Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Latar Belakang: Sel punca kanker merupakan populasi sel minor yang memiliki kemampuan self-renewal dan proliferasi tak terbatas sehingga bersifat tumorigenik dan diduga berperan dalam penurunan sensitivitas terhadap berbagai terapi kanker. Tamoksifen merupakan terapi lini pertama pada kanker payudara ER positif namun penggunaan jangka panjangnya menimbulkan masalah resistensi. Beberapa faktor yang diduga berperan dalam penurunan sensitivitas sel terhadap Tamoksifen yakni modulasi pensinyalan estrogen melalui ERα66; dan ERα36 (yang diketahui memperantarai pensinyalan non-genomik), serta ekspresi transporter effluks seperti MRP2 yang berperan dalam penurunan kadar Tamoksifen intraseluler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek pemaparan Tamoksifen berulang pada sel punca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+, dalam kaitannya mengenai sensitivitas terapi melalui perubahan ekspresi estrogen reseptor alfa dan transporter efluks MRP2.Metode: Selpunca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+ dipaparkan Tamoksifen 1 μM selama 21 hari dengan DMSO sebagai kontrol negatif. Viabilitas sel setelah pemaparan Tamoksifen diuji dengan metode trypan blue exclusion. Sifat tumorigenik sel setelah pemaparan (CD24-/CD44+(T)) diuji dengan mammossphere formation assay dan dibandingkan dengan sel CD24-/CD44+(0) yang belum dipaparkan Tamoksifen. Ekspresi mRNA Oct4, c-Myc, ERα66, ERα36 dan MRP2 dianalisis dengan one step quantitative RT-PCR.Hasil: Terjadi penurunan sensitivitas sel punca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+(T) yang dipaparkan Tamoksifen selama 21 hari yang ditunjukkan dengan kenaikan viabilitas sel hingga 125,2%. Tamoksifen tidak dapat menekan sifat tumorigenik sel CD24-/CD44+(T) yang dibuktikan melalui jumlah mammosfer yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan CD24-/CD44+(0). Penurunan sensitivitas sel CD24-/CD44+(T) juga dibuktikan melalui peningkatan ekspresi Oct4 dan c-Myc; keduanya merupakan petanda pluripotensi dan c-Myc juga dikenal sebagai petanda keganasan. Parameter penurunan sensitivitas seperti ERα66, ERα36 dan MRP2 juga menunjukkan peningkatan ekspresi pada hari ke-15 namun menurun kembali pada hari ke-21 yang menunjukkan adanya mekanisme regulasi lain yang mungkin terlibat dalam penurunan sensitivitas sel punca kanker payudara terhadap Tamoksifen.Kesimpulan: Pemaparan Tamoksifen berulang dapat menurunkan sensitivitas sel punca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+ melalui perubahan ekspresi estrogen reseptor alfa dan transporter efluks MRP2.

---

Background: Cancer stem cells are minor population of cells possessing self-renewal and unlimited proliferation abilities which support their tumorigenicity and role in decreased sensitivity to many cancer therapies. Tamoxifen is a first line therapy for breast cancer patients with positive ER status. Nonetheless, after 5 years of its long term use eventually leads to recurrence and resistance in 50% of patients receiving tamoxifen therapy. Among some factors that might play role in decreased sensitivity to tamoxifen are modulation of estrogen signaling through ERα66 and ERα36 (the latter known for its non-genomic estrogen signaling), and expression of efflux transporter such as MRP2 responsible for decreased intracellular tamoxifen level. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of repeated tamoxifen exposure toward decreased sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ through changes in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and efflux transporter MRP2.

Methods: Breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ were exposed to 1 μM tamoxifen for 21 days with DMSO as negative control. After exposure with 1 μM tamoxifen, the cell viability were tested by the trypan blue exclusion method. Cell tumorigenicity of tamoxifen-exposed CD24-/CD44+(T) and CD24-/CD44+(0) (before treatment) were tested by the mammosphere formation assay. The expression of Oct4, c-Myc, ERα66, ERα36 andMRP2 mRNAs were analyzed by one step quantiative RT-PCR.

