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"Mangroves are distinctive tropical plant communities that occupy the intertidal zone between sea and land. They are of major ecological importance, have economic value as a source of food and raw materials, and serve as a buffer from flooding and climate change-induced sea level rise. Mangroves are under threat from pollution, clearance and over-exploitation, and increasing concern has driven demand for an improved understanding of mangrove species. This book provides an introduction to mangroves, including their taxonomy, habitat-specific features, reproduction and socio-economic value. Fully updated to reflect the last two decades of research, this new edition of a key text includes newly documented taxa, new understandings of vivipary and the evolution of mangrove species, and a rich set of colour illustrations. It will appeal to researchers and students across a range of disciplines, including botany, ecology and zoology."

"Penelitian mengenai analisis kerapatan dan persebaran vegetasi mangrove menggunakan teknologi penginderaan jauh berlokasi di Pulau Tunda, Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten perlu dilakukan untuk memberikan informasi dan data ilmiah mengenai vegetasi mangrove di Pulau Tunda. Penelitian tersebut bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi spesies vegetasi mangrove, kerapatan vegetasi mangrove, dan zonasi vegetasi mangrove. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada 1--5 April 2016. Metode penelitian yang digunakan antara lain purposive sampling, metode transek garis berpetak, dan pengolahan citra landsat 8 OLI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi mangrove sejati terdiri atas 9 spesies dari 7 famili, sedangkan mangrove asosiasi terdiri atas 9 spesies dari 8 famili. Kerapatan vegetasi mangrove berdasarkan transfomrasi NDVI (0,194) dan EVI (0,085) termasuk ke dalam kelas kerapatan mangrove jarang dan tingkat kesehatan mangrove rendah. Koefisien korelasi antara NDVI (0,147) dan EVI (0,007) dengan luas basal area berkolerasi positif tetapi tergolong rendah. Zonasi mangrove sejati yang paling dominan ialah 1) Rhizophora stylosa, 2) Excoecaria agallocha, dan 3) Sonneratia caseolaris, sedangkan zonasi mangrove asosiasi ialah 1) Pongamia pinnata, 2) Morinda citrifolia, dan 3) Pandanus odoratissima. Mangrove di Pulau Tunda memiliki kelas kerapatan jarang dan persebaran acak.

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Research on analysis of the density and distribution of mangrove vegetation using remote sensing technology in Tunda Island, Serang Regency, Banten Province, was needed to give information and scientific data about mangrove vegetation in Tunda Island. The study aims to know species composition of mangrove vegetation, mangrove vegetation density, and mangrove vegetation zonation. The study was conducted on 1st -- April 5th, 2016. The method was used purposive sampling, partition line transect, and landsat satellite image 8 OLI processing.

The results showed that true mangrove composition consist of 9 species from 7 families, while associate mangrove consist of 9 species from 8 families. Mangrove vegetation density based transformation of NDVI (0,194) and EVI (0,085) was considered as rare class of mangrove density and mangrove healthy as low grade. Correlation coefficient between NDVI (0,147) and EVI (0,007) with basal area was considered as positive correlation but low grade correlation. The most dominant zonation of true mangrove vegetation were 1) Rhizophora stylosa, 2) Excoecaria agallocaha, and 3) Sonneratia caseolaris, while zonation of associate mangrove were 1) Pongamia pinnata, 2) Morinda citrifolia, and 3) Pandanus odoratissima. Mangrove in Tunda Island has rare class of density and random distribution."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai struktur komunitas Gastropoda dan mangrove sudah dilakukan di Kawasan PLTU Karimun, Pulau Karimun Besar, Kepulauan Riau pada Mei 2016. Penelitian bertujuan untuk dapat mengetahui struktur komunitas Gastropoda dan mangrove di area pesisir kawasan PLTU Karimun, Pulau Karimun Besar. Selain itu juga, menganalis hubungan santara kerapatan mangrove dengan kepadatan Gastropoda pada area tersebut. Pengambilan sampel Gastropoda dilakukan di setiap stasiun pengamatan dengan metode purposive random sampling bersamaan dengan pengamatan ekosistem mangrove menggunakan metode garis berpetak. Petak 1 x 1 m ditaruh pada setiap petak 10 x 10 m di stasiun-stasiun pengamatan. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 8 jenis Gastropoda dan 8 jenis mangrove. Keanekaragaman jenis Gastropoda dan mangrove di area penelitian termasuk kategori yang tinggi dengan indeks keanekaragaman 2,04 dan 1,98. Kemerataan jenis mangrove di area penelitian tergolong kategori yang hampir merata dengan indeks 0,95. Kemerataan jenis Gastropoda di area penelitian tergolong kategori merata dengan indeks 0,98. Tingkat kesamaan jenis Mangrove dan Gatropoda tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 1 dan 3. Terdapat hubungan antara kerapatan mangrove dengan kepadatan Gastropoda di Kawasan PLTU Karimun. Hal tersebut didukung dengan adanya korelasi positif yang didapat dengan menggunakan uji Spearmann pada software SPSS 16 (R = 0,829).

