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"Latar Belakang. SARS-CoV-2 sebagai penyebab COVID-19 pertama kali terdeteksi pada sampel klaster pasien di Provinsi Hubei, China pada Desember 2019. Pada mulanya klaster pasien tersebut memiliki gejala seperti demam, batuk, sesak nafas, dan gejala lainnya yang tidak spesifik. Alat uji Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) dapat dijadikan alternatif untuk diagnosis klinis COVID-19. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi mengenai alternatif spesimen dan metode deteksi SARS-CoV-2. Metode. Desain penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik studi potong lintang dengan pengumpulan spesimen secara consecutive sampling. Subjek penelitian yaitu pasien yang memiliki kontak dengan kasus infeksi SARS-CoV-2 yang terkonfirmasi dengan atau tanpa gejala klinis COVID-19 di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (Fasyankes) dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI dengan jumlah sampel 221. Analisis data dengan tabulasi silang dan perhitungan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, dan NPV. Hasil. Deteksi antigen menggunakan spesimen nasal memiliki nilai sensitivitas 32,35%, spesifisitas 99,35%, PPV 95,65%, NPV 76,77%, akurasi 78,73%. Tingkat positifitas pada spesimen nasofaring 34,84%, spesimen orofaring 30,32%, dan nasal 30,77%. Kesimpulan. Hasil uji rRT-PCR pada beberapa jenis spesimen menunjukkan bahwa spesimen nasal dan orofaring dapat dijadikan pilihan selain spesimen nasofaring. Penggunaan kit deteksi antigen dapat dilakukan untuk pelacakan kontak COVID-19 atau untuk diagnosis, terutama untuk daerah yang memiliki keterbatasan akses diagnosis menggunakan rRT-PCR.

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Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 as the cause of COVID-19 was first detected in a cluster sample of patients in Hubei Province, China in December 2019. The first patient had symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and other non-specific symptoms. Rapid Antigen Test can be used as an alternative for diagnosis of COVID-19. Aim. This study aims to obtain recommendations alternative specimens and detection methods for SARS-CoV-2. Method. The design of this study is a cross-sectional diagnostic test with consecutive sampling. The research subjects were patients who had contact with confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with or without clinical symptoms of COVID-19 at Health Service Facilities (Fasyankes) and Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI with a total sample of 221. Data analysis using cross tabulation to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV. Results. The positivity rate for nasopharyngeal specimens was 34.84%, oropharyngeal specimens 30.32%, and nasal specimens 30.77%. Antigen detection using nasal specimens has sensitivity 32.35%, specificity 99.35%, PPV 95.65%, NPV 76.77%, accuracy 78.73%. Conclusion. The results of the rRT-PCR test on several types of specimens indicate that nasal and oropharynx specimens can be used as an alternative to nasopharyngeal specimens. The use of antigen detection kits can be carried out for COVID-19 contact tracing or for diagnosis, especially for areas that have limited access to diagnosis using rRT-PCR."

"COVID-19 merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 dan terutama bermanifestasi sebagai penyakit saluran napas. COVID-19 telah menjadi pandemi sejak awal tahun 2020 dan menyebabkan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan dampak sosioekonomi. Salah satu metode deteksi SARS-CoV-2 adalah tes cepat swab antigen. Sensitivitas tes cepat swab antigen dilaporkan bervariasi dengan spesifisitas yang umumnya tinggi. Sensitivitas tes antigen dilaporkan meningkat pada viral load yang tinggi yaitu saat muncul gejala sampai lima hari setelahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kinerja diagnostik tes cepat swab antigen SD Biosensor terhadap RT-PCR sebagai baku emas berdasarkan awitan gejala dengan titik potong lima hari. Subjek penelitian direkrut dari bulan Juli 2020 sampai Juni 2021. Sebanyak 174 subjek mengikuti penelitian, 49 subjek dengan RT-PCR positif dan 125 subjek dengan RT-PCR negatif. Sebaran nilai cycle threshold (Ct) pada awitan gejala dini cenderung rendah dan semakin meningkat seiring waktu. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, dan NDN tes cepat swab antigen SD Biosensor terhadap RT-PCR pada kelompok awitan gejala ≤5 hari adalah 84.6%, 98.59%, 95.65%, dan 94.59% sementara pada kelompok awitan gejala >5 hari adalah 56.52%, 100%, 100%, dan 84.38%. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, tes cepat swab antigen SD Biosensor dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis pasien COVID-19 simptomatik. Tes ini juga dapat digunakan untuk penapisan COVID-19 pada pasien simptomatik sampai hari kelima setelah munculnya gejala.