Results: A decreased sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ exposed with 1 μM tamoxifen for 21 days was observed as indicated by an increased cell viability up to 125.2%. In the presence of tamoxifen, breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+(T) exhibited tumorigenic properties as indicated in no significant difference in the formation of mammosphere unit compared to those of CD24-/CD44+(0). After exposure with 1 μM tamoxifen for 21 days, an elevated level of Oct4 and c-Myc expressions were observed; both are known as pluripotency markers and the latter also known as marker of aggresiveness. Parameters for a decreased sensitivity such as ERα66, ERα36 and MRP2 also exhibited an elevated expression after 15 days of exposure, but the decreased expression after 21 days of exposure suggests that there might be another mechanism involved in decreased sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells toward tamoxifen.

Conclusion: Repeated tamoxifen exposure may decrease the sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ through changes in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and efflux transporter MRP2."

"Latar Belakang: Sel punca kanker merupakan populasi sel minor yang memiliki kemampuan self-renewal dan proliferasi tak terbatas sehingga bersifat tumorigenik dan diduga berperan dalam penurunan sensitivitas terhadap berbagai terapi kanker. Tamoksifen merupakan terapi lini pertama pada kanker payudara ER positif namun penggunaan jangka panjangnya menimbulkan masalah resistensi. Beberapa faktor yang diduga berperan dalam penurunan sensitivitas sel terhadap Tamoksifen yakni modulasi pensinyalan estrogen melalui ER?66; dan ER?36 (yang diketahui memperantarai pensinyalan non-genomik), serta ekspresi transporter effluks seperti MRP2 yang berperan dalam penurunan kadar Tamoksifen intraseluler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek pemaparan Tamoksifen berulang pada sel punca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+, dalam kaitannya mengenai sensitivitas terapi melalui perubahan ekspresi estrogen reseptor alfa dan transporter efluks MRP2.Metode: Selpunca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+ dipaparkan Tamoksifen 1 ?M selama 21 hari dengan DMSO sebagai kontrol negatif. Viabilitas sel setelah pemaparan Tamoksifen diuji dengan metode trypan blue exclusion. Sifat tumorigenik sel setelah pemaparan (CD24-/CD44+(T)) diuji dengan mammossphere formation assay dan dibandingkan dengan sel CD24-/CD44+(0) yang belum dipaparkan Tamoksifen. Ekspresi mRNA Oct4, c-Myc, ER?66, ER?36 dan MRP2 dianalisis dengan one step quantitative RT-PCR.Hasil: Terjadi penurunan sensitivitas sel punca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+(T) yang dipaparkan Tamoksifen selama 21 hari yang ditunjukkan dengan kenaikan viabilitas sel hingga 125,2%. Tamoksifen tidak dapat menekan sifat tumorigenik sel CD24-/CD44+(T) yang dibuktikan melalui jumlah mammosfer yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan CD24-/CD44+(0). Penurunan sensitivitas sel CD24-/CD44+(T) juga dibuktikan melalui peningkatan ekspresi Oct4 dan c-Myc; keduanya merupakan petanda pluripotensi dan c-Myc juga dikenal sebagai petanda keganasan. Parameter penurunan sensitivitas seperti ER?66, ER?36 dan MRP2 juga menunjukkan peningkatan ekspresi pada hari ke-15 namun menurun kembali pada hari ke-21 yang menunjukkan adanya mekanisme regulasi lain yang mungkin terlibat dalam penurunan sensitivitas sel punca kanker payudara terhadap Tamoksifen.Kesimpulan: Pemaparan Tamoksifen berulang dapat menurunkan sensitivitas sel punca kanker payudara CD24-/CD44+ melalui perubahan ekspresi estrogen reseptor alfa dan transporter efluks MRP2.

