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"ABSTRAKKemunculan istilah Indo-Pasifik sebagai sebuah konsep geopolitik memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi dinamika kekuatan di Asia, terutama setelah digunakannya istilah Indo-Pasifik sebagai haluan kebijakan strategis AS dalam pidato Donald Trump di Asia pada November 2017. Konsep Indo-Pasifik kemudian menarik perhatian para akademisi untuk dikaji lebih lanjut. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan pustaka terhadap perkembangan literatur akademis mengenai konsep Indo-Pasifik. Tinjauan pustaka ini akan mengidentifikasi lima tema besar yang muncul dalam literatur akademis. Pertama, adanya peralihan definisi konsep Indo-Pasifik dari konsep geografis menjadi konsep geopolitik sebagai upaya negara berkepentingan untuk membendung pengaruh Tiongkok. Kedua, bagaimana kepentingan serta kebijakan negara The Quad dalam mempromosikan perkembangan dari konsep Indo-Pasifik. Ketiga, tulisan ini akan memaparkan perspektif negara non-The Quad serta implikasi kebijakan dari perkembangan konsep Indo-Pasifi. Keempat, unsur katalis yang memicu upaya pembentukan pengaturan keamanan di Indo-Pasifik. Kelima, bentuk distribusi kekuatan yang terjadi di Indo-Pasifik. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, tinjauan pustaka ini pada akhirnya memandang konsep Indo-Pasifik sebagai sebuah konsep yang masih rentan dan diperdebatkan. Tidak adanya definisi rigid terhadap konsep ini memberikan ruang bagi aktor berkepentingan untuk memberikan definisinya sendiri terhadap konsep ini. Secara fungsional, penggunaan konsep Indo-Pasifik sendiri merupakan bentuk perubahan dan kontinuitas dari tatanan regional yang sudah ada sebelumnya, yaitu Asia Pasifik. Akibatnya, penggunaan kedua konsep ini seringkali tumpang tindih antar satu dengan yang lainnya. Pada akhirnya, penggunaan konsep Indo-Pasifik di kawasan sangat bergantung pada kepentingan apa atau siapa yang mendasarinya.

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ABSTRACTThe emergence of the Indo-Pacific term as a geopolitical concept has a significant impact on the dynamics of power in Asia, especially after the use of the Indo-Pacific term as the US strategic policy direction in Donald Trump's speech in Asia on November 2017. The concept of Indo-Pacific has attracted the attention of academics for further study. This literature review will identify five major themes that appear in academic literature. First, the transition of the Indo-Pacific concept definition from the geographical concept into the concept of geopolitics as an effort of the state concerned to stem China's influence. Second, how about the interests and policies of The Quad in promoting the development of the Indo-Pacific concept. Third, this paper will present the perspective of the non-The Quad country and the policy implications of the development of the Indo-Pasifi concept. Fourth, the catalyst element that triggered efforts to establish security arrangements in the Indo-Pacific. Fifth, the form of power distribution that occurs in the Indo-Pacific. Based on the analysis carried out, this literature review ultimately looked at the Indo-Pacific concept as vulnerable and contested concept. The absence of a rigid definition of this concept provides space for interested actors to give their own definitions of this concept. Functionally, the use of the Indo-Pacific concept itself is a form of change and continuity from the pre-existing regional order, namely the Asia Pacific. As a result, the use of these two concepts often overlaps with one another. In the end, the use of the Indo-Pacific concept in the region depends very much on what interests or who underlies it."

