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"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi Stunting di Indonesia masih lebih tinggi dari yang ditetapkan oleh WHO. Stunting menyebabkan defisit pertumbuhan fisik anak untuk usianya, serta defisit kinerja kognitif dan akademik jangka pendek maupun jangka Panjang. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara kondisi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 yang dikaitkan dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan lazim dilakukan pada IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang jauh lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kemampuan kognitif dan status gizi stunting pada anak-anak usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Sampel saliva merupakan sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan Bradford assay untuk melihat jumlah total proteinnya, setelah itu sampel diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Perkembangan kognitif dinilai berdasarkan skor Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, total protein saliva anak normal 824,47 mg/ml dan pada anak stunting 879,45 mg/ml. Kadar IGF-1 saliva anak normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. tidak berbeda bermakna. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein anak normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan proposi kadar IGF-1 saliva antara anak normal dan stunting (p>0,05), dan antara skor perkembangan kognitif anak normal 4,53 dan pada anak stunting 3,04. Korelasi antara variabel adalah sebagai berikut: korelasi positif sangat lemah antar kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi (r=0,147), korelasi positif sangat lemah antar skor perkembangan kognitif dengan status gizi (r=0,192), tidak ada korelasi antar kadar IGF-1 dengan skor perkembangan kognitif (r=-0,034). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang kadar IGF-1 saliva dan perkembangan kognitifnya tidak berbeda bermakna dengan anak normal, masih terlihat bahwa kondisi stunting berhubungan dengan penurunan kognitif, dan bahwa penurunan kadar IGF-1 saliva dapat mengindikasikan kondisi stunting tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan perkembangan kognitifnya.

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Background: The prevalence of Stunting in Indonesia is still higher than what had been determined by WHO. In addition to a deficit in a child's stature for their age, stunting has also been associated with short- and long-term deficit in cognitive and academic performance. It had been reported that there were corelations between stunting with decreased IGF-1 level and cognitive impairment. The measurement of IGF-1 level in these studies were taken from blood. Saliva contains significantly lower concentration of biomarkers that are present in blood. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between salivary IGF-1 levels with cognitive abilities and nutritional status in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: Saliva were taken from stored biological specimen derived from a research in 2019 at students grades 1-2 elementary schools in Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara, and then grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the Bradford assay to measure the total amount of protein, the levels of IGF-1 were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA. The cognitive development scores were measured using Raven Colored Progressive Matrices. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Result: In this study, total protein in normal children 824,47 mg/ml and in stunted children 879,45 mg/ml. Salivary IGF-1 levels in normal children 7,50 ng/ml and in stunted children 5,64 ng/ml. Proportion Salivary IGF-1 to total protein in normal children 1,04×10-2 and in stunted children 8,96×10-3. There was no significant difference between normal and stunted children. Cognitive development scores in normal children 4,53 and in stunted children 3,04. The correlations between variables were as follows: very weak positive correlation between IGF-1 levels and nutritional status (r=0.147), very weak positive correlation between cognitive development scores and nutritional status (r = 0.192), no correlation between IGF-1 levels and cognitive development scores (r = - 0.034). Conclusion: In stunted children aged 6-8 years whose salivary IGF-1 levels and cognitive development score were not significantly different from normal children, there was still an indication that stunting was associated with cognitive decline, and that a decrease in salivary IGF-1 levels could develop stunting conditions but was not associated with decline in cognitive development."

"Latar Belakang: Kejadian stunting di Indonesia masih tergolong tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization (WHO). Menurut beberapa penelitian terdahulu, stunting dapat menyebabkan kelainan email dan keterlambatan erupsi gigi permanen. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara status gizi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan pertumbuhan gigi terkait dengan perkembangan email dan erupsi gigi. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 biasanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasi laboratorium dengan menggunakan 40 sampel saliva yang diambil dari sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokkan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Kelainan email dinilai dengan cara menghitung jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan pada mahkota serta waktu erupsi gigi dinilai dengan menghitung jumlah gigi permanen yang telah erupsi. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS. Hasil: Kadar IGF-1 saliva pada anak status gizi normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein pada anak status gizi normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Rata-rata jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan mahkota pada anak berstatus gizi normal 2,94 gigi dan pada anak dengan status gizi stunting 1,17 gigi. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada jumlah gigi dengan kelainan mahkota antara anak bestatus gizi normal dan stunting (p < 0,05). Rata-rata jumlah erupsi gigi permanen pada anak berstatus gizi normal 8,29 gigi dan pada anak stunting adalah 8,04 gigi. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen antara anak berstatus gizi normal dan berstatus stunting (p > 0,05). Terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,147), korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah kelainan mahkota gigi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,219), terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antar kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,074). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang secara tidak signifikan memiliki kadar IGF-1 saliva lebih rendah dan waktu erupsi lebih lambat dibandingkan anak normal tetapi erlihat frekuensi kelainan email yang lebih tinggi. Pada kelompok sampel demikian, tidak terlihat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi permanen.

