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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan moneter dan makroprudensial melalui risk taking bank di Indonesia. Pentingnya analisis jalur pengambilan risiko (risk-taking channel) dalam mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter karena termasuk jalur terbaru dan berbeda dengan jalur bank lending yang telah lama dikemukakan sebelumnya dalam teori kebijakan moneter. Risk-taking channel ini mempengaruhi penawaran kredit oleh perbankan melalui keputusan bank untuk menyalurkan kredit berdasarkan perubahan perilaku bank dalam menghadapi risiko bank. Penelitian ini juga menyadari dampak dari kebijakan moneter dan makroprudensial dan peran akan karakteristik dari bank, serta kondisi makroekonomi seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi dan tingkat inflasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah fixed effect melalui data panel pada periode tahun 2012-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 jenis proksi untuk mengukur risiko bank. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dampak dari kebijakan moneter dan kebijakan makroprudensial secara signifikan memengaruhi risiko bank. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa risk taking channel eksis di perbankan Indonesia.

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This study aims to analyze monetary and macroprudential policies through risk taking banks in Indonesia. The importance of risk-taking channel analysis in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is that it is a newer route and is different from the bank lending channel that has been previously proposed in monetary policy theory. This risk-taking channel affects the supply of credit by banks through the bank's decision to channel credit based on changes in bank behavior in dealing with bank risk. The study also recognizes the impact of monetary and macroprudential policies and the role of the characteristics of banks, as well as macroeconomic conditions such as economic growth and inflation rates. The analytical method used is fixed effects through panel data in the period 2012-2019. This study uses 3 types of proxies to measure bank risk. The results of this study found that the impact of monetary policy and macroprudential policy significantly affects bank risk. So it can be concluded that the risk-taking channel exists in Indonesian banking."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh implementasi kebijakan makroprudensial terhadap perilaku pengambilan risiko oleh bank umum dalam bentuk proporsi kepemilikan aset tertimbang menurut risiko terhadap total aset, dengan waktu pengamatan dari Q1:2006-Q4:2013. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan analisis data panel 71 bank dengan pendekatan fixed effect. Studi ini menemukan bahwa kebijakan makroprudensial tidak signifikan mengurangi perilaku pengambilan risiko oleh bank umum. Begitu pula ketika sampel dibedakan menjadi bank pemerintah dan bank non pemerintah

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This study aims to analyze the impact of macroprudential policy on risk taking behaviour of commercial bank in Indonesia in form of proportion of risk-weighted asset on bank?s total asset during Q1:2006-Q4:2013 period. Using panel data analysis of 71 banks and fixed effect model approach, the study finds that macroprudential policy is not significant in affecting bank risk taking even when the sample is distinguished into state bank and non state bank"