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COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and mainly manifests as respiratory disease. COVID-19 has become pandemic since early 2020 and caused morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic impact. Rapid antigen test is one of methods to detect SARS-CoV-2. Sensitivity of rapid antigen test varied between studies. Sensitivity of this test increases as viral load increases which occurs at the time symptoms appears until five days later. This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of rapid antigen test SD Biosensor to RT-PCR as gold standard based on symptom onset using five days as cut-off. Subjects recruited from July 2020 until June 2021. A total of 174 subjects included in this study, 49 subjects with positive RT-PCR and 125 subjects with negative RT-PCR. Distribution of cycle threshold (Ct) value was low in early symptom onset and increased over time. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of rapid antigen test SD Biosensor in group with symptom onset ≤5 days were 84.6%, 98.59%, 95.65%, and 94.59% whereas in group with symptom onset >5 days were 56.52%, 100%, 100%, and 84.38%. Based on this research, rapid antigen test SD Biosensor can be used to diagnose COVID-19 in symptomatic patients. This test can also screen COVID-19 in symptomatic patients until five days after the first symptom appears."

"Ruang lingkup dan cara penelitian: Filariasis lirnfatik pada manusia merupakan penyakit infeksi kronis sistem limfatik yang disebabkan parasit nematoda W. bancrofti, B. malayi dan B. tumori yang hidup dalam peredaran darah dan limfe. Diagnosis filariasis masih bergantung pada pemeriksaan mikroskopik sediaan darah yang diainbil inalam Bari. Tcknik ini spesifik dan rnerupakan gold standard untuk pemeriksaan filariasis, tetapi kurang sensitif. Pada filariasis bankrofti, kendala tersebut telah dapat diatasi dengan teknik deteksi antigen, namun pada filariasis malayi yang menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas filariasis di Indonesia belum berhasil. Upaya memperbaiki diagnosis filariasis malayi difokuskan pada deteksi isotipe IgG4-antifilaria menggunakan antigen rekombinan. Dalam penelitian ini diukur respons IgG4 serum filariasis malayi terhadap antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2 dan antigen kasar BrnA; perubahan repons IgG4-antifilaria setelah pengobatan; Berta sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tes F.1,ISA antigen tersebut. Sebagai pembanding digunakan gold standard diagnosis filariasis yakni, deteksi mikroftlaria secara mikroskopik.Hasil dan keslmpulan : Hasil memperlihatkan pada B. malayi, antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2 dan antigen BmA masing masing mampu mendeteksi 98.0% dan 94% kelompok mikrofilaremik. Tempi pads kelompok normal endemik ads perbeaaan yang nyata (p<0.01) dari respons IgG4 terhadap antigen BmA dibandingkan terhadap antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2. Sebanyak 85% memberikan respons positif terhadap antigen BmA dan hanya 45% positif terhadap antigen Bm-SPN-2. Didapat pcrbcdaan yang amat nyata (p <0.001) dad respons IgG4 terhadap kodua antigen pada serum mikrofilaremik filariasis bankrofti. 91% memberi respons positif terhadap antigen BmA dan hanya 9% positif terhadap antigen BmSPN 2. Pengobatan DEC pada penderita mikrofilaremik memperlihatkan penurunan respons IgG4 terhadap antigen rekombinan Bm-SPN-2 dan BmA messing-messing 55% dan 46%. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tes-ELISA Bm-SPN-2 juga lebih balk daripada tes-FIJSA BmA. Kesimpulan : antigen rekombinan RmSPN-2 lebih balk daripada antigen DmA. Tea ELISA BmSPN 2 memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang lebih baik daripada tes ELISA BmA dlam mendeteksi infeksi aktiffilariasis malayi."