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Background: The incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still relatively high when compared to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to several previous studies, stunting can cause enamel defects and delayed tooth eruption. It has been reported that there is a relationship between stunting nutritional status and decreased IGF-1 levels, as well as a relationship between IGF-1 levels to enamel development and tooth eruption. Measurement of IGF-1 levels is usually done using serum IGF-1. Saliva contains biomarkers that is circulating in the blood, including IGF-1, but in much lower quantities. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between IGF-1 levels in saliva with enamel defects and the time of tooth eruption in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: This research was a laboratory observation study using 40 saliva samples taken from stored biological samples from a 2019 study on a population of elementary school students class 1-2 Nangapanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara which has been grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA kit to see the levels of IGF-1. Enamel defects were assessed by counting the number of teeth with crown defects and the time of tooth eruption was assessed by counting the number of erupted permanent teeth. The data were then analyzed using the SPSS software. Result: Salivary IGF-1 levels in children with normal nutritional status were 7.50 ng/ml and 5.64 ng/ml in stunted children. The proportion of IGF-1 to total protein in children with normal nutritional status was 1.04×10-2 and in stunted children was 8.96×10-3. The average number of teeth with crown defects in children with normal nutritional status was 2.94 teeth and in stuntedchildren was 1.17 teeth. There was a significant difference in the number of teeth with crown defects between normal and stunted children (p < 0.05). The average number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status was 8.29 teeth and in stunted children was 8.04 teeth. There was no significant difference in the number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status and stunting (p > 0.05). There was a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the nutritional status of children aged 6-8 years (r = 0.147), a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the number of dental crown defects (r = 0.219), and a correlation between IGF-1 levels and the number of permanent teeth eruption (r = 0.074). Conclusion: Stunted children aged 6-8 years old tend to show not significant lower IGF-1 level and delayed tooth eruption compared to normal children but had significant lower frequency of enamel defect. In such samples no significant relationship between salivary IGF-1 level and tooth eruption time could be seen."

"Latar Belakang : Stunting merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari malnutrisi kronis yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan yang lebih rendah dari standar tinggi badan untuk usia individu tersebut. Salah satu faktor penyebab stunting adalah kurangnya asupan nutrisi. Kurangnya asupan nutrisi dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Berkurangnya asupan nutrisi juga dapat mengganggu proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi yang dapat mempengaruhi watu erupsi gigi. Perlu dilakukan analisis untuk melihat hubungan antara stunting dengan kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi. Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi dengan kondisi stunting. Metode : Penelusuran literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu : PubMed, EBSCO, dan SCOPUS. Kualitas dari literatur dinilai menggunakan QUADAS-2 tool. Hasil : Terdapat 27 artikel yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. 19 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar Hb dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting lebih memungkinkan untuk memiliki kadar Hb yang rendah (anemia). 4 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting memiliki kadar IGF-1 yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak non-stunting. 3 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting mengalami keterlambatan erupsi gigi. 1 artikel menyatakan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara stunting dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi. Kesimpulan : Terdapat korelasi positif antara stunting dengan kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Korelasi antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi belum dapat ditentukan dengan pasti