---

Background: Cancer stem cells are minor population of cells possessing self-renewal and unlimited proliferation abilities which support their tumorigenicity and role in decreased sensitivity to many cancer therapies. Tamoxifen is a first line therapy for breast cancer patients with positive ER status. Nonetheless, after 5 years of its long term use eventually leads to recurrence and resistance in 50% of patients receiving tamoxifen therapy. Among some factors that might play role in decreased sensitivity to tamoxifen are modulation of estrogen signaling through ER?66 and ER?36 (the latter known for its non-genomic estrogen signaling), and expression of efflux transporter such as MRP2 responsible for decreased intracellular tamoxifen level. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of long term tamoxifen exposure toward decreased sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ through changes in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and efflux transporter MRP2.

Methods: Breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ were exposed to 1 ?M tamoxifen for 21 days with DMSO as negative control. After exposure with 1 ?M tamoxifen, the cell viability were tested by the trypan blue exclusion method. Cell tumorigenicity of tamoxifen-exposed CD24-/CD44+(T) and CD24-/CD44+(0) (before treatment) were tested by the mammosphere formation assay. The expression of Oct4, c-Myc, ER?66, ER?36 andMRP2 mRNAs were analyzed by one step quantiative RT-PCR.

Results: A decreased sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ exposed with 1 ?M tamoxifen for 21 days was observed as indicated by an increased cell viability up to 125.2%. In the presence of tamoxifen, breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+(T) exhibited tumorigenic properties as indicated in no significant difference in the formation of mammosphere unit compared to those of CD24-/CD44+(0). After exposure with 1 ?M tamoxifen for 21 days, an elevated level of Oct4 and c-Myc expressions were observed; both are known as pluripotency markers and the latter also known as marker of aggresiveness. Parameters for a decreased sensitivity such as ER?66, ER?36 and MRP2 also exhibited an elevated expression after 15 days of exposure, but the decreased expression after 21 days of exposure suggests that there might be another mechanism involved in decreased sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells toward tamoxifen.

Conclusion: Long term tamoxifen exposure may decrease the sensitivity of the breast cancer stem cells CD24-/CD44+ through changes in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and efflux transporter MRP2."

"ABSTRAKFungi Emericella nidulans strain MFW39 yang diisolasi dari ascidia Aplidiumlongithorax dari Taman Nasional Laut Wakatobi, Sulawesi Tenggara memiliki aktivitassitotoksik terhadap beberapa sel lestari kanker. Senyawa yang berhasil diisolasi danbersifat sitotoksik adalah senyawa emestrin yang memiliki gugus ETP(epipolithiodioxopiperazine). Senyawa emestrin memiliki beberapa jenis derivat. Padapenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi dan menguji bioaktivitasantikanker terhadap salah satu derivat senyawa emestrin. Dari hasil penelitiandidapatkan jenis derivat senyawa emestrin adalah emestrin B. Proses elusidasi strukturdilakukan dengan metode HPLC, UPLC-MS, 1H-NMR dan 13C-NMR. Hasil ujiaktivitas sitotoksik dengan metode MTT (Microculture Tetrazolium Technique)menunjukan IC50 fraksi emestrin B berkisar pada 0,18 􀂱 4,21 µg/mL. Urutan aktivitassitotoksik fraksi emestrin B terhadap sel lestari T47D [kanker payudara] (0,18 µg/mL) >WiDr [kanker usus] (1,21 µg/mL) > HeLa [kanker serviks] (1,91 µg/mL). Fraksiemestrin B juga bersifat sitotoksik terhadap sel lestari normal [Vero] (4,21 µg/mL). Olehkarena itu fraksi emestrin yang berhasil diisolasi adalah emestrin B dengan rumusstruktur C27H22N2O10S3 dan memiliki potensi aktivitas antikanker.