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ABSTRAKA study about communnity structure of Gastropods and Mangrove at PLTU Karimun?s area, Pulau Karimun Besar, Kepulauan Riau has been conducted on May 2016. The objectives of the study were aimed to determine the community structure of Gastropods and mangroves at PLTU Karimun?s coastal area. And also, to analyze a correlation between closeness of mangrove species and density of Gastropods. Sample of Gastropods were collected in three stations using purposive random sampling method with mangroves ecosystem obeservation using quadrate transect method. 1 x 1 m quadrate for Gastropods were put on each 10 x 10 m quadrate for mangroves observation. The results showed 8 species Gastropods and 8 species of mangroves. Species diversity for Gastropods (H? = 2,04) and Mangroves (H? = 1,98) in three stations is categorized as high ranged. The evenness of Mangroves (e = 0,95) is classified into almost evenly. The evenness of Gastropods (e = 0,98) is classified as evenly. The highest similarity index for Mangroves and Gastropods was found in station 1 and 3. There is a correlation between closeness of mangroves and density of Gastropods at PLTU Karimun?s area. It was supported with positive correlation obtained by using Spearmann test with SPSS 16 software (R = 0,829)"

"Penelitian di ekosistem mangrove Tanjung Lesung, Banten bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang struktur dan komposisi vegetasi; potensi produksi dan kecepatan dekomposisi serasah, dan produksi C,N, P; serta kemampuan menyimpan dan menyerap karbon mangrove. Struktur dan komposisi vegetasi diukur dengan transek kuadrat dengan total luasan pengamatan 3300 m2. Produksi serasah dihitung menggunakan perangkap serasah ukuran 1x1 m2. Laju dekomposisi serasah diukur selama 84 hari dengan pengamatan setiap 14 hari sekali. Cadangan karbon diestimasi dengan persamaan allometrik. Total spesies vegetasi yang ditemukan di areal penelitian adalah 7 spesies dari 6 famili. Vegetasi tingkat pohon dan belta didominasi oleh Lumnitzera racemosa dengan kerapatan 670 pohon/ha dan 2252 pohon/ha. Produksi serasah sebesar 1,571 ± 0,924 g/m2/hari, tersusun atas daun 1,563 ± 0,916 gr/m2/hari (99,50%) dan ranting sebesar 0,008 ± 0,048 gr/m2/hari (0,50%). Laju dekomposisi serasah sebesar 0,09 ± 0,07 gr/hari dengan persentase serasah daun yang terdekomposisi/hilang sebesar 47,9 ± 15,5%. Potensi unsur hara dari serasah daun sebesar 0,025 ± 0,002 g C/m2/hari; dan 0,001 ± 0,0006 g N/m2/hari; serta 0,0003 ± 0,00026 g P/m2/hari. Rata-rata unsur karbon yang terlepas dari serasah daun selama proses dekomposisi sebesar 5,36 ± 2,24%, sementara untuk nitrogen sebesar 0,009 ± 0,008%, dan total phosfat sebesar 0,0012 ± 0,00038%. Biomassa dan kandungan karbon di atas dan bawah permukaan tanah sebesar 24,29 ton/ha dengan 11,4 ton C/ha, kandungan karbon tanah sebesar 127,88 ton C/ha. Total cadangan karbon mangrove di Tanjung Lesung sebesar 139,296 ton C/ha, sebesar 91,8% cadangan karbon tersimpan dalam tanah. Kemampuan menyerap CO2 atmosfer sebesar 24,522 Ton CO2/ha untuk tingkat pohon dan 4,79 Ton CO2/ha untuk tingkat anakan.

