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Beberapa negara mencoba untuk lebih terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional

untuk menjadi bagian dari jaringan global. Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) diharapkanmenjadi salah satu cara untuk meningkatkannya. Perdagangan intra industri (IIT)mengukur ekspor dan impor dalam kategori industri yang sama. Kajian ini mencobamenganalisis hubungan antara PMA sektor manufaktur di Indonesia dan bilateral IITantara Indonesia dengan masing-masing Jepang, China, dan ASEAN-9, khususnya padalevel industri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua PMA di semua industrimempunyai hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan IIT. Keterkaitan FDI dan IIT berbedadi setiap lokasi dan industri.

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Many countries try to engage more in the international trade to be part of global

networks. FDI is expected to be one of ways to improve it. Intra industry trade (IIT)measures export and import in the same categorize of industry. This study tries to examinethe relationship between manufacturing FDI in Indonesia and bilateral IIT betweenIndonesia and each Japan, China, and ASEAN-9, especially in the industry level. Theresult shows that not all FDI in all industries have positive and significant relationshipwith IIT. The linkage of FDI and IIT differs across location and industries.

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisa peran penanaman modal asing (PMA) dari Korea terhadap perdagangan intra-industri (IIT) Indonesia dan Korea untuk produk manufaktur pada kurun waktu 2000-2013. Menggunakan data tahunan dari World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) pada level produk SITC Rev.3, didekomposisi IIT ke dalam 3 kelompok yaitu horizontal IIT (HIIT), upper vertical IIT (upper VIIT), dan lower vertical IIT (lower VIIT) sesuai Ito dan Okubo (2012). Memanfaatkan data agregasi terkecil, unit value dijadikan proksi pengelompokkan kualitas, hal yang sulit dilakukan dengan agregasi terbesar walaupun yang didapatkan adalah rata-rata harga tahunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PMA Korea secara positif dan signifikan mempengaruhi indeks IIT. Terkait dengan AKFTA, terjadi peningkatan pada lower VIIT namun penurunan indeks IIT.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis aim to analyze the role of Korea?s Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia and its effect to the extent of intra-industry trade between Korea and Indonesia on manufacture products during the period 2000-2013. Using World Integrated Trade Solution data at the level of SITC Rev. 3, trade is decomposed into 3 group of quality: horizontal IIT (HIIT), upper vertical IIT (upper VIIT), and lower vertical IIT (lower VIIT) in Ito and Okubo (2012). The results in general shows inter industry trade dominates with share of more than 80% of trade. The decomposition of Grubel-Lloyd index into the three intra-industry groups support the notion that the intra-industry trade rose after ASEAN-Korea Free Trade (AKFTA) particularly for the human capital and technology intensive products. Korea?s FDI inflow to Indonesia also shows a positive impact on IIT index of manufacture sector. We agree that AKFTA may bring more imports to Indonesia leading to increase intra-industry trade in lower vertical group."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak penanaman modal asing terhadap perdagangan intra industri IIT Indonesia dengan salah satu mitra dagang utama yaitu Jepang selama kurun waktu 1990-2017. Indeks IIT lalu didekomposisikan menjadi 3 tipe yaitu Horizontal IIT yaitu IIT kualitas setara, upper vertical IIT UVIIT yang mengindikasikan kualitas tinggi dan lower vertical IIT LVIIT yang mengindikasikan kualitas rendah. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan PMA Jepang memiliki peran yang signifikan untuk meningkatkan IIT bilateral kedua negara. Hasil analisis pada masing-masing tipe IIT menunjukkan bahwa PMA Jepang memiliki dampak positif signifikan terhadap LVIIT dan HIIT namun tidak terbukti memiliki dampak terhadap UVIIT.

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This study analyzed the effect of foreign direct investment on Indonesia rsquo s intra industry trade with one of it rsquo s major trading partners Japan from 1990 2017. The IIT indexes are decomposed into 3 types of IIT which is horizontal IIT HIIT which indicates equal quality, upper vertical IIT UVIIT which indicates high quality, and lower vertical IIT LVIIT which indicates low quality. The estimation result show that Japanese direct investment have a significant role in enhancing bilateral IIT. The results of analysis on each type of IIT show that Japanese direct investment have positive significant impact on HIIT and LVIIT but there is no evidence on its impact to UVIIT."