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Background : Stunting is a manifestation of chronic malnutrition which is characterized by a lower height than the individual's age standard. One of the primary cause of stunting is the lack of nutritional intake. Lack of nutritional intake can cause reduced Hb and IGF-1 levels. Lack of nutritional intake can also interfere with the process of growth and development of the teeth which can affect the timing of tooth eruption. An analysis is needed to see the relationship between stunting and levels of Hb, IGF-1, and the timing of tooth eruption. Objective : To analyze the relationship between Hb levels, IGF-1 levels, and the timing of tooth eruption with stunting. Method : Literature research was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines on three electronic databases, namely: PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS. The quality of the literature was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results : There are 27 articles that were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 19 articles state that there is a relationship between Hb levels and stunting, where stunted children are more likely to have low Hb levels (anemia). 4 article states that there is a relationship between IGF-1 levels and stunting, where stunted children have lower IGF-1 levels compared to non-stunted children. 3 The article states that there is a relationship between stunting and tooth eruption, where stunted children experience delays in tooth eruption. 1 article states that there is no relationship between stunting and dental growth and development Conclusion : There is a positive correlation between stunting and Hb and IGF-1 levels. The correlation between stunting and tooth eruption cannot be determined with certainty."

"Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan salah satu bentuk dari malnutrisi dengan prevalensi paling tinggi. Kondisi ini terjadi di berbagai negara salah satunya di Indonesia dengan prevalensi terbesar berada di NTT. Dampak dari stunting bermacam-macam seperti meningkatkan resiko penyakit non-communicable pada saat dewasa, serta meningkatkan resiko obesitas pada saat dewasa. Pertumbuhan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai hormon, salah satunya adalah leptin. Leptin dapat diproduksi dalam jumlah sedikit pada kelenjar saliva mayor. Namun, penelitian yang menunjukan hubungan stunting dengan kadar leptin masih terbatas khususnya dalam penelitian yang menggunakan saliva sebagai sampel. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kadar leptin pada saliva anak usia 6-8 tahun pada anak-anak berkategori stunting dan non-stunting serta menganalisis korelasinya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 84 sampel saliva anak usia 6-8 tahun di NTT yang dikategorikan menjadi stunting dan non-stunting. Saliva diteliti menggunakan BioEnzy© ELISA kit untuk melihat kadar leptin lalu dilakukan kuantifikasi menggunakan ELISA reader dengan panjang gelombang 450 nm. Dari pembacaan tersebut didapatkan nilai absorbance dan konsenterasi sampel saliva. Selanjutnya konsenterasi leptin sampel saliva dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan SPSS untuk mengetahui nilai komparasi dan korelasi dengan status stunting dan non-stunting. Hasil: Rata-rata kadar leptin saliva anak-anak 6-8 tahun stunting ditemukan lebih tinggi daripada anak-anak non-stunting. Terdapat hubungan linear negatif sedang yang bermakna antara kadar leptin saliva anak 6-8 tahun dengan status stunting (r = -0,287, p < 0,05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan dan hubungan antara kadar leptin pada saliva anak usia 6-8 tahun dengan status stunting dan non-stunting. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari rata-rata kadar leptin pada saliva yang lebih tinggi pada anak-anak berstatus stunting daripada non-stunting.

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Background: Stunting is a form of malnutrition with the highest prevalence. This condition occurs in various countries, one of which is Indonesia, with the greatest prevalence in NTT. The impact of stunting varies, such as increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases as adults and increasing the risk of obesity as adults. Growth is influenced by various hormones, one of which is leptin. Leptin can be produced in small amounts in the major salivary glands. However, research showing the relationship between stunting and leptin levels is still limited, especially in studies using saliva as a sample. Objectives: Analyzing the differences between salivary leptin levels in children aged 6-8 years in the stunting and non-stunting groups and analyzing the correlation between salivary leptin levels in children aged 6-8 years with stunting. Method: This study used 84 saliva samples of children aged 6-8 years in NTT who were categorized as stunting and non-stunting. Saliva was examined using the BioEnzy© ELISA kit to see leptin levels and then quantified using an ELISA reader with a wavelength of 450 nm. From the readings, the absorbance and concentration values of the saliva samples were obtained. Furthermore, the leptin concentration of saliva samples was analyzed statistically using SPSS. Results: The average salivary leptin level of stunted children aged 6-8 years was found to be higher than the non-stunted children. There was a significant negative linear correlation between salivary leptin levels in children aged 6-8 years and stunting status (r = -0.287, p <0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant difference between leptin levels in the saliva of children aged 6-8 years with stunting and non-stunting status. There is also a significant correlation between leptin levels in the saliva of children aged 6-8 years with stunting and non-stunting status. This can be seen from the average leptin level in saliva which is higher in stunted children than non-stunted children."