"Aspergilosis paru merupakan infeksi oportunistik yang disebabkan oleh jamur Aspergillus spp. Insidensi aspergilosis paru cenderung semakin meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan penggunaan obat-obatan imunosupresan seperti kortikosteroid dan terapi sitotoksik. Sulitnya penegakan diagnosis aspergilosis paru menjadi tantangan disebabkan tanda dan gejala klinis yang tidak spesifik serta biopsi jaringan sebagai baku emas yang bersifat invasif. Pemeriksaan kultur sputum dan deteksi antibodi merupakan pemeriksaan yang rutin dilakukan pada pasien suspek aspergilosis paru yang dikirim ke Laboratorium Mikologi Departemen Parasitologi FKUI, namun belum tersedia data mengenai nilai diagnostik deteksi antibodi dalam mendiagnosis aspergilosis paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan pemeriksaan deteksi antibodi dengan crude antigen Aspergillus dengan metode imunodifusi dengan kultur sputum sebagai tes rujukan. Penelitian berdesain potong lintang dengan sampel berjumlah 689 rekam medis dari pasien suspek aspergilosis paru yang melakukan pemeriksaan kultur sputum dan deteksi antibodi di Laboratorium Mikologi Departemen Parasitologi FKUI tahun 2008-2015. Dari analisis deskriptif didapatkan prevalensi aspergilosis paru berdasarkan hasil positif kultur sebesar 0,4. Dari uji diagnostik deteksi antibodi dengan tabel 2x2, nilai sensitivitas 33,33 dan spesifisitas 95,62 serta terdapatnya perbedaan yang bermakna.

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Pulmonary aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus spp mold. The incidence of this infection has dramatically increased which is related to the increasing utilization of immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy. Diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis has been challenging since not only the signs and symptoms of the disease are nonspecific, but also tissue biopsy as gold standard is considered invasive. Sputum culture and antibody detection has been routine examinations done to the patient with suspected pulmonary aspergillosis sent to the Mycology Laboratory of Department of Parasitology FMUI, but the diagnostic value of antibody detection is not available.

The aim of this study is to compare antibody detection with immunodiffusion method using crude antigen of Aspergillus with sputum culture as reference test. This cross sectional study used 689 samples obtained from medical records of patients with suspected pulmonary aspergillosis who undergo both sputum culture examination and antibody detection in Mycology Laboratory of Department of Parasitology FMUI in 2008 2015. Descriptive analysis showed the prevalence of pulmonary aspergillosis based on positive culture result is 0,4. The sensitivity and specificity of antibody detection are 33,33 and 95,62 respectively, resulted from diagnostic test using 2x2 table. Statistical analysis using McNemar rsquo. test shows significant difference between mentioned examinations and low level of agreement Kappa 0,026."

"COVID-19 merupakan suatu rangkaian penyakit pernapasan akut yang ditularkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Virus ini menyerang saluran pernapasan, sistem kardiovaskular dan juga sistem kekebalan tubuh. Virus ini pertama kali diidentifikasi pada Desember 2019 di Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, Cina. Sejak saat itu, penyakit ini telah menyebar dan menyebabkan wabah epidemi di seluruh dunia. Dalam skripsi ini, dianalisa model penyebaran penyakit COVID-19 menggunakan model SI sederhana dengan laju infeksi non-linier. Pendekatan model menggunakan sistem persamaan diferensial dimana populasi manusia dikategorikan ke dalam dua kompartemen berdasarkan status kesehatannya yaitu populasi individu rentan dan populasi individu terinfeksi. Kajian analitik dan numerik terhadap model dilakukan untuk menentukan eksistensi serta kriteria kestabilan titik keseimbangan dan basic reproduction number. Dari hasil kajian dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk mengurangi penyebaran COVID-19, tidak cukup dengan hanya memperhatikan laju transmisi virus dan laju kesembuhan, namun juga harus memperhatikan koefisien non-linier terkait perilaku masyarakat yang dapat memicu adanya penyakit dalam suatu populasi.