"ABSTRAKBanyak pandangan yang mengatakan bahwa perdagangan intra industri hanyaterjadi antar sesama Negara maju. Walaupun demikian, tesis ini menunjukkanbahwa perdagangan intra industri juga terjadi antara Negara maju dan Negaraberkembang, pun antar sesama Negara berkembang. Selain itu, tesis ini jugamenunjukkan faktor yang berpengaruh dalam perdagangan intra industri, terutamafaktor foreign direct investment (FDI). Data yang digunakan oleh penulis dalampenelitian ini adalah data perdagangan dua digit dalam nomenklatur ISIC untukperiode 1991-2012 antara Indonesia-kelompok Negara OECD dan IndonesiakelompokNegara non OECD.Data perdagangan tersebut kemudian dikalkulasi sehingga diperoleh nilaishare dari perdagangan intra industri antara dua pihak tersebut diatas yangdinyatakan dalam indeks Grubel-Lloyd. Selanjutnya, dengan menggunakan tehnikregresi data panel, diketahui bahwa FDI dan trade openness mempengaruhiperdagangan intra industri antar Negara tersebut diatas. Namun, perbedaan nilaiPDB dan trade balance memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda dalam perdagangan intraindustri antara Indonesia-kelompok Negara OECD dan Indonesia-kelompokNegara Non-OECD.

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ABSTRACTAlthough there is a view that saying intra industry trade only occurs amongthe developed countries, this research paper has showed that intra industry tradepattern also arises between developed and developing countries, also betweendeveloping and developing countries. By using the trade data in two digit level ofISIC nomenclature at six manufacture sectors during 1991-2012, the share of intraindustry pattern can be calculated and presented in GL index.Overall, the GL index of Indonesia-OECD countries’ trade indicated a higherlevel compared with the GL index of Indonesia-non OECD countries’ trade. To bemore specific, the GL index of Indonesia-OECD countries was increasing overtimeat capital-intensive sectors whereas the GL index of Indonesia-non OECD countrieswas rising at labor-intensive sectors. The driving factors that influencing the sharesof intra industry trade within these countries were varied. Among the FDI, GDPdifferences, trade balance and openness variables, the significant variables thatwere affecting the GL index either in the trade with OECD or non OECD countrieswere FDI at time t-1 and openness. The other two variables were having differentsignificances in affecting the GL Index."

"Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mngetahui seberapa besar pengaruh penanaman modal asing langsung Korea Selatan terhadap perkembangan perdagangan intra-industri bilateral antara Indonesia dengan Kore Selatan. Hubungan perdagangan bilateral angtelat terjadi selama ini dan tentunya akan berlanjut di masa depan diharapkan dapat memberi keuntungan yang lebih signifikan kepada Indonesia. Periode penelitian ini dilakukan mulai dari kurun waktu 1992 sampai dengan tahun 2007. Hasil analisi menunjukan bahwa penanaman modal asing langsung (FDI) Korea Selatan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan mendukung perdagangan intra-industri anatar kedua negara dan inc=vestasi asing Korea Selatan di Indonesia lebih ditujukan untuk memenuhi permintaan ekspor dibandingkan dengan pasar domestik. Sehingga perlu didorong peningkatan investasi Korea Selatan di Indonesia dengan mengoptimalisasi kerjasam yang telah dilakukan baik bilateral maupun regional, maupun dengan menghilangkan hambata-hambatan investasi.

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This thesis is aimed to study the impact of Republic of Korea (South Korea) direct investment (FDI) on the development of bilateral intra-industry trade between South Korea and Indonesia. Recent and future bilateral relation is expected to give more significant benefit on Indonesia. The study was held using export and import data of the two countries from 1992 to 2001, including 6 manufacture commodity subsectors as the cross-section. The study was focused on the relation between South Korean direct investment in Indonesia and bilateral intra-industry trade between the two countries. This study analyze factors that influence intra-industry trade between South Korea and Indonesia, such as direct investment, GDP difference, trade balance, opennes, and variation of exchange rate, using Panel Data Analysis estimation method. DI has positive significant relation that provide intra-industry trade development between the two countries, and the South Korean FDI on Indonesia is mainly segmented to fulfill export denad, not the domestic one. It's important to boost South Korean investation on Indonesia by optimalizing both bilateral and regional agreements as well as getting rid off the investation obstacles."

"Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh FDI Singapura terhadap perdagangan intra-industridi antara Indonesia dan Singapura. Periode penelitian dilakukan mulai pada tahun 1996 sampai dengan tahun 2011 dengan menggunakan data ekspor dan impor enam sub sektor komoditi manufaktur. Estimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakana panel data analysis.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa FDI Singapura memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perdagangan intra-industri Indonesia-Singapura. Peningkatan FDI Singapura di Indonesia mendorong terjadinya peningkatan perdagangan intraindustri kedua negara.

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The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of Singapore FDI on the growth of intra-industri trade between Indonesia and Singapore. Period of the study started in 1996 to 2011 by using data export and import of six commodity sub-sectors of manufacture. The estimation of this research is using panel data analysis.Results indicate that Singapore FDI has a positive and significant impact on intra-industry trade between Indonesia and Singapore. The increasing of FDI Singapore in Indonesia led to an increasing in intra-industry trade between the two countries."