"[ABSTRAKKebijakan makroprudensial merupakan kebijakan yang dijalankan oleh Bank Indonesia untuk menanggulangi risiko sistemik pada sistem keuangan melalui instumennya antara lain Loan/Financing to value. Instrumen makroprudensial dimaksud sangat penting, khususnya untuk mencegah perilaku spekulasi pada sektor properti yang dapat menimbulkan krisis perekonomian. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengamanatkan koordinasi dan kerjasama antara otoritas makroprudensial (Bank Indonesia) dan otoritas mikroprudensial (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk pendalaman pengawasan makroprudensial, khususnya instrumen pengaturan Loan/Financing to Value di sektor properti dan kaitannya dengan pengawasan mikroprudensial perbankan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan serta dampaknya pada bank yang menyalurkan properti. Data dihimpun berdasarkan studi literatur dan peraturan terkait serta wawancara mendalam. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif deskriptif interpretatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengaturan dan pengawasan makropudensial yang merupakan kewenangan Bank Indonesia memiliki hubungan dan keterkaitan yang erat dengan pengaturan dan pengawasan mikroprudensial sesuai dengan amanat Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan serta karena memiliki area pengawasan yang sama yaitu perbankan. Selain itu, pengaturan susunan, kedudukan, kewenangan, tanggung jawab dan independensi Bank Indonesia, termasuk kewenangan pengaturan dan pengawasan makroprudensial haruslah dipandang bahwa pengaturan tersebut diatur sendiri dalam Undang-Undang Bank Indonesia. Ketentuan pembatasan pemberian kredit properti melalui instrumen ketentuan Loan/Financing to Value efektif untuk meredam meningkatnya penyaluran kredit/pembiayaan properti oleh bank, meskipun terdapat hal-hal yang perlu diwaspadai. Penelitian ini memberikan saran agar Forum Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan mampu memperkuat dan menjembatani Forum Koordinasi antara Bank Indonesia dan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dan mengamandemen Undang-Undang Bank Indonesia untuk memasukan pengaturan dan pengawasan makroporudensial pada Undang-Undang Bank Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTMacroprudential policy is a policy that is implemented by Bank Indonesia to address systemic risk in the financial system through it instruments, for example Loan/Financing to Value instrument. Macroprudential, Loan/Financing to Value, is very important, especially to prevent speculation in the property sector?s behavior that can lead to economic crisis. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan have mandating coordination and cooperation between macroprudential authority (Bank Indonesia) and microprudential Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The result of this research is to deepening macroprudential supervision, in particularly regulation of Loan / Financing to Value in the property sector which is relating to banking microprudential supervision by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and its impact to banks that are distributing housing/property loan/financing. The data were collected by means of by deep interview as well as by studying the literature and related regulations. The research is a descriptive qualitative interpretative. The result of this research concludes that the macropudential regulation and supervision, under the authority of Bank Indonesia, has a relationship and aligned with the regulation and supervision in accordance with the mandate of microprudential (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) as well as having the same area, namely banking supervision. In addition, the setting of the structure, status, authority, responsibility and independency of Bank Indonesia, including macroprudential regulation and supervision authority must be seen that are arranged in the Bank Indonesia law. The restriction of property lending facility through the regulation of instruments Loan / Financing to Value is effective to reduce the rise banking property loan/financing, although there are some issues that need to be aware. The research provides suggestions that Financial Stability Forum is able to strengthening and bridging effective coordination forum between Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. In addition, to amend the Bank Indonesia law to include the macroprudential regulation and supervision.;Macroprudential policy is a policy that is implemented by Bank Indonesia to address systemic risk in the financial system through it instruments, for example Loan/Financing to Value instrument. Macroprudential, Loan/Financing to Value, is very important, especially to prevent speculation in the property sector?s behavior that can lead to economic crisis. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan have mandating coordination and cooperation between macroprudential authority (Bank Indonesia) and microprudential Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The result of this research is to deepening macroprudential supervision, in particularly regulation of Loan / Financing to Value in the property sector which is relating to banking microprudential supervision by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and its impact to banks that are distributing housing/property loan/financing. The data were collected by means of by deep interview as well as by studying the literature and related regulations. The research is a descriptive qualitative interpretative. The result of this research concludes that the macropudential regulation and supervision, under the authority of Bank Indonesia, has a relationship and aligned with the regulation and supervision in accordance with the mandate of microprudential (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) as well as having the same area, namely banking supervision. In addition, the setting of the structure, status, authority, responsibility and independency of Bank Indonesia, including macroprudential regulation and supervision authority must be seen that are arranged in the Bank Indonesia law. The restriction of property lending facility through the regulation of instruments Loan / Financing to Value is effective to reduce the rise banking property loan/financing, although there are some issues that need to be aware. The research provides suggestions that Financial Stability Forum is able to strengthening and bridging effective coordination forum between Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. In addition, to amend the Bank Indonesia law to include the macroprudential regulation and supervision.;Macroprudential policy is a policy that is implemented by Bank Indonesia to address systemic risk in the financial system through it instruments, for example Loan/Financing to Value instrument. Macroprudential, Loan/Financing to Value, is very important, especially to prevent speculation in the property sector?s behavior that can lead to economic crisis. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan have mandating coordination and cooperation between macroprudential authority (Bank Indonesia) and microprudential Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The result of this research is to deepening macroprudential supervision, in particularly regulation of Loan / Financing to Value in the property sector which is relating to banking microprudential supervision by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and its impact to banks that are distributing housing/property loan/financing. The data were collected by means of by deep interview as well as by studying the literature and related regulations. The research is a descriptive qualitative interpretative. The result of this research concludes that the macropudential regulation and supervision, under the authority of Bank Indonesia, has a relationship and aligned with the regulation and supervision in accordance with the mandate of microprudential (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) as well as having the same area, namely banking supervision. In addition, the setting of the structure, status, authority, responsibility and independency of Bank Indonesia, including macroprudential regulation and supervision authority must be seen that are arranged in the Bank Indonesia law. The restriction of property lending facility through the regulation of instruments Loan / Financing to Value is effective to reduce the rise banking property loan/financing, although there are some issues that need to be aware. The research provides suggestions that Financial Stability Forum is able to strengthening and bridging effective coordination forum between Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. In addition, to amend the Bank Indonesia law to include the macroprudential regulation and supervision.;Macroprudential policy is a policy that is implemented by Bank Indonesia to address systemic risk in the financial system through it instruments, for example Loan/Financing to Value instrument. Macroprudential, Loan/Financing to Value, is very important, especially to prevent speculation in the property sector?s behavior that can lead to economic crisis. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan have mandating coordination and cooperation between macroprudential authority (Bank Indonesia) and microprudential Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The result of this research is to deepening macroprudential supervision, in particularly regulation of Loan / Financing to Value in the property sector which is relating to banking microprudential supervision by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and its impact to banks that are distributing housing/property loan/financing. The data were collected by means of by deep interview as well as by studying the literature and related regulations. The research is a descriptive qualitative interpretative. The result of this research concludes that the macropudential regulation and supervision, under the authority of Bank Indonesia, has a relationship and aligned with the regulation and supervision in accordance with the mandate of microprudential (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) as well as having the same area, namely banking supervision. In addition, the setting of the structure, status, authority, responsibility and independency of Bank Indonesia, including macroprudential regulation and supervision authority must be seen that are arranged in the Bank Indonesia law. The restriction of property lending facility through the regulation of instruments Loan / Financing to Value is effective to reduce the rise banking property loan/financing, although there are some issues that need to be aware. The research provides suggestions that Financial Stability Forum is able to strengthening and bridging effective coordination forum between Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. In addition, to amend the Bank Indonesia law to include the macroprudential regulation and supervision.;Macroprudential policy is a policy that is implemented by Bank Indonesia to address systemic risk in the financial system through it instruments, for example Loan/Financing to Value instrument. Macroprudential, Loan/Financing to Value, is very important, especially to prevent speculation in the property sector?s behavior that can lead to economic crisis. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan have mandating coordination and cooperation between macroprudential authority (Bank Indonesia) and microprudential Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The result of this research is to deepening macroprudential supervision, in particularly regulation of Loan / Financing to Value in the property sector which is relating to banking microprudential supervision by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and its impact to banks that are distributing housing/property loan/financing. The data were collected by means of by deep interview as well as by studying the literature and related regulations. The research is a descriptive qualitative interpretative. The result of this research concludes that the macropudential regulation and supervision, under the authority of Bank Indonesia, has a relationship and aligned with the regulation and supervision in accordance with the mandate of microprudential (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) as well as having the same area, namely banking supervision. In addition, the setting of the structure, status, authority, responsibility and independency of Bank Indonesia, including macroprudential regulation and supervision authority must be seen that are arranged in the Bank Indonesia law. The restriction of property lending facility through the regulation of instruments Loan / Financing to Value is effective to reduce the rise banking property loan/financing, although there are some issues that need to be aware. The research provides suggestions that Financial Stability Forum is able to strengthening and bridging effective coordination forum between Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. In addition, to amend the Bank Indonesia law to include the macroprudential regulation and supervision., Macroprudential policy is a policy that is implemented by Bank Indonesia to address systemic risk in the financial system through it instruments, for example Loan/Financing to Value instrument. Macroprudential, Loan/Financing to Value, is very important, especially to prevent speculation in the property sector’s behavior that can lead to economic crisis. Undang-Undang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan have mandating coordination and cooperation between macroprudential authority (Bank Indonesia) and microprudential Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). The result of this research is to deepening macroprudential supervision, in particularly regulation of Loan / Financing to Value in the property sector which is relating to banking microprudential supervision by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and its impact to banks that are distributing housing/property loan/financing. The data were collected by means of by deep interview as well as by studying the literature and related regulations. The research is a descriptive qualitative interpretative. The result of this research concludes that the macropudential regulation and supervision, under the authority of Bank Indonesia, has a relationship and aligned with the regulation and supervision in accordance with the mandate of microprudential (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) as well as having the same area, namely banking supervision. In addition, the setting of the structure, status, authority, responsibility and independency of Bank Indonesia, including macroprudential regulation and supervision authority must be seen that are arranged in the Bank Indonesia law. The restriction of property lending facility through the regulation of instruments Loan / Financing to Value is effective to reduce the rise banking property loan/financing, although there are some issues that need to be aware. The research provides suggestions that Financial Stability Forum is able to strengthening and bridging effective coordination forum between Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. In addition, to amend the Bank Indonesia law to include the macroprudential regulation and supervision.]"