"Peningkatan perhatian pada kawasan Asia memicu upaya tata kelola kawasan melalui konsep Indo-Pasifik. Di dalam diskursus Indo-Pasifik, Australia memiliki peran, status, dan kepentingan yang unik dan mendorongnya untuk mempromosikan konsep tersebut. Tinjauan literatur ini membahas dinamika interpretasi literatur akademik terhadap konsep Indo-Pasifik yang digunakan oleh Australia. Dengan metode taksonomi, tinjauan literatur ini mengidentifikasi interpretasi literatur akademik terhadap konsep Indo-Pasifik yang digunakan oleh Australia dapat dipetakan ke dalam tiga kelompok: interpretasi konsep Indo-Pasifik sebagai identitas Australia, sebagai strategi geopolitik Australia, dan sebagai pengaruh kebijakan investasi asing Australia. Tinjauan literatur ini menemukan bahwa konsep Indo-Pasifik yang digunakan oleh Australia paling banyak dibahas dalam literatur akademik sebagai penggambaran identitas Australia. Dalam pembahasannya, terdapat ragam pandangan yang bersifat Australia-sentris dan yang menolak sentralitas Australia dalam diskursus Indo-Pasifik. Tinjauan literatur ini juga menunjukkan bahwa Australia merupakan salah satu kekuatan di Indo-Pasifik dan telah mendapat perhatian dari akademisi dengan ragam interpretasinya. Tinjauan literatur ini melihat bahwa masih terdapat kekurangan dalam analisis efektivitas peran dan keterlibatan Australia di Indo-Pasifik serta kecenderungan literatur akademik untuk fokus pada aspek strategis dari konsep Indo-Pasifik. Dengan demikian, melalui tinjauan literatur yang telah dilakukan, tulisan ini dapat meningkatkan wawasan untuk penelitian lanjutan mengenai perkembangan konsep Indo-Pasifik serta analisis kebijakan luar negeri Australia.

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The increasing attention towards the Asian region has triggered efforts for regional governance through the Indo-Pacific concept. In developing the Indo-Pacific concept, Australia shows its unique role, status, and interest by actively promoting it. This literature review discusses academic interpretations of the Indo-Pacific concept used by Australia to enrich knowledge about the dynamics of the Indo-Pacific discourse and how Australia navigates the concept. Through the taxonomy method, this literature review identifies three common interpretations: the Indo-Pacific concept as Australia's identity, the Indo-Pacific concept as Australia's geopolitical strategy, and the Indo-Pacific concept as an influence on Australia's foreign investment policy. Through the conducted study, this review demonstrates that Australia is one of the powers in the Indo-Pacific and has attracted academic attention with diverse interpretations. This review finds that some literature shows Australia-centric views within the discussion, while others reject Australia's centrality in the Indo-Pacific. This literature review then argues that there still needs to be more examinations on the effectiveness of Australia's role and engagement in the Indo-Pacific alongside the economic aspects of the Indo-Pacific concept. Based on the literature reviewed, this paper can enhance insights for further research on the Indo-Pacific concept and the analysis of Australia's foreign policies."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk memahami status Indonesia sebagai ‘kekuatan di Indo-Pasifik’ melalui peran-peran yang dikonsepsikan melalui visi Indo-Pacific Cooperation. Penelitian ini berawal dari munculnya sikap Indonesia dalam menghadapi tantangan pergeseran gravitasi (perekonomian dan militer) dunia ke arah Samudera Hindia dan Samudera Pasifik atau kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Sikap tersebut ditunjukkan dalam pidato Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia, Retno Marsudi pada Januari 2018 tentang Indo-Pacific Cooperation yang berisi gagasan Indonesia untuk menciptakan arsitektur kerja sama di Indo-Pasifik yang inklusif, bebas dan terbuka, dan mengedepankan sentralitas ASEAN. Gagasan ini muncul setelah tahun 2016 Jepang mengeluarkan strategi Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) dan diadopsi oleh Amerika Serikat, India, dan Australia tahun 2017. Strategi FOIP dinilai sebagai upaya membendung strategi Indo-Pasifik Tiongkok, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Dengan menggunakan kerangka analisis teori peran, penulis mencoba memahami status kekuatan Indo-Pasifik Indonesia yang belum dijelaskan secara komprehensif oleh peneliti sebelumnya. Penulis menggunakan tiga konsep peran Indonesia dari Santikajaya, yakni sebagai soft revisionist, normative bridge-builder, dan interlokutor ASEAN untuk menganalisis peran yang dikonsepsikan Indonesia melalui usulan visi Indo-Pacific Cooperation. Penulis berpendapat bahwa status Indonesia sebagai kekuatan di Indo-Pasifik tidak memiliki kekuatan sebesar Tiongkok, AS, India, dan Jepang. Namun Indonesia telah menunjukkan kehadiran yang signifikan dalam wacana Indo-Pasifik

