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"Latar Belakang: Anak-anak yang menderita stunting memiliki berbagai kekurangan jika dibandingkan anak-anak sebayanya yang memiliki HAZ normal, baik dari segi pertumbuhan fisik, emosional, maupun dalam sistem imun. Salah satu komponen sistem imun yang ada dalam tubuh adalah sitokin proinflamasi interleukin-18 yang berperan sebagai faktor kemotaksis sel T, basofil, serta neutrofil, penginduksi interleukin lainnya, serta menginduksi sel Th1 dan IFN- I³. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi gen IL-18 pada anak stunting jika dibandingkan dengan anak dengan HAZ normal, menganalisis korelasi antara status stunting, ekspresi IL-18, status infeksi cacing, serta status OHI-S. Metode: Sampel diambil dari bahan biologis tersimpan berupa RNA cairan sulkus gingiva anak 6-8 tahun di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) (n=8). Kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA, pre amplifikasi, dan kemudian dilakukan real-time PCR. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada ekspresi gen IL-18 anak stunting dibanding anak dengan HAZ normal (p ≥ 0,05) dan tidak pula ditemukan korelasi baik antara status stunting dan status infeksi cacing, ekspresi IL-18 dan status infeksi cacing, status stunting dan OHI-S, maupun ekspresi gen IL-18 dan status OHI-S (p ≥ 0,05). Kesimpulan: Meskipun ditemukan adanya downregulation pada ekspresi gen IL-18 anak stunting jika dibandingkan anak normal, perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna secara statistik Tidak ditemukan korelasi pada ekspresi gen IL-18, status infeksi cacing, serta status OHI-S.

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Background: Stunted children have many handicaps compared to their normal age counterparts who have normal HAZ, either in physical growth, emotional growth, or in their immune system. Interleukin-18 is a part of the immune system, a proinflammatory cytokine that acts as a chemotaxis factor for T-cell, basophil, neutrophil, and inducts IFN- γ, Th1, and other cytokines.

Purpose: To analyze IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to their normal age counterpart, to analyze the correlation between stunting status, IL-18 expression, helminths infection status, and OHI-S.

Methods: Samples were stored biological material, taken from 6 to 7 years old’s gingival crevicular fluid from NTT (n=8). RNA was extracted from samples, then synthesized to cDNA, preamplified, and analyzed in RT-PCR. 

Results: The difference in IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to children with normal HAZ was not statistically significant.  There were no correlation between stunting status and helminths infection status, IL-18 expression and helminths infection status, stunting status, and OHI-S, nor IL-18 expression and OHI-S.

Conclusion: Even though a downregulation in IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to children with normal HAZ was found, the difference was not statistically significant. There was also no correlation between IL-18 expression, helminths infection status, and OHI-S status. "

"Latar Belakang: Tingginya angka prevalensi stunting merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan terkait tumbuh kembang anak di Indonesia. Selain menggambarkan kondisi malnutrisi yang terjadi, stunting juga dapat dikaitkan dengan respon imun innate terhadap status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S. Untuk menganalisis perbedaan respon imun innate terkait status HAZ normal dan stunting serta kaitannya terhadap status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S, beberapa penelitian menggunakan kadar ekspresi relatif IL-1β dan IL-6 pada cairan sulkus gingiva. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar ekspresi relative IL- 1β dan IL-6 pada cairan sulkus gingiva dengan status HAZ normal dan stunting serta status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S. Metode: Sampel diambil dari sediaan biologis tersimpan penelitian tahun 2019 dari anak usia 6-8 tahun lalu dikelompokan berdasarkan status HAZ normal dan stunting. Sampel RNA dari cairan sulkus gingiva dilakukan sintesis cDNA kemudian kadar ekspresi relatif IL-1β dan IL-6 diuji menggunakan RT-qPCR. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian diolah menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara kadar ekspresi relative IL-1β dan IL-6 atau status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S dengan status HAZ stunting anak (p>0.05). Korelasi antara variabel adalah sebagai berikut: korelasi positif sangat lemah antara indeks OHI-S pada kelompok sampel dengan status HAZ severely stunting, stunting, dan normal (r = 0,089). Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini kadar ekspresi relatif IL-1β dan IL-6 pada cairan sulkus gingiva tidak dapat digunakan sebagai indikator biologis untuk menentukan status HAZ anak usia 6-8 tahun. Sedangkan, status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S tidak dapat digunakan untuk menentukan status HAZ anak usia 6-8 tahun.