"Secara umum bank-bank di Asia mengalami pergeseran struktur pendanaan bank dari core liabilities ke non core liabilities karena aliran dana ke negara-negara di Asia pasca krisis keuangan global. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh dari non core liabilities tersebut terhadap kekuatan transmisi kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit di Indonesia. Menggunakan data level 95 bank secara bulanan selama periode 2010 hingga Desember 2019, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan suku bunga kebijakan moneter secara signifikan mendorong kenaikan pertumbuhan kredit bank, dan sebaliknya kenaikan suku bunga kebijakan moneter secara signifikan berdampak penurunan pertumbuhan kredit untuk semua bank, bank besar, bank kecil, bank asing dan bank domestik. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa posisi non core liabilities bank yang lebih tinggi mengurangi kekuatan transmisi kebijakan moneter jalur kredit untuk semua bank, bank kecil, bank besar, dan bank asing, namun tidak signfikan pada kelompok bank domestik. Implikasi dari temuan ini bank sentral dapat menggunakan instrumen makroprudensial yang mengarahkan posisi non core liabilities individu bank yang paling optimal dalam mengelola kekuatan pengaruh perubahan kebijakan suku bunga moneter terhadap pertumbuhan kredit bank. Terutama dengan berbagai inovasi keuangan dan perkembangan aktivitas usaha bank ke depan yang berpotensi meningkatkan akses bank terhadap sumber dana selain dana pihak ketiga.