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This thesis aims to understand Indonesia’s status as ‘Indo-Pacific Power’ through it’s roles conception in the Indo-Pacific Cooperation vision. This research began with the emergence of Indonesia's attitude in facing the challenges of world's gravity (economy and military) shifting towards the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean or the Indo-Pacific region. This attitude was shown in a speech by the Indonesian Foreign Minister, Retno Marsudi in January 2018 about the Indo-Pacific Cooperation which contained Indonesia’s idea to create anc inclusive, free and open, and prioritized ASEAN centrality cooperation architecture in the Indo-Pacific. This idea emerged after in 2016 Japan issued the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) strategy and was adopted by United States, India and Australia in 2017. The FOIP strategy was assessed as an effort to stem China's Indo-Pacific strategy, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Using the role theory framework, the author tries to understand Indonesia’s Indo-Pacific Power status which has not been comprehensively explained by previous researchers. The author uses three concepts of Indonesia's role from Santikajaya, namely as a soft revisionist, normative bridge builder, and ASEAN interlocutor to analyze Indonesia’s roles conception in the Indo-Pacific Cooperation vision proposal. The author argues that Indonesia's status as an Indo-Pacific power does not as large as China, the US, India and Japan. However, Indonesia has shown a significant presence in the Indo-Pacific discourse.

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"Tulisan ini membahas perubahan kebijakan pertahanan Australia melalui 2020 Defence Strategic Update yang merumuskan strategi pertahanan Australia khususnya sebagai upaya menghadapi konflik persaingan strategis di Indo-Pasifik. Indo-Pasifik merupakan jalur maritim strategis yang sarat akan kepentingan bagi berbagai negara. Australia pun menjadi salah satu negara yang memiliki kepentingan baik secara strategis maupun ekonomi di wilayah tersebut. Namun, terjadinya konflik persaingan strategis antara Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok telah mengakibatkan terancamnya perdamaian dan keseimbangan kekuatan di kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Sebagai negara yang berada di kawasan Indo-Pasifik, menjadi penting bagi Australia untuk menjaga stabilitas di kawasan tersebut agar kepentingannya menjadi tidak terganggu. Dengan demikian, sebagai upaya untuk menghadapi tantangan keamanan yang terus berkembang tersebut Pemerintah Australia pun menerapkan strategi pertahanan baru yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat kemampuan Angkatan Pertahanan Australia/Australia Defence Force (ADF) melalui kebijakan pertahanan terbarunya, yakni 2020 Defence Strategic Update. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan studi pustaka, tulisan ini berupaya untuk menganalisis perubahan strategi pertahanan dalam 2020 Defence Strategic Update dengan menggunakan konsep negara middle power (kekuatan menengah) dan teori balance of power (keseimbangan kekuatan). Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah Australia sebagai negara dengan kekuatan menengah telah menerapkan berbagai strategi perimbangan kekuatan dalam upaya menjaga keseimbangan kekuatan di Indo-Pasifik. Secara internal strategi perimbangan kekuatan Australia dilakukan dengan meningkatkan kekuatan militernya. Kemudian, secara eksternal strategi perimbangan kekuatan Australia dilakukan dengan memperkuat hubungan aliansi dengan sekutunya, yakni Amerika Serikat, serta meningkatkan hubungan regional dengan negara-negara di kawasan Indo-Pasifik.