---

ABSTRACTEmericella nidulans marine fungi strain MFW39 was isolated from ascidia Aplidiumlongithorax collected from Wakatobi Marine National Park, South East Sulawesi has abiological activities to cancer cell lines. Emestrin was a compound with an ETP(epipolithiodioxopiperazine) group that found in Emericella nidulans marine fungi havecytotoxicity properties. Emestrin and another compound that related have the ETPgroup. The research include isolation, identification and cytotoxicity assay of compoundthat related with emestrin. Elucidation structure of molecule with HPLC, UPLC-MS,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The fraction emestrin B have bioactivity to cancer cell lines inrange 0,18 􀂱 4,21 µg/mL with MTT (Microculture Tetrazolium Technique) assay method.Order of anticancer activity was breast cancer cell line [T47D] (0,18 µg/mL) > coloncancer cell line [WiDr] (1,21 µg/mL) > cancer cervic cell line [HeLa] (1,91 µg/mL). Thefraction of emestrin B have a toxicity to normal cell line [Vero] (4,21 µg/mL). The resultshows compound fraction that succeed to isolated was emestrin B (C27H22N2O10S3) andhave a potency anticancer activity."

"Kanker payudara adalah kanker dengan insidensi dan tingkat mortalitas tertinggi untuk wanita di Indonesia berdasarkan Cancer Country Profile oleh WHO pada 2014. Salah satu hipotesis terbaru dalam dunia onkologi adalah keberadaan sel punca kanker yang mendorong tumorigenesis, metastasis, therapy resistance dan remission pada kasus kanker ganas. Sel punca kanker dianggap hidup dalam kondisi hipoksia in vivo, sejalan dengan keadaan sel punca pada umumnya. Kondisi inilah yang mendorong sel punca kanker untuk memiliki karakteristik stemness yang menganugerahkan mereka kapasitas self-renewal dan pluripotency hingga akhirnya memperoleh ciri malignansi. Sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendalami sifat unik ini, kultur sel punca kanker payudara yang telah difraksinasi menggunakan marker CD44 /CD24-, diekspos terhadap hipoksia dengan interval berbeda. Perubahan ekspresi dari Oct4 sebagai core regulator dan ALDH1 sebagai modulator dari stemness akan diukur dan dibandingkan dalam kondisi hipoksia dan normoksia.

---

Breast cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate in Indonesian women based on WHO Cancer Country Profiles 2014. One of the emerging hypothesis in the oncology world is on cancer stem cells, which are responsible for the tumorigenesis, metastasis, therapy resistance and remission in many cancer types and cases. Similar to stem cells, cancer stem cells live around hypoxic surrounding in vivo and this condition granted the cancer stem cells pluripotency and self renewal capability, thus the characteristic of stemness and malignancy. Breast cancer has been shown to also contain cancer stem cells and so to study the unique trait under hypoxic condition, the cells, which have been fractionated by markers CD44 and CD24 , are subjected to hypoxia. The expression of Oct4 and ALDH1 as the core regulator and modulator of stemness respectively are assessed and further compared between hypoxic and normoxic groups."

"Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) dengan petanda Aldehida dehidrogenase 1-positif (ALDH1+) merupakan populasi minor dari sel-sel tumor dengan kemampuan tumorigenik yang tinggi dan bertahan terhadap stres oksidatif. Manganese superoksida dismutase (MnSOD) merupakan pertahanan utama terhadap superoksida yang diekspresikan spesifik di mitokondria, yang merupakan salah satu sumber utama stres oksidatif di dalam sel.  Sejauh ini, belum diketahui peranan MnSOD terhadap ketahanan hidup dan kepuncaan BCSC. Transfeksi in vitro pada BCSC (ALDH1+) dilakukan dengan menggunakan siRNA MnSOD spesifik dalam kondisi kultur standar. Total RNA dan protein diekstraksi dengan menggunakan TriPure® Isolation Reagent dan RIPA® lysis buffer. Viabilitas sel diukur dengan menggunakan trypan exclusion assay. Ekspresi relatif mRNA MnSOD dan OCT4 dianalisis dengan menggunakan one-step qRT-PCR. Aktivitas MnSOD diukur dengan menggunakan uji inhibisi xantin oksidase (RanSOD® kit). Kadar superoksida sel diukur dengan menggunakan uji dihidroetidium dan tumorigenik diukur dengan menggunakan mammosphere-forming unit. Setelah diinkubasi selama 48 jam dengan menggunakan siRNA dengan menggunakan dosis 80 pmol. Ekspresi relatif mRNA MnSOD mengalami penekanan sejumlah 0,17-kali (p<0,01), penurunan aktivitas spesifik MnSOD sebesar 70,4 %, peningkatan kadar superoksida sel menjadi 1,13-kali, penurunan ekspresi OCT4 menjadi 1,08-kali (p<0,05) dan penurunan mamosphere forming unit efficiency menjadi 36,5 % (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Viabilitas BCSC (ALDH1+) menurun sebanyak 75 %(p<-0,05) dibandingkan kontrol negatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penekanan ekspresi MnSOD dapat menjadi target yang menjanjikan untuk menurunkan kepuncaan dan tumorigenitas BCSC (ALDH1+).