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After the financial global crisis, banks in Asia experienced a shift in their funding structure from core liabilities to non-core liabilities due to the flow of funds to countries in Asia. This study examines the impact of non-core liabilities on the strength of bank lending channels in Indonesia. Using monthly data at the level of 95 banks during the period 2010 to December 2019, the results show that a loosening of monetary policy significantly encourages an increase in bank loan growth, and a tightening of monetary policy significantly reduces loan growth for all banks, large banks, small banks, foreign banks, and domestic banks. This study found that a higher non-core bank liabilities position significantly reduced the strength of bank lending channel for all banks, small banks, large banks, and foreign banks, but not significant for the domestic bank group. This finding implies that the central bank can use macroprudential instruments that affect the optimal level of non-core liabilities of individual banks in managing the strength of monetary policy rates impact on bank loan growth. Especially with various future financial innovations and the development of bank business activities that have the potential to increase bank access to sources of funds other than third-party funds."

"Tingkat rasio kapital perbankan dapat mempengaruhi perilaku pengambilan risiko perbankan ketika terjadi perubahan kebijakan moneter Dell`s Ariccia et al., 2014. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa eksistensi dari efek threshold kapital terhadap transmisi pengambilan risiko kebijakan moneter di Indonesia. Studi ini juga akan membandingkan dampak kebijakan moneter di rezim threshold yang berbeda. Penelitian akan menggunakan data panel bulanan dari neraca keuangan 5 grup bank di Indonesia dari Januari 2011 hingga Juli 2016. Model Regresi Panel Threshold Hansen, 1999 akan digunakan untuk menganalisa efek threshold kapital. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa efek threshold kapital berlaku di Indonesia dan kebijakan moneter memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap pengambilan risiko perbankan hanya pada bank yang berkapitalisasi rendah.