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This paper discusses changes in Australia's defense policy through the 2020 Defense Strategic Update which formulates Australia's defense strategy specifically as an effort to deal with strategic competitive conflicts in the Indo-Pacific. The Indo-Pacific is a strategic maritime route that is full of interests for various countries. Australia is also a country that has both strategic and economic interests in the region. However, the occurrence of a strategic competition conflict between the United States and China has resulted in threats to peace and the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region. As a country in the Indo-Pacific region, it is important for Australia to maintain stability in the region so that its interests are not disturbed. Thus, as an effort to deal with the evolving security challenges, the Australian Government has implemented a new defense strategy aimed at strengthening the capabilities of the Australian Defense Force (ADF) through its newest defense policy, namely the 2020 Defense Strategic Update. By using qualitative research methods and literature, this paper seeks to analyze changes in defense strategy in the 2020 Defense Strategic Update using the concept of a middle power state and balance of power theory. The findings of this study are that Australia as a middle power country has implemented various power balance strategies in an effort to maintain the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific. Internally, Australia's balance of power strategy is carried out by increasing its military strength. Then, externally, Australia's balance of power strategy was carried out by strengthening alliance relations with its ally, namely the United States, as well as increasing regional relations with countries in the Indo-Pacific region."

"This book explores how the Quad Plus mechanism is set to reshape the global multilateral economic and security co-operations between Quad partner countries and the rest of the world.With the Quad partners – Australia, India, Japan and the United States – seeing deteriorating ties with China, the book provides a holistic understanding of the reasons why Quad Plus matters and what it means for the post-COVID Indo-Pacific and Asian order. It goes beyond the existing literature of the global Post-COVID reality and examines how Quad Plus can grow and find synergy with national and multilateral Indo-Pacific initiatives. The chapters analyze the mechanism’s uncharacteristic yet active approach of including countries like South Korea, Israel, Brazil, New Zealand and ASEAN/Vietnam for their successful handling of the pandemic crisis, thereby reshaping the new world’s geopolitical vision.A unique study focused solely on the intricacies and the broader dialogue of the ‘Quad Plus’ narrative, the book caters to strategic audiences as well as academics researching International Relations, Politics, and Indo-Pacific and Asian Studies."

"Semenjak masa pemerintahan Donald Trump, Amerika Serikat telah kehilangan keterikatannya dengan Kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Situasi ini dibarengi dengan masifnya ekspansi pengaruh Tiongkok di Kawasan, utamanya pada sektor ekonomi. Terpilihnya Joe Biden memunculkan harapan untuk kembalinya hubungan kuat ekonomi Amerika Serikat di Kawasan. Dalam mencapai visi ini, pemerintahan Joe Biden menciptakan Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Satu karakteristik unik yang hadir dalam kerangka kerja sama ini adalah Keputusan Amerika Serikat untuk meniadakan reduksi tarif. Tulisan ini akan menganalisis faktor internasional dan faktor domestik dengan menggunakan Realisme Neoklasik sebagai pisau analisis. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa IPEF merupakan usaha Joe Biden dalam merespons ketertinggalan pengaruh ekonomi Amerika Serikat di kawasan. Adapun karakteristiknya yang meniadakan reduksi tarif merupakan hasil intervensi dari persepsi Joe Biden yang mengedepankan middle class, desakan dari kelompok industri manufaktur dan kelompok buruh, serta kompleksitas pengesahan perjanjian perdagangan di legislatif akibat preseden yang ditinggalkan oleh Presiden Donald Trump.

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Since the administration of Donald Trump, the United States has lost its engagement with the Indo-Pacific region. This situation has coincided with China's extensive expansion of influence in the region, particularly in the economic sector. The election of Joe Biden has raised hopes for a resurgence of strong economic ties between the United States and the region. In pursuit of this vision, the Biden administration has introduced the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). One unique characteristic of this cooperation framework is the United States' decision to eliminate tariff reductions. This essay will analyze the international and domestic factors influencing this decision. The Neoclassical Realism theory will serve as the analytical framework, arguing that the IPEF represents Biden's effort to address the United States' economic influence gap in the region. The decision to eliminate tariff reductions is seen as a result of Biden's perception prioritizing the middle class, pressure from manufacturing industry groups and labor unions, and the complexity of trade agreement ratification in the legislature due to precedents set by Donald Trump."

