report of diarrhea incident on under kindergarten and base sanitation facility in 34 polyclinics in Palembang City during 3 years (2001-2003), and using double analysis of linear regression, so having a conclusion that there is significant correlation between family's lavatory condition, waste water drainage. condition and house condition with diarrhea incident on under kindergarten. The most dominant factor which has correlation with diarrhea incident on under kindergarten is waste water drainage condition.

To anticipate the diarrhea incident on under kindergarten in the future, ought to effort restoration of sanitation base facility by taking priority on factors which have significant relation with diarrhea incident, that is SPAL condition, house and family's lavatory that could do gradually through model project activities, donation, or stimulant material for house restoration and developing qualify base sanitation facility.

In another side for upgrading public knowledge, also need to take elucidation toward public through posyandu activities, confluence in kelurahan, RT or RW, and houses monitoring activity, that are performed periodically once of 3 months. Additionally, preferable that needs to do the advance research by consider another factors which have correlation with diarrhea incident, thus the available research result would more comprehensive for describing the factors which have diarrhea influence."

"In Palembang City on in the implementation establishment and collecting cleanliness retribution based on Local rule No.12 of 2006 on the Management and Retribution of Rubbish and cleanliness. The implementation from this policy have various obstacles such as have not reached the target of realizing rubbish retribution and cleanliness caused by the lack of controlling from the controller team to collectors/collector of rubbish retribution and cleanliness and the Lack of Facilities and infrastructure of rubbish vehicle in the Palembang City because many of damage facilities and infrastructure and has not fixed. There were also the Research Aims to know the effectiveness of collecting rubbish service and cleanliness, knowing the factors that influence the effectiveness of collecting rubbish retribution and cleanliness also knowing the strategy that need to do by Cleanliness Departement District Government Palembang City in creasing effectiveness collecting rubbish retribution and cleanliness in Palembang City. The research method used qualitative method with descriptive approach . with this method the researcher as key instrument and describing systematically , factual and accurate on the factors also the characteristics from the relationship between the phenomenon researched. The collecting of data resource did by two ways such as 1) Interview with research informant by using Purposive sampling technique and snowball sampling technique @) Documentary that is district rule No.12 of 2006 and other documents. Based on data analysis knew that the effectiveness of implementation policy collecting cleanliness retribution had not quite effective with the realization of income as much as Rp. 2.414.846; (71,4%). while the factors that influenced the effectiveness of policy collecting cleanliness retribution in Palembang City were human resources in from of incentive. The presence of communication between organization , characteristic of bureaucracy implementer, the presence of implementer comprehension toward policy. Based on the analysis and data interpretation above, knew that there were some strategies to increase effectiveness collecting cleanliness retribution in Palembang City such as: Increasing communication and coordination between units inside or outside Cleanliness Departement related with the implementation of collecting cleanliness retribution , Doing socialization and stabilization toward policy collecting cleanliness retribution and doing renewal to the analysis of occupation to reach the appropriateness of organization objectives with field of duty."

"Bagi suatu organisasi pendidikan, sorang staf tetap yang professional yang mampu bekerja efektif dan efesien merupakan asset sumber daya manusia yang sangat berharga untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Karena itu kepuasan kerja dan pegawai tersebut patut untuk diperhatikan. Kepuasan kerja merupakan seperangkat perasaan pegawai tentang menyenangkan atau tidaknya pekerjaan mereka. Pekerja yang tidak puas terhadap pekerjaan mereka dapat mengakibatkan 2 (dua) hal yaitu : 1. Pegawai itu keluar dari organisasi, keluar atau pindahnya tenaga kerja dapat mengakibatkan kerugian baik moral maupun materiil karena pegawai itu juga membawa keluar pendidikan, pengalaman, dan efisiensi kerja yang biasa dilakukan pada organisasi tsb, 2. Pegawai itu terus bekerja namun karena ketidakpuasannya cenderung berperilaku : meningkatnya tingkat kemangkiran, menurunnya semangat kerja, menurunnya kesetiaan terhadap organisasi, dan perilaku negatif lajnnya yang dapat merenggangkan hubungan antara karyawan dan manajer. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik individu (umur, lama pendidikan, jenis kelamin, pengalaman) dan organisasi (gaji, jabatan) dengan kepuasan keria dilihat dari faktor primer(gaji, kondisi kerja fisik, rekan kerja, keamanan, supervisi) dan faktor sekunder ( prestasi, tanggung jawab, pengakuan ). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan responden staf pengajar tetap Akademi Perawatan Swasata di Palembang. Sampel sebanyak 70 (tujuh puluh) orang, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan jalan menggunakan pertanyaan terstruktur yang ada dalam kuesioner. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan univariat, bivariat dengan uji regresi linear sederhana untuk melihat hubungan variable bebas dengan variable terikat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara umur dengan faktor primer sehingga didapatkan setiap kenaikan umur responden sebanyak 10 tahun akan mengurangi skor kepuasan kerja sebanyak 1,2. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara lama pendidikan dengan faktor primer sehingga didapatkan bahwa setiap kenaikan 10 tahun Iama pendidikan yang ditempuh responden akan mengurangi skor kepuasan kerja dilihat dari faktor primer sebesar 7,4. Ada hubungannya arntara lama pendidikan dengan kepuasan kerja dimana sedap kenaikan lama pendidikan akan mengurangi skor kepuasan kerja sebesar 8,1. Peneliti menyarankan untuk menempatkan staf sesuai dengan pendidikannya, melakukan penyesuaian system penggajian serta memberikan jaminan keamanan seperti jaminan kesehatan dan jaminan hari tua.

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An educational organization, a profesional full time staf member who capable of working effectively and effiently is a valuable asset of human resource to promote the educational qualification Job satisfaction is a employee feelings about whether his or her job is enjoyable or not A employee who is not satisfied with his or her job may result 2 things :

1) The employee may with draw from the organization This means a moral and material loss on the side ofthe organization, as the employee will take his education, working experience as he worked in organization, or

2) The employee may continue working in the organization, but as he will be unsatisfied with his job, he tends to : work relunctanly, reduce his working spirit, and reduce his loyality to the organization.

The objectives of this research is to enqmlore the relation between the individual characteristic relation ( age, education span, sex, experience) and organization ( salary, position) to the job satisfaction. Seen from the factors of primer ( perseption of the salary, physical working condition, co- workers, security, supervision ) and secondary factor (prestige, responsibility, selfactualization ).

This research is conducted by using cross-sectional design with the respondent of the permanent member of teaching staff of Private Nursing Academy in Palembang. There are 70 samples, the data collection is done by using the structured questionares.

Statistical analysis is done with univariate, bi-variate with the simple linear regression to explore the free variable relation with the dependent variables.

The result of the research shows there is a significant relation between the education and the factor of primer and is found that an increasing of 10 years education of the respondent decrease the score of job satisfaction seen from the primer factor of 7,9 and between the age and the factor of primer and is found that an increasing of 10 years of age decrease the score of job satisfaction seen from the primer factor 1,2. And there is relation between education and job satisfaction and found that an increasing of 10 of education decrease the score of job satisfaction 8,1.

To increase the job satisfaction this research Suggested that :

- make the adjusted about the salary

- to provide the benefit such as health and life insurance

- to provide the opportunity to the staif to take higier education."