"Latar belakang: Stunting adalah gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak-anak yang muncul dari akumulasi nutrisi buruk dan paparan infeksi berulang dalam 1000 hari pertama kehidupan. Stunting dicirikan dengan tinggi badan anak di bawah rata-rata dan ditemukan menyebabkan kelainan email karena berkurangnya massa jaringan email (hipoplasia) atau berkurangnya konten mineral di dalam email (hipomineralisasi). Kadar hemoglobin rendah masih menjadi kontroversi apakah ciri dari stunting karena faktor etiologinya yang serupa sering dijumpai pada kasus stunting. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin sebagai prediktor kondisi stunting. Metode: Sampel penelitian adalah data pemeriksaan tahun 2019 pada siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangpanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hasil: Kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin secara statistik tidak mampu menjadi prediktor kondisi stunting (p>0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada frekuensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin antara anak normal dan anak dengan stunting (p>0,05). Korelasi antara frekuensi kelainan email dengan kadar hemoglobin secara statistik memiliki korelasi sedang negatif (p<0,05; r =-0,403). Tidak terdapat korelasi secara statistik antara variabel stunting dengan frekuensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Pada anak 6-8 tahun, kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin tidak mampu menjadi prediktor stunting, meskipun terdapat hubungan antara kelainan email dengan kadar hemoglobin.

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Background: Stunting is an impaired growth and development in children arises from the accumulation of poor nutrition and repeated infections in the first 1000 days of a child's life. Characterized by height below their age peer’s average height and been reported caused defect on enamel structure, due to lack of tissue mass (hypoplasia) or lack of mineral content (hypomineralization). Meanwhile, low haemoglobin levels as for now is still a controversy as to whether the characteristic of stunting or not. Objective: To analyse the potency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels as predictors of stunting. Methods: Examination data in 2019 from elementary school students of grades 1-2 (6-8 years old) at Nangpanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara. Results: Enamel defects and haemoglobin levels were unable to predict stunting (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in enamel defects and haemoglobin levels between normal and stunted children (p>0.05). The frequency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels has a statistically moderate negative (p<0.05; r=-0.403), there is no statistical correlation between stunting and the frequency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: Enamel defects and haemoglobin levels are not able to predict stunting, although there is a relationship between enamel abnormalities and haemoglobin levels."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penderita Diabetes Melitus (DM) mengalami peningkatan resiko fraktur akibat penurunan kualitas dan kekuatan tulang. Bone Mineral Densitometry tidak dapat menggambarkan fragilitas tulang pada pasien DM tipe 2 (DMT2) karena menunjukkan hasil yang normal atau meningkat. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan terdapat penurunan penanda formasi tulang (P1NP) pada perempuan pramenopause dengan DMT2 dibandingkan dengan bukan DM. IGF-1 dan sclerostin adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi diferensiasi dan maturasi osteoblast dalam formasi tulang dan saat ini belum diketahui profilnya pada perempuan pramenopause dengan DM. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan kadar IGF-1 serum dan sclerostin serum perempuan pramenopause dengan DMT2 dan bukan DM. Metode: Studi potong lintang, dilakukan pada Agustus 2018 dan melibatkan 80 perempuan pramenopause yang terdiri dari 40 subjek DMT2 dan 40 bukan DM. Pemeriksaan IGF-1 serum dan Sclerostin serum dilakukan dengan metode enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hasil penelitian: Median (rentang interkuartal) kadar IGF-1 serum pada pasien DMT2 lebih rendah tidak bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok bukan DM (40,6 (11-110) ng/ml vs 42,75 (10-65) ng/ml, p=0.900). Rerata kadar sclerostin serum pada kelompok DMT2 lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan kelompok bukan DM (132.05 (SB 41.54) ng/ml vs. 96.03 ng/ml (SB 43.66) (p<0.001). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar IGF-1 serum antara perempuan pramenopause DMT2 dan bukan DM. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna sclerostin serum antara perempuan pramenopause dengan DMT2 dan bukan DM.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are at increased risk for fracture due to the decrease in bone quality and strength. Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD) measurement in T2DM cannot depict bone fragility (T2DM) because they are shown to be normal or increased results. Previous studies have shown a decrease in markers of bone formation (P1NP) in premenopausal women with T2DM compered non-DM. IGF-1 and sclerostin are factors that influence the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts in bone formation and their profiles are not currently known in patients with premenopausal women with diabetes. Objective: To determine and compare serum IGF-1 and serum sclerostin levels between premenopausal women T2DM and non-DM. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2018 and involved 80 premenopausal women consisting of 40 DMT2 and 40 non-DM subjects. Serum IGF-1 and serum sclerostin were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: Median (interquarter range) serum IGF-1 in T2DM is 40.6 ng/ml (11-110 ng/ml) vs. 42.75 ng/ml (10-65 ng/ml) in non-DM (p=0.900). Mean serum sclerostin level in T2DM is 132.05 ng/ml (SB 41.54 ng/ml) vs. 96.03 ng/ml (SB 43.66 ng/ml) in not DM (p<0.001). Conclusion: There was no difference in serum IGF-1 levels between premenopausal women with T2DM and non-DM. There were significant differences in serum sclerostin between premenopausal women with T2DM and non-DM."