"This study aims to assess the effectiveness of employee mutations and placements applied to several institutions in Indonesia. This study uses the meta-synthesis method by conducting a review of 31 previous studies listed in the research media. The results of the study found that government agen-cies in Indonesia had implemented mutation policies based on applicable regulations ranging from the law to local regulations on several factors, the value of improving performance and productivity, career development and promotion, to filling vacant positions. However, several studies have found that there is still corruption, collusion and nepotism, political affiliation, family connections, and close relations with superiors which causes a mismatch between the placement of employees and their competencies. Transfer of employees based on a merit system is indicated to improve perfor-mance including public services in providing information to create public sector accountability. Ca-reer development and promotion can also expand knowledge and experience to produce creative and innovative employees to support the achievement of organizational goals. "

"The Port of Bitung area has a number of potentials that can impact the structure of national security and national defense, because it has a strategic concept for the Indo-Pacific Region. The Bitung Port area as an international hub port, stated in the Minister of Transportation Decree Number 54 of 2002 concerning the Implementation of Sea Ports. The method in this study used a qualitative descriptive approach and data analysis techniques used an interactive of model analysis. This study analyzes the Geostrategy concept for the Port of Bitung Region as part of a national security strategy to strengthen national defense based on the maritime security side and the economic implications of the Indo-Pacific Region. The results show that in general the analysis of the strategy of the Bitung port area in maritime security studies for national national security and national defense shows several things: 1) the strategic conditions of the Bitung Port area need to be supported by strategic and integrated policies between the Central government and the North Sulawesi Province Bitung City; 2) the development of special economic zones (KEK) requires accelerated implementation of policies in a sustainable manner with full support from the budget side, this is to strengthen the territorial basis in the geostrategic concept; and 3) there needs to be an approach towards the community in supporting the realization of the strategic area of Bitung City, North Sulawesi. The fulfillment of these requirements has made the Bitung Port area capable of supporting geostrategy through strategic maritime security studies and economic implications, because it is located in the Indo-Pacific Region as a center for political and economic defense so as to strengthen national security and national defense."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai penyelenggaraan program penjaminan polis asuransi setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan. Pokok permasalahan yang dibahas dalam tesis ini meliputi bagaimana pengaturan program penjaminan polis asuransi setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan. Selain itu juga akan membandingkan program penjaminan polis asuransi yang ada di Indonesia dengan yang ada di Korea Selatan dan Jerman. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh Penulis dalam tesis ini adalah yuridis normatif. Penelitian hukum ini menggunakan jenis data sekunder yang diperoleh dari bahan pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini adalah dalam Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan telah mengatur peraturan dasar terkait program penjaminan polis asuransi, namun memang dibutuhkan peraturan pelaksananya agar penyelenggaraan program penjaminan polis ini dapat dilakukan secara menyeluruh dan jelas. Beberapa pengaturan serta mekanisme yang ada di Korea Selatan dan Jerman juga ada yang dapat diterapkan di Indonesia agar program penjaminan polis asuransi ini dapat berjalan dengan maksimal. Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan memberikan amanat kepada Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan untuk menjalankan program penjaminan polis, sehingga Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan harus memperhatikan agar perannya untuk menjamin dana perbankan juga tidak terganggu.

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This thesis discusses the implementation of the insurance policy guarantee program after the enactment of the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector Law. The main issues addressed in this thesis include the regulation of the insurance policy guarantee program after the enactment of the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector Law. Additionally, a comparison will be made between the insurance policy guarantee programs in Indonesia, South Korea, and Germany. The author uses normative juridical research methodology with secondary data obtained from literature. The research result shows that the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector Law has established fundamental regulations regarding the insurance policy guarantee program. However, implementing regulations are necessary to ensure the comprehensive and clear implementation of this program. Some regulations and mechanisms from South Korea and Germany can also be applied in Indonesia to enhance the effectiveness of the insurance policy guarantee program. The Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector Law mandates the Deposit Insurance Corporation to execute the insurance guarantee program, and therefore, the Deposit Insurance Corporation must ensure that its role in guaranteeing banking funds remains undisturbed."