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Background: The high prevalence of stunting is one of the health problems related to child development in Indonesia. In addition to describing the condition of malnutrition that occurs, stunting can also be associated with the innate immune response to the status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index. To analyze the differences in innate immune responses related to normal and stunting HAZ status as well as correlations with status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index, several studies used the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid with normal and stunting HAZ status as well as the status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index. Method: Samples were taken from biological stored research in 2019 from children aged 6-8 years and then grouped based on normal and stunting HAZ status. RNA samples from gingival crevicular fluid were synthesized by cDNA and then the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were tested using RT-qPCR. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS. Result: In this study, it was found that there was no significant relationship between the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 or status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index with stunting HAZ status of children (p>0.05). The correlations between variables are as follows: very weak positive correlation between the OHI-S index in the sample group with severe stunting, stunting, and normal HAZ status (r = 0.089). Conclusion: In this study, the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the gingival crevicular fluid cannot be used as a biological indicator to determine the HAZ status of children aged 6-8 years. Meanwhile, the status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index cannot be used to determine the HAZ status of children aged 6-8 years."

"Innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in immunosurveillance and tumor destruction. This book discusses recent progress in innate immunity and Treg cells, and the regulation of innate immunity through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling."

"This volume compiles the latest advances in this rapidly evolving field as presented by eminent scientists at the 7th International Aegean Conference on Innate Immunity in Rhodes, Greece. It includes topics related to the biology and function of Toll-like and other pattern-recognition receptors, complement and its crosstalk with other physiological systems, inflammatory mechanisms and diseases, natural killer cells, and the cooperative interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells. This book is an excellent source of information for researchers and clinicians with interests in immunology, host-microbe interactions, and infectious and inflammatory diseases."

"Acalypha indica (Ai) merupakan herbal yang diketahui memiliki efek anti-inflamasi dan anti-diabetik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak Ai terhadap proses inflamasi sebagai bagian dari respons imun bawaan yang terjadi pada diabetes melitus tipe 2. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua puluh lima ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yaitu kelompok normal, kelompok yang diinduksi diet tinggi fruktosa dan kolesterol  (DTFK), kelompok DTFK+Ai 250 mg/kgBB, kelompok DTFK+Ai 400 mg/kgBB dan DTFK+kelompok pioglitazone. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Ai dosis 400 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah sewaktu (GDS) (p=0.005) dengan mean±SEM berturut-turut (82±5.73), (199.9±27.55), (260.6±67.29), (147.2±12.18) dan (148.8±29.4). Ekstrak Ai dosis 400 mg/kgBB juga dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) (p=0.02) dengan mean ± SEM berturut-turut (76.65±2.612), (144.7±13.03), (193.0±46.17), (117.0±2.629) dan (130.5±8.890). Selain itu pemberian ekstrak Ai menunjukkan efek peningkatan pada kadar TLR4 (p=0.03) dengan mean±SEM berturut-turut (1.967±0.149), (2.632±0.146), (2.687±0.134), (2.902±0.136) dan (2.513±0.334). Pemberian ekstrak Ai juga menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah hitung sel radang di hati (p=0.0001) dengan mean ± SEM berturut-turut (25.92±2.03), (46.76±3.43), (44.28±3.69), (46.32±3.13) dan (30.72±2.94). Pemberian ekstrak Ai tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada kadar TLR2 serta ekspresi gen Nos2 dan Arg1. Kesimpulannya, ekstrak Ai dapat menurunkan kadar GDS dan GDP serta meningkatkan kadar TLR4 dan jumlah sel radang di hati.

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Acalypha indica (Ai) is an herb that is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of Ai extract on the inflammatory process as part of the innate immune response that occurs in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research method was carried out using twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided into five groups : the normal group, high fructose high cholesterol (DTFK) group, DTFK+Ai 250 mg/kgBW group, DTFK+Ai 400 mg/kgBW group and DTFK+pioglitazone group. The results showed that Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW could reduce random blood glucose levels (GDS) (p=0.005) with mean ± SEM respectively (82 ± 5.73), (199.9 ± 27.55), (260.6 ± 67.29), (147.2±12.18) and (148.8±29.4). Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW can also reduce fasting blood glucose (GDP) levels (p=0.02) with mean ± SEM respectively (76.65±2.612), (144.7±13.03), (193.0±46.17), (117.0± 2,629) and (130.5±8,890). In addition, administration of Ai extract showed an increasing effect on TLR4 levels (p=0.03) with mean ± SEM respectively (1.967 ± 0.149), (2.632 ± 0.146), (2.687 ± 0.134), (2.902 ± 0.136) and (2.513 ± 0.334). Administration of Ai extract also showed an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the liver (p=0.0001) with mean ± SEM respectively (25.92±2.03), (46.76±3.43), (44.28±3.69), (46.32±3.13) and (30.72). ±2.94). Administration of Ai extract did not show significant differences in TLR2 levels and Nos2 and Arg1 gene expression. In conclusion, Ai extract can reduce GDS and GDP levels but increase TLR4 levels and the number of inflammatory cells."