"ABSTRAKStunting merupakan kondisi malnutrisi pada anak yaitu tinggi badan menurut usia lebih dari minus 2 simpang baku. Indonesia menempati urutan kelima di dunia. Stunting berkorelasi dengan asupan makanan terutama protein, IGF-1 dan protein pengikat Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein IGFBP-3 , dan Zinc Zn . Kualitas protein dinilai dari profil asam amino bebas plasma Plasma Free Amino Acid = PFAA dan kuantitas dinilai dari jumlah asupan protein harian. Beberapa penelitian menemukan kadar IGF-1 dipengaruhi oleh polimorfisme SNP rs5742612, rs35767 dan rs35766. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran profil PFAA, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, polimorfisme IGF-1, Insulin, dan Zn pada anak.Penelitian ini merupakan studi comparative cross sectional dilakukan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, Lembaga Biomolekular Eijkman, dan Labkesda DKI Jakarta. Subjek penelitian adalah anak usia 1 ndash;3 tahun berasal dari UPTD Puskesmas Jatinegara dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 101 anak stunted dan 101 anak nonstunted.Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kadar 8 dari 9 AA esensial, 2 AA esensial kondisional, dan 2 AA nonesensial lebih rendah bermakna kelompok stunted dibandingkan nonstunted. Profil PFAA yaitu jumlah anak di bawah nilai rujukan berbeda bermakna antara kelompok stunted dan nonstunted. Terdapat korelasi 8 AA esensial, 1 AA esensial kondisional, dan 2 AA nonesensial dengan tinggi badan anak. Pada kelompok anak stunted, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, insulin, Zn, energi total dan protein lebih rendah bermakna dari kelompok anak nonstunted. Terdapat korelasi bermakna AA esensial dengan IGF-1 dan IGFBP-3. Polimorfisme rs35766 genotipe AG kodominan memiliki pengaruh terhadap kadar IGF-1 pada kelompok nonstunted. Faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian stunting adalah energi atau protein, IGF-1 yang berinteraksi dengan genotipe kodominan AG, IGFBP-3, dan Zn.Simpulan: PFAA, IGF-1 yang berinteraksi dengan SNP rs35766 genotipe kodominan AG, memiliki pengaruh terhadap kejadian stunting. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pemberian pola makan yang tepat untuk mencegah dan mengatasi anak stunted. Kata kunci: AA esensial, AA nonesensial, IGFBP-3, insulin, PFAA, stunting, Zn

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ABSTRACTStunting is a malnourished condition in children defined by height for age is under minus 2 standard deviation. Indonesia ranked fifth in world for this condition. Stunting mainly corelates with low protein intakes, IGF-1 and its binding protein Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein/IGFBP-3 , and zinc Zn . Plasma free amino acid profile PFAA measures quality of protein intake, whilst its quantity measured by daily protein intake records. Previous studies found IGF-1 level affected by single nucleotide polymorphism SNP on rs5742612, rs35767 and rs35766. This study aims to analyze the role of PFAA, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGF-1 polymorphism, insulin, and Zn in children.This study is a comparative cross-sectional study held in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, and Jakarta Provincial Public Health Laboratory. Subjects were children age 1 ndash;3 years old from Jatinegara Region Public Health Centre divided into two groups of 101 stunted children and 101 non-stunted children.Eight essential AA levels, 2 conditional essential AAs, 2 nonessential AAs were significantly lower in stunted groups than non-stunted. There was significant difference of profile PFAA below normal range between stunted and non-stunted group. Eight essential amino acids, 1 conditional essential amino acid, and 2 non-essential amino acid correlate with children rsquo;s height. IGF-1, IGFBP-3, insulin, Zn, total energy, and protein were significantly lower in stunted children compare to non-stunted children. Significant correlations found for all essential amino acids with IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. The rs35766 AG codominant polymorphism affects IGF-1 level in non-stunted group. Factors affects stunting condition were total energy or protein intake, IGF-1 that interacts with AG codominant genotype, IGFBP-3, and Zn.Conclusion: PFAA and IGF-1 that interacts with SNP rs35766 AG codominant genotype affect stunting. Further study needed to determine appropriate dietary habit for stunting prevention and treatsment. Keywords: Essential amino acid, IGFBP-3, insulin, non-essential amino acid, plasma free amino acid profile, stunting, zinc"