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COVID-19 is a series of infectious acute respiratory diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. This virus attacks the respiratory system, cardiovascular system and also immune system. This virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Since then, this disease has spread and caused an epidemic throughout the world. In this study, a mathematical model of the spread of COVID-19 disease is analyzed using a simple SI model with a non-linear infection rate. The model is approached using a system of differential equations in which the human population is categorized into two compartments based on their health status, namely susceptible population and infected population. Analytical and numerical studies of the model were conducted to determine the existence and the stability criteria of equilibrium points and basic reproduction number. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that to reduce the spread of COVID-19, it is not enough to only pay attention to the rate of virus transmission and recovery rate, but also to pay attention to non-linear coefficient associated with people’s behavior that can trigger the spread of the disease in a population."

"Latar Belakang. Saat ini sedang terjadi pandemi COVID-19 di seluruh dunia, pandemi ini dimulai dari Wuhan, Cina. Virus SARS-CoV-2 penyebab COVID-19 sangat menular dan penyebarannya sangat cepat, sehingga memerlukan penanganan khusus seperti isolasi atau karantina. Gejala penyakit COVID-19 menyerupai gejala infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang disebabkan oleh patogen lain seperti SARS, influenza, rhinovirus, dll. Diagnosis penyakit COVID-19 perlu ditentukan untuk membedakan dari ISPA yang diakibatkan oleh patogen lain. Beberapa uji diagnostik telah di kembangkan untuk deteksi cepat penyebab COVID-19.Tujuan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan alat diagnostik kit antigen ”Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®” dengan rRT-PCR yang menjadi refensi test, untuk mendapatkan alat diagnostik yang murah, cepat dan akurat serta memiliki kemampuan yang setara dengan rRT-PCR.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji banding dengan desain penelitian potong lintang dan metode pengumpulan spesimen secara consecutive sampling pada pasien contact tracing COVID-19. Penelitian dilakukan di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (FASYANKES) Puskesmas Kecamatan Tanah Abang, Sawah Besar, Senen dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI pada bulan Oktober 2020-Desember 2020. Sampel penelitian merupakan swab Nasofaring dan oropharing dari pasien contact tracing COVID-19 yang dilakukan pemeriksaan rRT-PCR menggunakan reagen LiliF COVID-19 Real Time PCR kit dan pemeriksaan antigen menggunakan “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®”. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan tabel 2x2.Hasil. Dari 233 sampel sebanyak 80 (34,33%) sampel positif rRT-PCR dan 53 (22,74%) sampel yang positif pada kit antigen. Kit antigen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini mempunyai sensitivitas 66,25% (55,89-76,61), spesifisitas 100% (100-100), Nilai Duga Positif (NDP) 100% (100-100), Nilai Duga Negatif (NDN) 85% (79,78-90,22) dan akurasi 88,41%. Pada hasil rRT-PCR dengan CT < 20, kit test antigen mempunyai sensitivitas 97,14% (91,62-102,66), spesifisitas 100% (100-100) dan pada CT ≥ 21-≥ 30 sensitivitas kit antigen terus menurun.Kesimpulan. Pemeriksaan COVID-19 menggunakan kit test antigen “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®” mempunyai sensitivitas rendah yang tidak sesuai dengan rekomendasi WHO. Kit antigen ini mempunya sensitivitas yang tinggi pada sampel dengan hasil rRT-PCR pada CT rendah (CT <20).

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Introduction. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is happening over the world, this pandemic started in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is highly contagious, spreads very quickly and requiring special handling such as isolation or quarantine. The symptoms of COVID-19 resemble an acute respiratory infection caused by other pathogens such as SARS, influenza, rhinovirus, etc. The diagnosis of COVID-19 disease needs to be determined to distinguish it from acute respiratory infection caused by other pathogens. Several diagnostic tests have been developed for rapid detection of the cause of COVID-19.

