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"here is one issue in Jose Rizal’s life that historians have debated on several occasions but remains unsettled. That issue is whether Rizal, on the eve of his death, re-embraced the Catholic faith and disassociated himself from Masonry. The matter is controversial because parties on both sides are affiliated with an organization that promotes moral values and the pursuit of truth. The pro-retraction camp is represented by the Jesuits, the archbishop of Manila, and a few other members of the Catholic hierarchy. Since they are all ordained priests, they are assumed to be truthful in their pronouncements. Their opponents are the members of Masonry, an organization that promotes brotherhood, integrity, decency, and professionalism.This paper resurrects the retraction controversy in the light of the emergence of another primary source that speaks about what happened to Rizal on the eve of his death. This document was never considered in the history of the retraction controversy because it was made available to researchers only in the past decade. The author of the report is a credible eyewitness because he was physically present in the vicinity of where Rizal was detained. His narrative is lucid and contains details that cast doubt on the credibility and reliability of earlier primary sources on which previous narratives were based. This document needs serious consideration and should be included in the discourse on Rizal’s retraction."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini meneliti tokoh utama dalam ketiga cerpen Geschäft ist Geschäft, Das Abenteuer dan Der Zwerg und Die Puppe karya Heinrich Böll. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh eksistensialisme Kristen dalam tiga cerpen ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan mengacu kepada teori eksistensialisme Kierkegaard khususnya kebenaran subjektif dan objektif, keputusaasaan, dan keimanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam ketiga cerpen ini terdapat unsur eksistensialisme Kristen yang didukung oleh pemusatan cerita pada tokoh utama dan keimanannya terhadap agama Kristen.

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ABSTRACTThe study focuses on the main charackters in Heinrich Böll’s three short stories Geschäft ist Geschäft, Das Abenteuer and Der Zwerg und Die Puppe. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Christian Existentialism in these stories, represented by the main characters. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative supported by the perspective of Kierkegaard’s Existentialism, particularly subjectif and objective truth, despair, and faith. The result of this study shows that in these three short stories the influence of Christian Existenstilism can be found within the individuality of the main charackters and also their faith in Christianity. "

"Tulisan ini menganalisis mengenai akibat hukum pelanggaran kewajiban penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam perjanjian yang melibatkan pihak Indonesia berdasarkan Pasal 31 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (“UU 24/2009”) ditinjau dari hukum perjanjian. Baik UU 24/2009 maupun peraturan turunannya tidak mengatur mengenai akibat hukum dari pelanggaran Pasal 31 ayat (1) UU 24/2009 ini. Oleh karena itu, akibat hukumnya adalah tergantung putusan hakim dalam perkara di pengadilan. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Dalam analisisnya, analisis akibat hukum terhadap perjanjian dilakukan berdasarkan hukum perjanjian yang mencakup sifat hukum perjanjian, bentuk perjanjian, syarat sebab yang halal dari syarat sah perjanjian, konsep batal demi hukum, dan asas itikad baik serta penyalahgunaan keadaan. Hasil penelitiannya yaitu, terdapat perbedaan penafsiran antara pendapat ahli hukum dan putusan pengadilan tahun 2015 sampai tahun 2021. Karena terdapat perbedaan penafsiran tersebut, maka ditemukan tiga jenis putusan terkait perkara ini, yaitu putusan yang menyatakan perjanjian batal demi hukum, putusan yang menyatakan perjanjian berlaku sah dan mengikat, dan putusan yang menyatakan pengadilan tidak berwenang.

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This paper analyzes the legal consequences of violating the obligation to use the Indonesian language in agreements involving Indonesian parties, based on Article 31 paragraph (1) of Law Number 24 of 2009 ("Law 24/2009") in the context of contract law. Both the Language Law and its implementing regulations do not specify the legal consequences of violating Article 31 paragraph (1) of this law. Therefore, the legal consequences depend on the judge's decision in court cases. This research is normative juridical and utilizes a qualitative approach. In the analysis, the legal consequences of the agreement are examined based on contract law, covering the nature of the contract, forms of the contract, valid conditions of the contract, the concept of voidable contracts, the principle of good faith, and the misuse of circumstances. The research findings indicate differences in interpretation between legal experts and court decisions from 2015 to 2021. Due to these differences in interpretation, three types of decisions related to this case are identified: decisions declaring the agreement void, decisions stating the agreement is valid and binding, and decisions asserting that the court lacks jurisdiction."