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Bank`s capital ratio can affect their risk taking behavior toward change in monetary policy Dell`s Ariccia et al., 2014 . This study aims to analyze the existence of capital threshold effect on the risk taking channel of monetary policy in Indonesia and intends to compare the impact of monetary policy under different threshold regime. The study is implemented using monthly balanced panel data of 5 banks group balance sheet in Indonesia from January 2011 to July 2016. Panel Threshold Regression Model Hansen, 1999 is used to analyze the capital threshold effect. The results show that the capital threshold effect does exist in Indonesia and monetary policy has a significant effect on bank risk taking only for low capitalized banks."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak kebijakan makroprudensial terkait rasio pembiayaan sektor UMKM terhadap pertumbuhan kredit dan NPL UMKM pada setiap bank. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis panel data dengan model generalized least square kepada data keuangan 40 bank konvensional terbuka sebagai observasi selama periode 2012 hingga 2021 dengan pertumbuhan kredit dan NPL UMKM adalah sebagai variabel dependen serta kebijakan, karakteristik bank dan faktor-faktor makroekonomi adalah sebagai variabel independen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan berdampak positif kepada pertumbuhan kredit dan NPL UMKM. Temuan-temuan dalam penelitian ini menyarankan kepada OJK dan BI untuk melakukan evaluasi kembali syarat target pemenuhan rasio pembiayaan UMKM.

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The aim of this research is to identify the impact of macroprudential policy related to the financing ratio for MSME to each bank’s MSME credit growth and NPL. This research used a panel data analysis using the generalized least square model conducted on the financial data of 40 public conventional banks for the observation during the period from 2012 to 2021 with MSME’s credit growth and NPL as the dependent variables and the policy, bank’s characteristics, and macroeconomic factors as independent variables. The results reveals that the policy positively affects MSME’s credit growth and NPL. The findings of this research inquire regulator to re-evaluate the requirement target to achieve minimum financing MSME ratio."

"Secara teori, kebijakan moneter yang tercermin dari suku bunga kebijakan dapat berjalan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kredit. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan suku bunga acuan antar bank (JIBOR) terbukti berkorelasi negatif terhadap pertumbuhan kredit. Demikian pula dengan peran tingkat kompetisi bank (HHI) terhadap transmisi kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit, yang berkorelasi negatif dan signifikan secara statistik. Dalam rangka melihat pengaruh kedua elemen tersebut, maka dilakukan kalibrasi secara masing-masing maupun interaksi kedua elemen tersebut. Terbukti bahwa pengaruh interaksi kedua elemen tersebut lebih kecil dalam mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kredit. Sesudah parameter masing-masing diperoleh, dilakukan simulasi untuk melihat pengaruh tingkat kompetisi bank terhadap efektivitas kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit. Terbukti bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat konsentrasi atau semakin rendah tingkat kompetisi bank justru melemahkan pertumbuhan kredit dalam transmisi kebijakan moneter, ceteris paribus. Selanjutnya, apabila ukuran bank dikelompokkan berdasarkan modal inti terbukti bahwa Bank BUKU 3&4 (modal inti diatas Rp 5 triliun) lebih berperan dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan kredit dibandingkan bank BUKU 1&2 (modal inti kurang dari Rp 5 triliun).

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According to the monetary policy interest rate policy can affect the credit growth. The Jakarta Interbank Offered Rate (JIBOR) as a one of monetary policy indicator was proven to give a negatif correlation with credit growth. Meanwhile, the role of bank competition (HHI) for transmission of monetary policy through bank lending channel gave a significant with negatif correlation. In order to examine the effect of both variable (JIBOR & HHI), the calibration of each variable and the interaction of both variables have been exercised. However, the effect of interaction of both variables on the bank credit growth is small. Meanwhile, after all parameters have been computed the role of bank competition for the transmission of monetary policy through bank lending channel was calculated. The result from the Hirschman Herfindahl Index (HHI) prove that a decrease in the level of banking competition, weakened the monetary policy transmission through bank lending channel, ceteris paribus. Furthermore, when the bank is classified based on its bank core capital, those who has the higher core capital (BUKU 3&4) has a greater role to increase the bank credit growth compared to those who has lower core capital (BUKU 1&2). "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari kompetisi terhadap pengambilan risiko yang terdiri dari default risk, market risk, asset risk, capital risk dan liquidity risk yang terjadi di perbankan Indonesia pada periode 2010-2016. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 41 bank umum konvensional yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengujian regresi data panel. Kompetisi perbankan diukur dengan menggunakan pendekatan struktural yaitu consentration ratio CRn yang biasa disebut rasio konsentrasi lima bank dan Herfindahl-Hirschman Index serta ukuran persaingan non-struktural H-Statistik Panzar-Rosse. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa tingkat kompetisi yang diukur dengan concentration ratio berpengaruh terhadap default risk, asset risk, dan capital risk. Jadi kompetisi pada pasar yang lebih terkonsentrasi lebih rentan terkena risiko.