Aim. The research aims to compare the antigen kit "Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®" with rRT-PCR as a reference test to obtain an affordable, fast and accurate diagnostic tool and have equivalent capabilities as rRT-PCR.

Method. The research is a comparative testing with a cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling method for collecting specimens in COVID-19 contact tracing patients. The research was conducted at the Health Service Facility (FASYANKES) Puskesmas Kecamatan Tanah Abang, Sawah Besar, Senen and Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI in October 2020-December 2020. The research samples were nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs from COVID-19 contact tracing patients who were carried out rRT-PCR test using LiliF COVID-19 Real Time PCR kit and antigen test using “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®”. The research analysis used a 2x2 table.

Results. Of the 233 samples, 80 (34.33%) were positive for rRT-PCR and only 53 (22.74%) were positive for the antigen kit. The antigen kit used in this research had a sensitivity of 66.25% (55.89-76.61), specificity 100% (100-100), Positive Prediction Value (NDP) 100% (100-100), Negative Suggestion Value ( NDN) 85% (79.78-90.22) and accuracy 88.41%. On the results of rRT-PCR with CT < 20, the antigen test kit had a sensitivity of 97.14% (91.62-102.66), specificity 100% (100-100) and at CT 21-30 the sensitivity of the antigen kit continued to decrease.

Summary. The COVID-19 examination using the “Genbody COVID-19 Test Ag®” antigen test kit has a low sensitivity which is not in accordance with WHO recommendations. This antigen kit has high sensitivity in rRT-PCR results at CT (CT < 20)."

"Latar Belakang : Bernapas melalui mulut merupakan upaya adaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan udara. Kebiasaan ini dapat mengubah kondisi biologis di dalam lingkungan rongga mulut serta perkembangan anak-anak. Kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi kebersihan rongga mulut yang dapat menimbulkan bau mulut. Pengukuran kondisi bau mulut dapat diukur menggunakan metode organoleptik dengan indra. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri transien rongga mulut yang dapat ditemukan terutama pada saluran akar yang mengalami kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Penelitian mengenai keberadaan Enterococus faecalis pada anak-anak belum diketahui. Tujuan : Menganalisis keberadaaan Enteroccocus faecalis pada sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak-anak berdasarkan kelompok skor organoleptik dan OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified). Metode : Sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak usia 8-11 tahun diuji menggunakan metode ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan nilai organoleptik dan OHIS. Pengelolaan data dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai antar kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dengan tidak melalui mulut (bernafas melalui hidung). Hasil : Sebagian besar tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dan hidung berdasarkan pembagian nilai organoleptik dan OHI-S. Pada salah satu uji ditemukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok bernapas melalui hidung berdasarkan nilai organoleptik. Terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis lebih tinggi pada plak gigi daripada saliva. Kesimpulan : Keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis ditemukan lebih tinggi pada plak gigi dan terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enteroccocus faecalis meningkat berkaitan dengan kondisi OHI-S.

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Background: Mouth breathing is a type of habitual adaptation of breathing to fulfill the needs of oxygen. This habit could alter the biological oral condition and development of children. The altered condition of the oral environment could affect oral hygiene and cause oral malodor. Organoleptic is using human sense as a measurement to assess severity of oral malodor. Enterococcus faecalis is the transient bacteria of the oral cavity particularly found in the root canal of the failed endodontic treatment teeth. Based on previous studies, Enterococcus faecalis existence in children is unknown.

Purpose: To analyze the existence of Enterococcus faecalis antigen in salivary and tooth plaque samples of children based on organoleptic and OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) score.

Methods: Salivary and tooth plaque sample of children age 8-11 were tested with ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique and divided into several groups. The grouping was done based on the organoleptic and OHI-S score of subjects. Data analyzed by comparing scores between children who have a tendency toward mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on their organoleptic and OHI-S score.