---

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive (ALDH1+) breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small population of tumor cells with high capacity of tumorigenicity and oxidative stress. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is specifically expressed in mitochondria as the primary defense against superoxides, which are one of the causes of oxidative stress in cells. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of suppressing MnSOD expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the stemness, tumorigenicity, and viability of BCSCs. In vitro transfection of ALDH1+ BCSCs was performed using 33 and 66 µM specific MnSOD siRNA under standard culture conditions. Total RNA and protein were extracted from the transfected cells using TriPure® Isolation Reagent and RIPA® lysis buffer. Cell viability was measured using a trypan blue exclusion assay. The relative expression of MnSOD and OCT4 mRNAs was analyzed by one step qRT-PCR. MnSOD activity was determined by xanthine oxidase inhibition assay (RanSOD® kit). Cellular superoxides were measured using a dihydroethidium assay and tumorigenicity was observed with mammosphere-forming unit.  After siRNA incubation for 48 hours, MnSOD was suppressed by 0.176-fold (p<0.01), MnSOD enzyme specific activity was reduced 70.4%, cellular superoxide levels increased by 1.13-fold, OCT4 expression was suppressed by 1.98-fold (p<0.05), and mammosphere-forming unit decreased by 36.5% (p<0.05) compared with the corresponding negative controls. The viability of the ALDH1+ BCSCs was reduced 75% (p< 0.05). Our results suggest that suppression of MnSOD expression may be a promising target to reduce stemness and tumorigenicity of ALDH1+ BCSCs."

"Because the concept and discoveries of cancer stem cells are relatively new, scientists and researchers need an introduction to this dynamic area. Cancer Stem Cells presents a consolidated account of the research done to date and recent progresses in the studies of cancer stem cells. Such a presentation facilitates a better understanding of and draws attention to stem cell and cancer biology, two fields that enhance, move, and evolve into each other continuously. It provides an informative study in designing approaches to apply stem cell principles to cancer biology while offering an overview of the challenges in developing combination stem and cancer biology targets for therapeutics. "

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Sel punca kanker (SPK) osteosarkoma didefinisikan sebagai sebagian kecil populasi sel osteosarkoma yang mempunyai kemampuan memperbaharui diri, menunjukan proliferasi dan mampu berdifferensiasi. SPK diduga bertanggung jawab terhadap resistensi kemoterapi, rekurensi dan metastasis. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melakukan isolasi, kultur dan karakterisasi secara in vitro SPK osteosarkoma manusiaMetode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi in vitro sebagai lanjutan yang memisahkan SPK osteosarkoma dari sel osteosarkoma manusia yang berhasil dikultur secara in vitro. Prosedur isolasi dan kultur SPK osteosarkoma dilakukan dengan metode sphere-forming assay pada ultra low well attachment surface plate. Setelah koloni sarcosphere terbentuk, dilakukan penanaman koloni tersebut pada tissue culture plate dan dilakukan karakterisasi pewarnaan Alizarin Red S, ekspresi penanda gen Nanog, Oct ¾, STAT3 dan CD133 dengan Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) dan ekspresi penanda protein alkali fosfatase, osteokalsin dan CD133 dengan Immunofluorescence Analysis (IFA).Hasil. Dengan prosedur sphere forming assay dapat ditumbuhkan koloni sarcosphere yang berbentuk bulat, tiga dimensi serta tidak melekat pada substrat. Pada tissue culture plate didapatkan bentuk koloni sarcosphere berbentuk spindel dan melekat pada substrat. Pemeriksaan karakterisasi pewarnaan alizarin red s positif, ekspresi gen Nanog, Oct ¾ dan STAT3 yang dibuktikan dengan RT-PCR serta ekspresi protein alkali fosfatase, osteokalsin dan CD133 dengan metode IFA.Simpulan. SPK osteosarkoma dapat diisolasi dan dikultur secara in vitro dari sel osteosarkoma manusia dengan metode sphere forming assay.