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This study aims to determine the impact of competition on risk taking consist of default risk, market risk, asset risk, capital risk and liquidity risk in Indonesian banks on the period 2010 2016. This study was conducted on 41 conventional commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this research is regression testing of panel data. Banking competition is measured using a structural approach that is the consentration ratio CRn commonly called the concentration ratio of five banks and the Herfindahl Hirschman Index as well as the non structural competition size of H Statistics Panzar Rosse. The results of this study conclude that the level of competition measured by the concentration ratio affects default risk, asset risk, and capital risk. So competition in a more concentrated market is more vulnerable to risk."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi dampak kebijakan moneter dan makroprudensial terhadap pembangunan keuangan, baik di negara maju dan berkembang. Dengan menggunakan regresi panel data dinamis metode GMM pada 43 negara, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dampak negatif akibat pelonggaran kebijakan tersebut. Penurunan suku bunga kebijakan dan indeks makroprudensial terutama instrumen kredit dan likuiditas dapat meningkatkan rasio kredit privat terhadap PDB, yang berarti mendorong proses pembangunan keuangan. Selanjutnya, penurunan suku bunga kebijakan signifikan mendorong proses pembangunan keuangan negara maju, namun indeks makroprudensial tidak signifikan. Sebaliknya, penurunan suku bunga kebijakan dan indeks makroprudensial tidak signifikan berdampak pada proses pembangunan keuangan negara berkembang.

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ABSTRACTThis study investigates effect of monetary and macroprudential policy on financial development, in  developed and developing countries. Using dynamic panel data regression (GMM methods) for 43 countries, this study shows that there are negative impacts due to easened policies. Declined policy rates and macroprudential indices, especially credit and liquidity-related instruments, can increase ratio private credit to GDP, which means encouraging financial development process. Specifically, declined policy rates can significantly encourage financial development process in developed countries, but macroprudential indices is not significant. Decreased policy rates and macroprudential indices do not have significant impact on financial development process in developing countries."

"Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi bank efficiency yang dipengaruhi oleh penetrasi bank asing terhadap risk taking pada bank-bank konvensional di Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Vietnam, Thailand, Jepang dan Korea Selatan Tahun 2010-2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori efisiensi yang diukur dengan pendekatan Data Envolment Analysis DEA untuk mengukur bagaimana efisiensi bank terhadap risiko yang dikhawatirkan sejak krisis 2008, yakni liquidity rik, credit risk dan capital risk. Penelitian ini juga memperkirakan bagaimana pengaruh bank asing yang memasuki sebuah negara terhadap keputusan bank-bank domestik untuk memilih ataupun mengambil risiko yang akan dihadapi di masa yang akan baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Hal ini disebabkan bank asing yang memiliki aset yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan bank-bank domestik baik aset lancar maupun tetap. Karya Akhir ini menggunakan generalized least square yang mengoreksi masalah heterokedastisitas. Saya menemukan penetrasi bank asing berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap technical efficiency dan cost efficiency melibatkan bank untuk memilih risk taking pada liquidity rik, credit risk dan capital risk.

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This study identifies the bank efficiency that is influenced by the penetration of foreign banks against risk taking in conventional banks in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and South Korea 2010 2016. This study uses efficiency theory as measured by Data Envolment Analysis DEA approach to measure how bank efficiency against risk that has been feared since the 2008 crisis, namely liquidity rik, credit risk and capital risk.

This study also discusses how the influence of foreign banks entering a country against the decisions of domestic banks to choose or take risks that will be faced in the future will be both in the short and long term. This is due to foreign banks that have larger assets compared to domestic banks, both current and fixed assets.

This Final Work uses generalized least square that corrects the problem of heterokedastisitas. I found the penetration of foreign banks significantly influenced technical efficiency and cost efficiency involving banks to choose risk taking on liquidity rik, credit risk and capital risk. "