Result: Mostly, there is no significant difference between groups who tend mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on organoleptic and OHI-S score. However, in one of the tests, there is significant difference within groups who breathe with nose based on organoleptic score. The antigen amount of Enterococcus faecalis was found higher in tooth plaque rather than in saliva.

Conclusion: The amount of Enterococcus faecalis antigen is higher in tooth plaque and there is a tendency that the amount of Enterococcus faecalis is influenced by the OHI-S score."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Uji saring darah donor dapat menurunkan risiko tertularnya infeksi HCV. Di Indonesia telah dilakukan uji saring terhadap antibodi HCVdan RNA HCV. Uji saring terhadap Antigen-Antibodi belum dilakukan diIndonesia. Antigen HCV biasanya ditemukan pada 0 sampai 20 hari setelah RNA HCV pertama muncul. Anti-HCV dapat terdeteksi antara 10-40 harisetelah antigen HCV terdeteksi. Atas dasar pemikiran bahwa antigen HCVmuncul didalam darah lebih dahulu daripada anti-HCV, maka penelitian yangdilakukan ingin melihat apakah penggunaan reagensia serologi antigen-antibodi HCV dapat meningkatkan keamanan darah dan apakah sensitivitas serta spesifisitasnya sudah memenuhi standard yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan bila dibandingkan terhadap metoda NAT, yaitu sensitivitas 99,8% dan spesifisitas 95%.Metodologi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan pada 135 sampel darah donor yang terdiri dari 35 sampel positif dengan NAT HCV dan 100 sampel Positif dengan NAT HCV juga non reaktif terhadap HIV, HBsAg dan Sifilis dengan uji saring anti-HCV dengan metode CMIA, Ab-Ag HCV dengan metode ELISA dan bila ada perbedaan hasil pada pemeriksaan NAT HCV,CMIA HCV dan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan imunoblot HCV.Hasil. Dari 135 sampel, pada pemeriksaan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV terhadap 35 sampel positif RNA HCV menunjukkan hasil positif pada 35 sampel tersebut,tetapi pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 3 sampel reaktif dan 97 nonreaktif. Sedangkan pada 35 sampel positif RNA HCV dengan pemeriksaanCMIA anti-HCV menunjukkan hasil reaktif pada 35 sampel dan pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 11 sampel reaktif dan 89 sampel non reaktif.Sensitivitas dari perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan metoda NAT HCV dengan CMIA Ab-HCV adalah 100%, spesifisitasnya adalah 89%. Sensitivitas dari perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan metoda NAT HCV dengan ELISA Ag-AbHCV adalah 100%, spesifisitasnya adalah 97%.Simpulan. Pemeriksaan Antigen-Antibodi HCV ELISA memenuhi kriteriastandar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor. Pemeriksaan AntibodiHCV CMIA tidak memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saringdarah donor.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCVRNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia .HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears .Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen wasdetected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether thesensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCVscreening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and theexamination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showedreactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of theresults of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%,specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodiesCMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood.;Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCVRNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia .HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears .Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen wasdetected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether thesensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCVscreening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and theexamination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showedreactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of theresults of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%,specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodiesCMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood., Background. Screening of donor blood may reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection . In Indonesia has be screened for HCV antibodies and HCVRNA . Screened against the antigen - antibody has not been done in Indonesia .HCV antigens commonly found in 0 to 20 days after HCV RNA first appears .Anti - HCV can be detected between 10-40 days after HCV antigen wasdetected . On the basis of the notion that HCV antigens appear in the blood earlier than the anti - HCV , the research done to see if the use of antigen - antibody reagents HCV serology can improve blood safety and whether thesensitivity and specificity already meet the standards issued by the Ministry of Health when compared to NAT method , the sensitivity 99.8 % and specificity of 95 % . Methodology. In this study conducted checks on 135 blood samples from 35 donors comprising the NAT HCV positive samples and 100 samples positive by HCV NAT is also non- reactive to HIV , HBsAg and syphilis with anti - HCVscreening of the CMIA method, HCV Ab-Ag ELISA method and theexamination confirmed using immunoblot HCV HCV . Results. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against HCV 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results in 35 samples, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 3 samples reactive and non- reactive 97. While the35 HCV RNA positive samples with anti-HCV CMIA examination showedreactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples contained 11 samples 89 samples reactive and non reactive. Sensitivity of theresults of the comparison method with CMIA HCV NAT-HCV Ab was 100%,specificity was 89%. Sensitivity of the results of the comparison method of NAT HCV Ag-Ab ELISA with HCV was 100%, specificity was 97%. Conclusion. Examination of HCV Antigen-Antibody ELISA meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood. Examination of HCV antibodiesCMIA does not meet the standard criteria for use as a screening of donor blood.]"