---

ABSTRACTIntroduction. Osteosarcoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subpopulation of osteosarcoma cells which have the ability of self-renewal, proliferate and differentiate. CSCs may be responsible for chemotherapy resistance, recurrence and metastasis. This study aims to do isolation, culture and characterization of human osteosarcoma CSCs in vitro.Method. This study was an in vitro study which extend the differentiation of osteosarcoma CSCs from human osteosarcoma cells that had been successfully cultured in vitro. Osteosarcoma CSCs had been isolated and cultured with sphere-forming assay method on an ultra low well attachment surface plate. After sarcosphere colonies formed, the planting of the colony on the tissue culture plate and Alizarin Red S staining characterization was performed, the expression of marker genes Nanog, Oct ¾, STAT3 and CD133 was obtained by Reverse Transcriptase Poslymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) where as the expression of protein markers alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and CD133 was obtained by Immunofluorescence Analysis (IFA).Result. Sphere-forming assay procedure could develop sarcosphere colonies which were rounded, three-dimensional and not attached to the subtsrate. In tissue culture plate, spindle-shaped sarcosphere colonies attached to the substrate. Alizarin Red S staining characterization was positive, the expression of Nanog, Oct ¾ and STAT3 gene was demonstrated by RT-PCR and protein expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and CD133 was demostrated by IFA method.Consclusion. CSCs in osteosarcoma can be isolated and cultured in vitro from human osteosarcoma cells by sphere-forming assay method."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Cancer stem cells CSC merupakan sel kanker yang memiliki karakteristik sel punca. Kepuncaan CSC berperan dalam menjaga kestabilan jaringan tumor, sifat resisten terhadap terapi dan memicu kejadian relaps. Kepuncaan CSC diduga dapat ditarget secara non-protein specific dengan mengganggu berbagai jalur pensinyalan yang berperan dalam mempertahankan kepuncaan sekaligus menghambat microenvironment. Proses glikosilasi protein berperan dalam kestabilan, transportasi, dan maturasi protein. Glukosamin diduga dapat berpengaruh terhadap interaksi CSC dengan Cancer-associated fibroblast CAF melalui penghambatan glikosilasi. CAF merupakan sel fibroblast di microenvironment yang direkrut oleh sel kanker ke jaringan tumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek glukosamin terhadap penurunan sifat kepuncaan sel punca kanker payudara ALDH dan hubungannya dengan penanda CAF pada stroma.Metode: Sel punca kanker payudara ALDH ditumbuhkan dalam medium yang mengandung glukosamin selama 24 jam. Conditioned medium yang diperoleh dari sel ALDH CSC-CM atau sel ALDH yang diberi perlakuan glukosamin CSC-CM G digunakan untuk menumbuhkan sel stroma payudara selama 48 jam. Nilai ekspresi gen relatif ALDH1, Oct-4, dan IGF-1 pada CSC, dan gen penanda CAF, ?-SMA dan FAP pada sel stroma diperiksa menggunakan Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction qPCR .Hasil: Perlakuan glukosamin konsentrasi 4 mM selama 24 jam menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi ALDH1, gen marker CSC pada sel ALDH dan ekspresi Oct-4, gen karakteristik kepuncaan. Ekspresi gen Oct-4 tetap menurun walaupun glukosamin telah dikeluarkan dari medium kultur. Conditioned-medium CM yang diperoleh dari sel punca kanker payudara ALDH dapat memicu peningkatan ekspresi ?-SMA pada sel stroma. Peningkatan ekspresi gen ?-SMA dan FAP pada sel stroma yang diinduksi oleh CSC-CM dapat ditekan oleh CSC-CM G.Kesimpulan: Penghambatan N-glikosilasi oleh glukosamin menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi gen penanda CSC dan gen karakteristik kepuncaan pada sel punca kanker payudara ALDH Perlakuan glukosamin dapat mempengaruhi pensinyalan parakrin CSC-CAF melalui ekspresi gen penanda CAF.