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Research in mangrove ecosystem of Tanjung Lesung, Banten aims to obtain information of vegetation structure and composition; production, decomposition rates, nutrient contribution of mangrove litter; and potential carbon stocks. Structure and composition of vegetation measured by quadrant method, with total observation area is 3300 m2. Litter production was collected using the litter-trap (1 x 1m) during two months. Litter decomposition rates were measured for 84 days with observations every 14 days. Carbon stock are estimated by allometric equation. The diversity of mangrove vegetation consists of 7 species from 6 families. At the tree level and sapling, vegetation is dominated by Lumnitzera racemosa has the density around 670 tree/ha and 2252 tree/ha. Litter production is about 1,571 ± 0,924 g/m2/day, that consist of leaf 1,563 ± 0,916 gr/m2/day (99,50%) and stalk 0,008 ± 0,048 gr/m2/day (0,50%). Litter decomposition rate is about 0,09 ± 0,07 gr/day with the percentage of litter decomposed of 47,9 ± 15,5%. The potential of litter nutrient are 0,025 ± 0,02 g C/m2/day; 0,001 ± 0,0006 g N/m2/day; and 0,0003 ± 0,00026 g P/m2/day. Carbon average that was detached from litter during decomposition is 5,36 ± 2,24%, while for nitrogen is 0,009 ± 0,008%, and total phosphate is 0,0012 ± 0,00038%. Biomass and carbon stock above and below the ground surface are 24,29 ton/ha with 11,4 tons C/ha. Carbon stock of sedimen mangrove is 127,88 ton C/ha. Total carbon stock of mangrove in Tanjung Lesung, Banten is about 139,296 ton C/ha, where 91,8% of them stored in sediment mangrove. The ability to absorb CO2 in atmosphere is 24,522 tons CO2/ha for trees level and 4,79 tons CO2/ha for sapling."

"Penelitian tentang struktur komunitas makrozoobentos dalam ekosistem mangrove telah dilakukan di Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang, Jawa Barat pada Mei 2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan struktur komunitas makrozoobentos seperti komposisi, kepadatan, keanekaragaman, kerataan, kerataan, dominansi, dan frekuensi kehadiran. . Tujuan lain adalah untuk menentukan hubungan antara kepadatan bakau dengan kepadatan dan keanekaragaman makrozoobentos di daerah tersebut. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan purposive sampling dan menggunakan metode transek kuadrat di tiga stasiun, yaitu Desa Muara Baru, Desa Tangkolak Barat, dan Desa Tangkolak Timur. Studi ini menemukan 16 jenis makrozoobentos dan 7 jenis bakau dengan kepadatan yang sangat padat (0,23-0,32 ind / m2). Kepadatan makrozoobentos tertinggi di Desa Tangkolak Barat (8 ind / m2) dan terendah di Desa Muara Baru (2 ind / m2). Keragaman makrozoobentos tergolong tinggi di Desa Tangkolak Barat dengan indeks 1,58 dan Desa Tangkolak Timur dengan indeks 2,05, sedangkan keragaman tergolong rendah di Desa Muara Baru dengan indeks 0,28. Distribusi makrozoobentos diklasifikasikan hampir terdistribusi secara merata di Desa Tangkolak Barat dan Desa Tangkolak Timur dengan indeks kegagangan masing-masing 0,88 dan 0,85, sementara itu didistribusikan secara merata di Desa Muara Baru dengan indeks kegagahan 0,59. Data menunjukkan tidak ada spesies yang mendominasi di Desa Tangkolak Barat dan Desa Tangkolak Timur, kecuali di Desa Muara Baru. Episesarma palawanense adalah macrozoobenthos yang memiliki frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi di Desa Muara Baru dengan frekuensi 27,7%. Parameter lingkungan termasuk suhu, pH, dan salinitas dianggap sebagai kategori normal untuk makrozoobentos dan kehidupan bakau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan bakau berhubungan dengan kepadatan dan keanekaragaman makrozoobentos.