"Latar belakang: Enzim methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) terlibat dalam metabolism asam folat dan tipe allele mempengaruhi aktivitas enzim. Memberikan suplementasi asam folat kepada ibu hamil dapat mempengaruhi perubahan dalam derajat metilasi gen tertentu yang mempengaruhi kesehatan janin. Walaupun sudah banyak penelitian yang mempelajari peran asam folat sebagai donor dalam mekanisme epigenetik, namun penelitian pengaruh suplementasi besi-asam folat pada luaran kehamilan melalui pendekatan interaksi zat gizi-gen dalam desain penelitian longitudinal masih jarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar serum asam folat pada ibu dan anak, dan derajat metilasi pada gen pencetak insulin-like growth factor (IGF2) yang dikenal terlibat dalam tumbuh kembang anak dan dapat digunakan sebagai penanda kemunculan penyakit Metode: Di tahun 2018, penelitian longitudinal dilakukan dengan mengunjungi 127 subyek termasuk anak yang dilahirkan dan mengikutsertakannya dalam penelitian. Enam puluh tujuh serum asam folat ibu selama hamil dan pasca melahirkan diperiksa, sementara serum asam folat anak dikumpulkan sebanyak 44 spesimen untuk pemeriksaan penanda darah. Pemeriksaan serum asam folat dengan menggunakan the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Untuk pemeriksaan biomolekuler, tipe allele enzim MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C menggunakan Taqman polymerase chain reaction. Sementara metode pyrosequencing digunakan untuk menghitung DNA metilasi pada IGF2 pada anak. Hubungan antar variabel dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi linier multivariat. Hasil:Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara asupan asam folat dan serum asam folat ibu selama hamil, tiga tahun pasca melahirkan dan anak yang dilahirkan (p>0.05). Penelitian ini tidak dapat menunjukkan hubungan antara tipe allel dari MTHFR 677 C>T dan 1298 A>C dan serum asam folat (p>0.05). Serum asam folat selama hamil juga mempengaruhi status serum asam folat tiga tahun pasca melahirkan (p<0.05) dan status serum asam folat anak (p<0.05). Namun penelitian ini tidak dapat menunjukkan pengaruh status serum asam folat anak dengan DNA metilasi IGF2 pada anak (p>0.05). Simpulan: Serum asam folat selama hamil berkontribusi pada serum asam folat tiga tahun pasca melahirkan dan anak. Genotipe dari MTHFR gene at 677C>T and 1298 A>C kemungkinan tidak terlibat dalam metabolism asam folat pada ibu. Serum asam folat selama kehamilan tidak memiliki dampak pada status metilasi dari IGF2 pada wilayah differentially methylated region (DMR) untuk subyek anak. Namun, beberapa hal harus menjadi perhatian karena, secara statistik, jumlah subyek penelitian tidak memadai. Saran: Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan yang melibatkan subyek lebih banyak dan metode yang lebih canggih dalam menentukan MTHFR dan metilasi DNA.