"Latar belakang: COVID-19 yang disebabkan oleh infeksi SARS-CoV-2 telah menginfeksi ribuan orang di Indonesia dan memberikan manifestasi klinis yang luas mulai dari gejala ringan hingga berat yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dasar, laboratoris, terapi, komplikasi, dan luaran pada pasien kritis dalam pemantauan (PDP) ataupun terkonfirmasi COVID-19. Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang yang dilakukan di ICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dan RS Universitas Indonesia (RSUI) selama Maret 2020 hingga September 2020. Sebanyak 259 subjek yang sesuai kriteria inklusi diambil dari data rekam medis. Dilakukan pengambilan data berupa data demografik, karakteristik dasar, parameter respirasi, data laboratoris, terapi, komplikasi, dan luaran pasien. Data yang terkumpul dijabarkan dalam bentuk tabel frekuensi dan persentase, serta histogram. Data yang terdistribusi normal disajikan dalam rerata dan data yang terdistribusi tidak normal disajikan dalam median. Hasil: Karakteristik dasar pasien adalah jenis kelamin laki-laki, usia 52 tahun, penyakit penyerta paling banyak hipertensi dan diabetes mellitus. Gejala yang paling sering dikeluhkan oleh pasien adalah sesak napas, batuk, dan demam. Suhu tertinggi selama perawatan adalah 37.20C. Awitan muncul gejala hingga pasien masuk rumah sakit adalah tiga hari, dan awitan muncul gejala hingga pasien masuk rawat ICU adalah enam hari. Metode diagnosis yang paling sering adalah adanya infiltrat bilateral pada pemeriksaan foto polos toraks, dan pemeriksaan PCR swab. Support pernapasan pada saat pasien masuk ICU paling banyak menggunakan ventilator invasif dan masker oksigen. PEEP tertinggi pasien pada 8 cmH2O, PEEP terendah 5 cmH2O. Rasio PF tertinggi adalah 299,75, dan terendah 136,1. PCO2 tertinggi pasien 47,9 mmHg, dan terendah 27,45 mmHg. Tekanan darah sistolik pasien tertinggi 151,88 mmHg, dosis norepinefrin tertinggi 1 mcg/kgBB/menit, dan dosis dobutamin tertinggi 10 mcg/kgBB/menit. Parameter laboratoris menunjukkan nilai leukosit 11.150 103/μL, neutrofil 84%, Limfosit 8,4%, monosit 5,84%, NLCR 10,11, Hb 11,61 g/dL, trombosit 284000 103/μL, D-dimer tertinggi 6730 μg/L, D-dimer terendah 1590 μg/L, ferritin tertinggi 1815,59 ng/mL, ferritin terendah 859,03 ng/mL, albumin 3,01 g/dL, ureum 45 mg/dL, kreatinin 0,94 mg/dL, SGOT 41 U/L, SGPT 34 U/L, bilirubin total 0,7 mg/dL, kadar laktat tertinggi 5,1 mmol/L, laktat terendah 1,7 mmol/L, natrium tertinggi 143 mEq/L, natrium terendah 132 mEq/L, kalium tertinggi 4,9 mEq/L, kalium terendah 3,4 mEq/L, klorida tertinggi 108 mEq/L, klorida terendah mEq/L, troponin I 49,35 pg/mL, CRP tertinggi 178,7 mg/L, CRP terendah 41,2 mg/L, PCT 1,53 ng/mL. Bakteri yang paling banyak ditemukan pada biakan sputum adalah Acinetobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan infeksi jamur.Terapi diberikan pada pasien mencakup pemberian antibiotik, antiviral, steroid, vitamin C, dan terapi pengganti ginjal (hemodialisa dan CRRT). Komplikasi yang paling sering terjadi adalah ARDS, Syok sepsis, dan AKI. Luaran pasien yang pindah dari ICU dalam keadaan hidup sebesar 146 pasien (56,4%), dan meninggal sebesar 41,7% pasien. Simpulan: Karakteristik dasar pasien kritis terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 adalah lakilaki, usia lebih tua dengan komorbid, parameter laboratorium yang menonjol adalah limfopenia, peningkatan D-dimer, ferritin, CRP, dan PCT. Komplikasi yang paling banyak terjadi adalah ARDS dan syok sepsis. Mortalitas pada pasien kritis terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sebesar 41,7%.