"Deteksi infeksi HIV-1 dengan teknologi microfluidic chip-based nucleic acid menggunakan cairan krevikular gingiva. Tingginya resiko transmisi infeksi oleh individu dengan infeksi HIV-1 yang masih dalam periode jendela dan tidak terdiagnosis positif HIV-1 oleh alat deteksi yang lain, akan menjadi masalah serius yang timbul dalam masyarakat. Beberapa metode diagnosis yang ada saat ini memiliki beberapa kekurangan seperti dibutuhkannya peralatan laboratorium khusus, antibodi terhadap HIV-1, waktu yang spesifik untuk pemeriksaan, memerlukan sampel pemeriksaan yang diambil secara invasif, waktu pemeriksaan yang lama sampai kurang dapatnya metode ini diakses oleh daerah-daerah yang lokasinya sulit. Sudah banyak dilakukan upaya untuk memecahkan masalah ini untuk mendapatkan suatu teknik deteksi baru. Studi pustaka ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang perkembangan teknologi deteksi infeksi HIV-1 yang menggunakan microfluidic chip-based nucleic acid testing (mChip NAT). Studi pustaka ini juga membahas tentang kemungkinan penggunaan cairan krevikular gingival (GCF) sebagai sampel pemeriksaan yang dapat diambil secara takinvasif.

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Transmission of HIV-1 infection by individuals in window period who are tested negative in conventional HIV-1 detection would pose the community with serious problems. Several diagnostic tools require specific laboratory equipment, perfect timing of diagnosis, antibody to HIV-1, and invasive technique to get sample for examination, until high amount of time to process the sample as well as accessibility of remote areas. Many attempts have been made to solve those problems to come to a new detection technique. This review aims to give information about the current development technique for detection of HIV infection. Microfluidic Chipbased Nucleic Acid Testing is currently introduced for detection of HIV-1 infection. This review also cover the possible usage of gingival crevicular fluid as sample specimen that could be taken noninvasively from the individual."

"This book will discuss several cellular pathways involved in controlling immune response in the context of infectious diseases, their biological consequences and potential "hijack" of these pathways for the benefit of pathogen leading towards pathogen persistence as opposed to clearance."

"Interleukin 8 (IL-8) merupakan chemokines yang berperan dalam patogenesis periodontitis. Polimorfisme promotor gen IL-8 -251A/T diduga berperan sebagai faktor risiko periodontitis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara polimorfisme promotor gen IL-8 -251 A/T dengan tingkat keparahan periodontitis. Metode PCR-RFLP digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi polimorfisme pada 41 subjek kontrol dan 72 subjek periodontitis. Frekuensi alel T lebih tinggi pada kelompok kontrol (64,6%) dibanding periodontitis (50%). Mayoritas subjek periodontitis memiliki genotipe polimorfik (x2 = 0,320; p > 0,05) dan alel polimorfik (x2 = 0,167; p > 0,05). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara polimorfisme promotor gen IL-8 -251 A/T dengan tingkat keparahan periodontitis.

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Interleukin 8 and its -251A/T gene promoter polymorphisms might be a risk factor of periodontitis. This study aims to evaluate the association of IL-8 -251 A/T gene promoter polymorphisms with severity of periodontitis. Polymorphisms were detected by the PCR-RFLP method in 41 controls and 72 periodontitis subjects. T allele frequency in control (64,6%) was more than in periodontitis group (50%). Majority of periodontitis subjects had polymorphic genotypes (x2 = 0,320; p > 0,05) and polymorphic allele (x2 = 0,167; p > 0,05). No association was found between IL-8 -251 A/T gene promoter polymorphisms with severity of periodontitis."

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK). Interleukin-1β merupakan sitokin pro-inflamasi utama yang dapat ditemukan pada kedua penyakit ini. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan kadar interleukin-1β dalam cairan sulkus gingiva (CSG) penderita PJK dan non PJK dengan status periodontal. Metode: Pemeriksaan klinis 40 subjek PJK dan 40 subjek non PJK, pemeriksaan laboratorium kadar Interleukin-1β dengan ELISA. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna Interleukin-1β antara penderita PJK dan non PJK (p>0,05); tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Interleukin-1β dengan status periodontal penderita PJK dan non- PJK (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Kadar Interleukin-1β penderita PJK tidak memiliki hubungan dengan status periodontal.

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Background: Periodontitis is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Interleukin-1β as a pro-inflammatory main cytokine, can be found in this both diseases.

Objective: To analyze the relationship of interleukin-1β levels in CSG CHD and non-CHD patients with periodontal status.

Methods: Clinical Examination for 40 Subject CHD and 40 controls was checked, laboratory test for measured the levels of Interleukin-1β with ELISA.

Results: There were no significant differences between patients Interleukin-1β CHD and non-CHD (p>0.05); there is no significant difference between the levels of Interleukin-1β with periodontal status CHD and control patients (p>0.05).

Conclusions: Levels of Interleukin-1β of CHD patients do not have a relationships with periodontal status."