"Kementerian Pariwisata melaporkan bahwa kebijakan yang diterapkan untuk pariwisata mengindikasikan bahwa penambahan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan asing di 2016 disebabkan oleh globalisasi. Studi ini menganalisis hubungan kausalitas antara sektor pariwisata, menggunakan kunjungan wisatawan asing, dan indikator ekonomi dari globalisasi, yang dianalisis melalui ekspor, impor, dan penanaman modal asing. Dengan menggunakan model ARDL, efek kausalitas jangka panjang dan jangka pendek dianalisis melalui Bounds Test untuk kointegrasi dan diikuti oleh estimasi mekanisme error correction. Hasil menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan kausalitas satu arah antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan ekspor, hubungan kausalitas satu arah antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan impor, tidak ada hubungan antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan penanaman modal asing, hubungan satu arah antara ekspor dan penanaman modal asing, dan tidak ada hubungan antara impor dan penanaman modal asing, dengan hasil country- specific yang beragam. Implikasi dari penelitian ini akan membantu pemerintah dalam meningkatkan tujuan yang ditargetkan untuk memperluas pariwisata.

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The Ministry of Tourism reports that the policies implemented for tourism may indicate that the increasing number of international tourist arrivals in 2016 is caused by globalization. This study analyzes the causal relationship between tourism, using international tourist arrivals, and the economic indicators of globalization, which are analyzed through exports, imports, and foreign direct investment. Using ARDL model, the long run and short run causal effect is analyzed through Bounds Test for cointegration, followed by the estimation of error correction mechanism. The result concludes that there is unidirectional causal relationship between international tourist arrivals and exports, unidirectional causal relationship between international tourist arrivals and imports, no relationship between international tourist arrivals and foreign direct investment, unidirectional causal relationship between exports and foreign direct investment, and no relationship between imports and foreign direct investment, with a variety of country specific results. The implication of this study would help the government in improving the targeted goals for expanding tourism."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) yang masuk dari anggota ekonomi APEC dalam mendorong perdagangan bilateral intra industri antara Indonesia dengan anggota ekonomi APEC selama periode 2000-2012, dengan menggunakan metode estimasi fixed effect model (FEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa FDI yang masuk dari anggota APEC terbukti berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan dalam mendorong perdagangan bilateral intra industri antara Indonesia dengan anggota APEC. Variabel kontrol yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rata-rata GDP dan keterbukaan perdagangan Indonesia dan mitra dagang, yang ditemukan berperan secara positif signifikan dalam mendorong IIT. Sebaliknya, perbedaan pendapatan per kapita berpengaruh negatif terhadap IIT antara Indonesia dan anggota ekonomi APEC di sektor manufaktur, sedangkan pengaruh rata-rata trade cost ditemukan tidak signifikan.

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This research aims to investigate the role of FDI inflow from the members of APEC economies in improving their bilateral intra industry trade with Indonesia during the period of years 2000-2012, by using fixed effect model (FEM) estimation method. The empirical result shows that FDI inflow from APEC members affects bilateral intra industry trade between Indonesia and APEC members. Control variables used in this research such as average GDP and level of openness of Indonesia and its trading partner are found to be positive significant in enhancing the IIT. Meanwhile, the difference of GDP per capita has a negative role, and the average trade cost is found to be insignificant."

"This research is aimed to investigate the relationship of tax incentive and FDI and also the influence of other factors, such as the availability of natural resources, economic stability, market size, and openness to trade, to the FDI?s decision. FDI measurement is using the actual figure of FDI in mining sector industry in Indonesia per GDP as the proxy. Hypothesis test is conducted using statistical method, which is Pearson Correlation Coefficient with sample of mining sector industry in general (non-oil & gas) from 2008 until 2013.

The results of this research is in contrary with the prior research?s results from Babatunde & Shakirat Adepeju in 2012, which this results conclude that tax incentive has no significant relationship to the FDI?s attractiveness to the mining sector industry in Indonesia. On the other hand, there are two variables that have significant relationship to the FDI?s attractiveness, which is consistent with the prior research. The two variables are the availability of natural resources and the openness to trade."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengaruh keberadaan NAFTA terhadap penanaman modal asing antara Indonesia dan Kanada dengan mengaitkannya dengan penanaman modal asing di negara-negara ASEAN. Berdasarkan penelitian yang diperoleh, dari sisi ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN secara positif dipengaruhi oleh NAFTA dari sisi penanaman modal asing karena terjadi peningkatan arus penanaman modal asing ke negara-negara ASEAN. Demikian pula halnya dengan penanaman modal asing yang terjadi antara Indonesia dan Kanada, di mana Indonesia mendapatkan keuntungan dengan menjalin kerja sama bilateral dengan Kanada. Namun, secara hukum dampak NAFTA terhadap negara-negara ASEAN tidak signifikan.

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The concern of this thesis is the impact of NAFTA on foreign direct investment between the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Canada, in association with foreign direct investment in ASEAN countries post-NAFTA. The outcome of this research indicates that ASEAN countries are afftected positively in term of economics based on the increase of FDI flows into these countries. That result is also applied for FDI between the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Canada, in which both countries benefit from NAFTA?s Inception for further bilateral cooperation. Although there is an impact from economic sector, there is no significant impact post-NAFTA in ASEAN countries legally."