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Background: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, (MTHFR) enzyme is involved in folic acid metabolism, and their allele types affected its activity. Providing folic acid supplementation to pregnant mothers may influence the change in methylation level in specific genes that affect the susceptibility of disease of their offspring. Although folic acid's role as a donor in the epigenetic mechanism has been investigated, a longitudinal study exploring the influence of iron-folic acid supplementation on maternal dan birth outcome by the nutrient-gene interaction approach is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the relationship of serum folic acid level among the mothers and the children, and the imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) methylation level that is known actively involved in growth and development in children and possibly utilized as a surrogate marker for the disease Methods: In 2018, the follow-up study conducted by re-visited 67 subjects and put the mother and their children included in the study. For each group, sixty-seven serums were collected for folic acid measurement for mothers during gestation and three-year post-partum. Furthermore, forty-four serums for children were gathered for biomarker measurement. Serum folics were measured by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Determining the genotype of the MTHFR enzyme in position 677C>T and 1298 A>C was used Taqman Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The pyrosequencing method was utilized to quantify the methylation level of the IGF-2 of the children. The relationship analysis between variables using multivariate linear regression. Results: There was no relationship between the folic acid intake during gestation and serum folic acid of the mothers during pregnancy, three-year post-partum, and the children (p>0.05). There was no relationship between the allele type of MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C and serum folic acid status of the mother (p>0.05). The serum folic acid during pregnancy had a significant relationship to the serum folic acid three-year post-partum (p<0.05) as well as the serum folic acid of the children (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between the serum folic acid of the children, serum homocysteine, and the methylation status of IGF2 of the children (p>0.05). Conclusion: The serum folic acid during pregnancy contributed to the serum folic acid three-year post-partum of mother and the children. The genotype of the MTHFR gene at 677C>T and 1298 A>C was possibly not involved in folic acid metabolism in the mother. Serum folic acid during pregnancy could not have an effect on the methylation status of the IGF2 in the differentially methylated region (DMR) area of the children. However, this conclusion needs to be taken in caution due to lack of study power Recommendation: Further cohorts studies with a large sample size and more advanced methods in determining the MTHFR enzyme and DNA methylation. Keyword: serum folic acid, genotyping MTHFR 677 C>T, MTHFR 1298 A>C, DNA methylation, IGF2."

"Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 adalah salah satu hormon yang berperan pada pertumbuhan remaja perempuan. Kadarnya akan meningkat pada masa pubertas dan mulai menurun saat akhir pubertas. Kadar IGF-1 yang tinggi saat dewasa berhubungan dengan kejadian kanker payudara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara IGF-1 dengan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) pada remaja perempuan usia 13-15 tahun di Jakarta. Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan sejak bulan April?Mei 2016 dengan menggunakan data primer dari serum darah tersimpan berupa kadar IGF-1 yang diperiksa dengan metode ELISA dan data sekunder dari penelitian berjudul ?Faktor Determinan Kadar Estradiol, IGF-1, dan Menarche Dini pada Remaja Putri Usia 13?15 tahun di Jakarta: Studi Epidemiologi Gizi Terkait Faktor Risiko Kanker Payudara? berupa data antropometri, asupan makanan, dan aktivitas fisik dari 178 subjek yang didapat dengan metode total population sampling. Indeks massa tubuh pada remaja perempuan usia 13?15 tahun diukur dengan menggunakan kurva WHO 2007 dan CDC 2000. Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara IGF-1 dengan IMT pada remaja perempuan, namun terdapat kecenderungan nilai IGF-1 akan meningkat pada status gizi overweight dan menurun pada obesitas. Hendaknya para remaja perempuan menjaga status gizi dengan menjaga pola makan, memilih jenis makanan yang tepat dan seimbang, serta meningkatkan aktivitas fisik.

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The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is one of hormone that plays a role in the growth of adolescent girls. Its level will rise at puberty and begin to decline at the end of puberty. High IGF-1 levels in adult associated with the incidence of breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the correlation between IGF-1 and body mass index (BMI) in 13-15-years-old girls in Jakarta. This cross-sectional study was conducted in April-May 2016 by using primary data from stored blood serum to measure IGF-1 level byELISA method and secondary data from a study entitled "Determinant Factors of Levels of Estradiol, IGF-1, and Early Menarche in Adolescents Girls Aged 13-15 in Jakarta: Nutritional Epidemiology Study Related to Breast Cancer Risk Factors" such as anthropometric data, dietary intake, and physical activity were obtained from 178 subjects with a total population sampling method. Body mass index in girls aged 13-15 years were measured using WHO 2007 and CDC 2000 curves. There were no correlation between IGF-1 with a BMI in adolescent girls, however, there is a tendency value of IGF-1 will increase in overweight and decrease in obesity. Thus adolescent girls should maintain their nutritional status by maintain a diet, choose the right and balanced foods, as well as increased physical activity."