---

ABSTRACTBackground Cancer stem cells CSC is known as a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell like characteristics. CSC stemness is responsible for tumor maintenance and relapse. A therapeutic agent that is non protein specific yet intensely uptaken by CSC can be a good approach to disrupt the coordinated network in stemness maintenance and simultaneously affect corrupt stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Glucosamine inhibits post translational glycosylation, essential for sustaining protein stability, trafficking, and maturation. Cancer associated fibroblast CAF differentiation and recruitment to tumor microenvironment is induced by CSC derived growth factors. This study investigated the effect of glucosamine on stemness in ALDH breast cancer stem cell and its ability to interact with stromal cells.Methods ALDH breast cancer stem cell were cultured in medium containing glucosamine for 24 h. Breast stromal cells were culture in conditioned medium obtained from ALDH cells CSC CM or glucosamine treated ALDH cells CSC CM G . Relative expression of ALDH1, Oct 4, and IGF 1 gene in CSC, and SMA and FAP gene in stromal cells were analyzed using Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction qPCR .Results Upon treatment with 4 mM glucosamine for 24 h, ALDH breast cancer stem cell showed significant decrease in expression of ALDH1, a marker of breast cancer stem cell. Under similar condition, Oct 4 stemness gene was also found to be downregulated. Downregulation of Oct 4 expression was maintained after removal of glucosamine. Stromal cells showed increased expression of SMA myofibroblast marker upon cultured in CSC CM. This upregulation was cancelled in CSC CM G exposed stromal cells.Conclusion N linked glycosylation inhibition by glucosamine results in downregulation of stem cell marker and stem cell gene expression in ALDH breast cancer stem cell. CSC rsquo s stemness influences paracrine interaction between CSC dan CAF via expression of CAF marker in stromal cells "

"Radiasi merupakan terapi pilihan untuk kanker serviks stadium III B, namun permasalahan timbul karena adanya sifat radioresisten. Sel punca kanker SPK merupakan salah satu faktor yang diduga berkontribusi terhadap hal tersebut. SOX2 dan OCT4 merupakan faktor transkripsi yang mengekspresikan sifat-sifat SPK, yaitu mengontrol sifat pluripoten, self-renewal, berperan pada karsinogenesis, metastasis, resistensi terhadap terapi dan rekurensi tumor. Faktor apoptosis, DNA repair dan telomerase merupakan mekanisme yang berkaitan dengan radioresisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara SOX2 dan OCT4 sebagai penanda SPK terhadap respons terapi radiasi, serta kaitannya dengan faktor apoptosis caspase-3 , DNA repair Chk1 dan telomerase hTERT .Penelitian ini merupakan case control, terhadap 48 kasus karsinoma sel skuamosa serviks stadium III B yang telah menjalani terapi radiasi/kemoradiasi di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo/FKUI. Kasus dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, yaitu hasil terapi komplet 27 kasus dan hasil terapi inkomplet 21 kasus . Kasus dengan respons awal terapi radiasi baik dilakukan pemeriksaan bulan Pap smear dan HPV pada bulan ke-6 atau sampai ke-12 setelah terapi. Ekspresi SOX2, OCT4, caspase-3, Chk1 dan hTERT diperiksa secara imunohistokimia dari blok parafin biopsi awal.Ekspresi kuat SOX2 dan OCT4 dengan H-score masing-masing lebih dari 96,6 dan 61,9 mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan respons awal terapi radiasi maupun respons akhir terapi radiasi SOX2 p = 0,017, p = 0,004 dan OCT4 p < 0,001, p < 0,001 . Ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara ekspresi Chk1 dan hTERT dengan respons awal terapi radiasi Chk1 p = 0,006, hTERT p = 0,029 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara ekspresi caspase-3, Chk1, hTERT dengan ekspresi SOX2 dan OCT4. Uji multivariat menunjukkan bahwa SOX2 dan OCT4 yang paling memengaruhi respons terapi OR = 5,12, p = 0,040 dan OR = 17,03, p < 0,001, secara berurutan . Uji probabilitas menunjukkan kemungkinan respons akhir terapi radiasi inkomplet sebesar 87,91 bila ekspresi kedua penanda SPK kuat.Ekspresi kuat SOX2 dan OCT4 dapat memprediksi hasil terapi radiasi inkomplet pada karsinoma serviks stadium III B.