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Background: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has a very broad clinical spectrum ranges from mild to critically ill cases. We aimed to describe the clinical course, laboratory findings, therapy, complication, and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Method: In this multi-centered, retrospective, observational study we enrolled 259 critically ill adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to the ICU of RSCM and RSUI between March 2020, and September 2020. Demographic data, sympthom, comorbidities, diagnostic method, respiratory parameters, laboratory values, treatments, complications, and clinical outcomes were all collected. The data is described in the form of a frequency and percentage table, as well as a histogram. We express descriptive data as mean (SD) or median (minmax) for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables.

Results: Characterictic of the patients were male, age 52 years, most common comotbidities were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Symptoms most often complained are shortness of breath, cough, and fever. The highest temperature during treatment was 37,20C. The onset of symptoms until the patients was admitted to ICU was 6 days. The most common diagnostic method were the presence of bilateral infiltrates on plain chest radiographs and PCR swabs. Respiratory support when patients admitted to ICU mostly using invasive ventilators and oxygen masks. The patient’s hightest PEEP was 8 cmH2O, the lowest was 5 cmH2O. The highest PF ratio was 299,75 and the lowest was 136,1. The highest PCO2 was 47,9 mmHg, and the lowest was 27,45 mmHg. The patient’s highest systolic blood pressure was 151.88 mmHg. The highest dose of norepinephrine was 1 mcg/kg/minute, and the higest dose of dobutamine was 10 mcg/kg/minute. Laboratory parameters showed the value of leucocytes 11.150 103/μL, neutrophils 84%, lymphocytes 8,4%, monocytes 5,84%, NLCR 10,11, Hb 11,61 g/dL, platelets 284000 103/μL, highest D-dimer 6730 μg/L, lowest D-dimer 1590 μg/L, highest ferritin 1815,59 ng/mL, lowest ferritin 859,03 ng/mL, albumin 3,01 g/dL, urea 45 mg/dL, creatinine 0,94 mg/dL, AST 41 U/L, ALT 34 U/L, total bilirubin 0,7 mg/dL, highest lactate level 5,1 mmol/L, lowest laktate level 1,7 mmol/L, highest sodium 143 mEq/L, lowest sodium 132 mEq/L, highest potassium 4,9 mEq/L, lowest potassium 3,4 mEq/L, highest chloride 108 mEq/L, lowest chloride mEq/L, troponin I 49,35 pg/mL, highest CRP 178,7 mg/L, lowest CRP 41,2 mg/L, PCT 1,53 ng/mL. The most common bacteria found in sputum are Acinetobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungal infection. Therapy given to patients are antibiotics, antivirals, steroids, vitamin C, and renal replacement therapy. The most common complications are ARDS, septic shock and AKI. ICU.

Conclusion. The baseline characteristics of the critically infected SARS-CoV-2 patients were male, older age with comorbid hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Laboratory parameters showed lymphopenia, elevated D-dimer, ferritin, lactate, CRP, and PCT. The most common complications are ARDS and septic shock. Mortality in critically patients with SARS-CoV-2 was 41,7%."