"Prevalensi pre-frail tinggi pada usia lanjut dan kondisi tersebut dapat berubah menjadi frail. Kolekalsiferol diduga memiliki potensi untuk memperbaiki sindrom frailty pada usia lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh kolekalsiferol terhadap kekuatan genggam tangan, kecepatan berjalan serta reseptor vitamin D (vitamin D receptor/VDR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), dan insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) monosit pada usia lanjut dengan pre-frail. Uji klinis acak tersamar ganda dilakukan di Poliklinik Geriatri RSCM pada bulan April–Desember 2021. Sebanyak 120 subjek dirandomisasi menjadi kelompok yang mendapat kolekalsiferol 4.000 IU/hari (60 subjek) serta kelompok yang mendapat plasebo/hari (60 subjek). Seluruh subjek mendapat suplementasi kalsium laktat 500 mg /hari. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 12 minggu. Terdapat 57 subjek pada kelompok kolekalsiferol dan 56 subjek pada kelompok plasebo yang menjalani penelitian hingga selesai. Analisis intention to treat dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi luaran kekuatan genggam tangan dan kecepatan berjalan, sedangkan analisis per protokol untuk mengevaluasi VDR, IL-6 dan IGF-1 monosit. Pada akhir pengamatan, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kekuatan genggam tangan (p = 0,228), kecepatan berjalan (p = 0,734), VDR monosit (p = 0,45), IL-6 monosit (p = 0,57) dan IGF-1 monosit (p = 0,72) antara kedua kelompok perlakuan. Tidak ada korelasi antara perubahan VDR, IL-6 dan IGF-1 monosit dengan kekuatan genggam tangan dan kecepatan berjalan. Terdapat peningkatan kadar 25(OH)D yang bermakna pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan dan peningkatan bermakna pada kelompok kolekalsiferol dibandingkan plasebo. Pemberian kolekalsiferol 4.000 IU pada usia lanjut pre-frail 12 minggu meningkatkan kadar 25(OH)D secara bermakna, namun belum terbukti dapat memperbaiki kekuatan genggam tangan, kecepatan berjalan, meningkatkan VDR dan IGF-1 monosit serta menurunkan IL-6 monosit. Fungsi ginjal memiliki pengaruh terhadap efek kolekalsiferol pada IGF-1 monosit. Kolekalsiferol meningkatkan jumlah monosit dengan IGF-1+ pada eGFR > 90, namun tidak pada eGFR 30–59.

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Pre-frail prevalence is higher in the elderly. Frailty status is a dynamic condition. Pre-frail can fall into a frail condition. Cholecalciferol is regarded to have potential effect to improve frailty syndrome in the elderly. This study aimed to determine the effect of cholecalciferol on hand grip strength, walking speed, vitamin D receptors, IL-6, and IGF-1 monocyte in pre-frail elderly. A randomized double-blind clinical trial study at the RSCM Geriatric Polyclinic was conducted from April to December 2021. A total of 120 subjects were randomized into groups receiving 4000 IU cholecalciferol/day (60 subjects) and groups receiving placebo/day (60 subjects). All subjects received calcium lactate supplementation 500 mg/day. Observations were made for 12 weeks. There were 57 subjects in the cholecalciferol group and 56 subjects in the placebo group who completed the study. An intention to treat analysis was performed to evaluate the output of hand grip strength and walking speed, while a per protocol analysis was performed to evaluate monocyte VDR, IL-6 and IGF-1.There were no significant differences in hand grip strength (p = 0,228), walking speed (p = 0,734), VDR monocyte (p = 0,45), IL-6 monocyte (p = 0,57) and IGF-1 monocyte (p = 0,72) between treatment groups. There were no correlation between changes in the VDR, IL-6 and IGF-1 monocytes with changes in hand grip strength and walking speed. There was a significant increase in 25(OH)D levels in each group and a significant difference between groups. Supplementation of cholecalciferol 4.000 IU daily for 12 weeks increased serum 25(OH)D level significantly, however it did not improve hand grip strength and walking speed, and did not affect VDR, IL-6 and IGF-1 monocytes in pre-frail elderly. Kidney function had an influence on the effect of cholecalciferol on monocyte IGF-1. Cholecalciferol increased the number of monocytes with IGF-1+ at eGFR > 90, but not at eGFR 30–59."