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Research on the structure of macrozoobenthos communities in mangrove ecosystems has been conducted in Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang, West Java in May 2019. This study aims to determine the structure of macrozoobenthos community such as composition, density, diversity, flatness, flatness, dominance, and frequency of attendance. . Another goal is to determine the relationship between mangrove density and the density and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the area. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling and using the quadratic transect method at three stations, namely Muara Baru Village, West Tangkolak Village, and East Tangkolak Village. This study found 16 types of macrozoobenthos and 7 types of mangrove with very dense density (0.23-0.32 ind / m2). The highest density of macrozoobenthos is in West Tangkolak Village (8 ind / m2) and the lowest in Muara Baru Village (2 ind / m2). The diversity of macrozoobenthos is relatively high in the village of West Tangkolak with an index of 1.58 and the village of East Tangkolak with an index of 2.05, while the diversity is relatively low in the village of Muara Baru with an index of 0.28. The distribution of macrozoobenthos is classified almost evenly in the Village of West Tangkolak and the Village of East Tangkolak with a trade index of 0.88 and 0.85 respectively, while it is distributed equally in the Muara Baru Village with a pride index of 0.59. Data shows that there are no species that dominate in the villages of West Tangkolak and East Tangkolak, except in Muara Baru Village. Palawanense Episesarma is macrozoobenthos which has the highest attendance frequency in Muara Baru Village with a frequency of 27.7%. Environmental parameters including temperature, pH, and salinity are considered normal categories for macrozoobenthos and mangrove life. The results showed that mangrove density was related to macrozoobenthos density and diversity."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang potensi karbon dan valuasi ekonomi mangrove di Kecamatan Gerung, Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Tujuan pertama penelitian yaitu untuk menghitung dan menganalisis potensi penyimpanan dan penyerapan karbon mangrove di Kecamatan Gerung serta menentukan tumbuhan potensial yang memiliki kemampuan tertinggi dalam menyimpan dan menyerap karbon. Pengambilan sampel karbon dilakukan pada 14 stasiun pengamatan. Data karbon diestimasi dari potensi biomassa atas tanah, bawah tanah, tumbuhan bawah dan karbon organik tanah. Hasil analisis kandungan karbon diperoleh nilai biomassa sebesar 401,15 ton/ha, stok karbon sebesar 186,05 ton/ha dan serapan karbon sebesar 682,81 ton/ha. Spesies yang memiliki poteni penyimpanan dan penyerapan karbon tertinggi adalah S. alba. Tujuan lain dilakukannya penelitian yaitu untuk menghitung dan menganalisis nilai ekonomi mangrove termasuk nilai ekonomi yang diperoleh dari potensi karbon serta untuk mengetahui nilai ekonomi terbesar yang dihasilkan ekosistem mangrove. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi dan studi literatur. Data dianalisis secara kuantitatif untuk menjelaskan nilai ekonomi mangrove dan dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan kegiatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Nilai ekonomi yang diperoleh dari pemanfaatan langsung mangrove mencapai Rp. 675.140.000/tahun, dari manfaat tidak langsung mencapai Rp. 33.710.361.020/tahun, dari manfaat pilihan sebesar Rp. 78.120.000/tahun, dan dari manfaat eksistensi sebesar Rp. 124.000.000/tahun. Nilai ekonomi total yang diperoleh dari mangrove Kecamatan Gerung pada tahun 2018 yaitu sebesar Rp. 34.587.621.020/tahun (2.461.839  US$/tahun). Nilai ekonomi terbesar yang dihasilkan ekosistem mangrove diperoleh dari manfaat tidak langsung mangrove terutama potensi karbon.

 

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Research regarding carbon potential and economic valuation of mangroves in Gerung District, West Lombok Regency has been conducted. This research was aimed to calculate and analyze carbon storage and absorption of mangroves in Gerung District and to determine potential plants that have the ability to store and absorb carbon. Carbon sampling was carried out on 14 observation stations. Carbon data is estimated from potential biomass on land, underground, understorey and soil organic carbon. The results of the analysis of the carbon content of the mangrove ecosystem in Gerung Subdistrict, obtained a biomass value of 401.15 tons/ha, a carbon stock of 186.05 tons/ha and carbon absorption of 682.81 tons/ha. The species that has the highest carbon storage and absorption potential is S. alba. The purposes of this research were to calculate and analyze economic value from mangrove ecosystem and to find out the largest economic value produced by mangroves. Data collection is done through interviews, observation and literature studies. Data were analyzed quantitatively to explain the economic value of mangroves and analyzed descriptively to describe socio-economic activities of the community. The economic value obtained from direct use of mangroves reaches IDR. 2,565,140,000/year, from indirect benefits with a value IDR. 33,710,361,020/year, option economic value reaching IDR. 78,120,000/year and from the existence benefits were IDR. 124,000,000/year. The total economic of  mangroves in Gerung District in 2018 were IDR. 36,477,621,020/year (2,492,826 US$/year). The biggest economic value produced by mangrove ecosystems is derived from the indirect benefits of mangroves, especially carbon potential.

 

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