---

Radiotherapy is the main choice of treatment for stage III B cervical cancer, but radioresistance becomes a difficult matter. Cancer stem cell is one of the factors suspected involving in radioresistant cancers. SOX2 and OCT4 are transcription factors which have pluripotent cell characteristics, and self renewal ability. They also involved in carcinogenesis, metastasis, tumor recurrent, and resistance toward therapy. Apoptotic, DNA repair, and telomerase factors are mechanisms that also contribute to radioresistance. This study aims to know the role of SOX2 and OCT4 as CSC markers, apoptotic factor caspase 3 , DNA repair Chk1 and telomerase hTERT toward radiotherapy.The design of this study was case control with 48 cases of stage III B cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients who had finished receiving radiation chemo radiation therapy at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital FMUI, Jakarta. They were classified in 2 groups based on the final response of treatment, which were complete and incomplete one. Pap smear and DNA HPV were performed in month 6 or until month 12 after therapy for good initial therapy. Immunohistochemistry was done to analyze SOX2, OCT4, caspase 3, Chk1 and hTERT expression from the paraffin block of initial biopsy.Strong expression of SOX2 and OCT4 with each H score was higher than 96.6, and 61.9 had significant association with both initial and final therapy response SOX2 p 0.017, p 0.004 and OCT4 p 0.001, p 0.001, repectively . There was significant association between expression of Chk1 and hTERT, and initial therapy response p 0.006 for Chk1, and p 0.029 for hTERT . No significant differences were found between caspase 3, Chk1, hTERT, and SOX2 and OCT4. Multivariate analysis showed SOX2 and OCT4 were the most influenced antibodies for radiotherapy response OR 5.12, p 0.040, and OR 17.03, p 0.001, respectively . The likelihood of incomplete final therapy response was 87.91 if the expression both of CSC markers were strong.Expression of SOX2, and OCT4 could predict the incomplete radiotherapy of stage III B cervical cancer cases. "

"Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling helps putative cancer stem cells (CSC) to maintain their stemness. Expression of CD44 and RANKL was analyzed in oral squamous cell carcinoma specimen (n = 191). Moreover, RANKL expression was measured in cancer cell lines (BICR3, BICR56) by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Scanned images were digitally analyzed using ImageJ and the immunomembrane plug-in. CD44 and RANKL expression on protein level was correlated with clinical characteristics and impact on survival. RANKL was co-labeled with CD44 in immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double labeling experiments. Although high CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression was significantly associated with clinicopathological factors and worse survival, multivariate analysis did not demonstrate high CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression as independent prognostic factor. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double labeling experiments revealed RANKL expression by CD44+ cancer cells. RANKL specificity was confirmed by western blot analysis. For the first time, this study provides evidence that RANKL expression in OSCC might be associated with disease recurrence and a cell compartment measured by CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression within the mucosal epithelial basal layer cells."