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"Tujuan: Epidemi AIDS berdampak negatif terhadap kehidupan sosial-ekonomi keluarga. Tujuan penelitian ini menilai dampak HIV/AIDS dalam keluarga terhadap kualitas hidup anak, dan mengidentifi kasi faktor-faktor yang ikut berperan. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan data hasil survei HIV/AIDS yang dilakukan Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan-UI PPKUI (2007) di tujuh propinsi, terdiri dari 379 rumah tangga (RT) dengan HIV dan 370 RT tanpa HIV. Kualitas hidup anak diukur pada usia 5-11 tahun (anak pra-remaja) melalui variabel komposit tiga dimensi (pendidikan, lingkungan sosial dan aktifi tas fi sik) dengan nilai kategori ?kurang baik? dan ?baik?. Regresi logistik ganda dilakukan untuk menilai pengaruh faktor HIV/AIDS, faktor rumah tangga dan faktor anak terhadap kualitas hidup anak. Hasil: Pertama, adanya HIV/AIDS dalam RT, peluang risiko kualitas hidup anak menjadi ?kurang baik? sebesar 1,59 kali dibanding anak dari RT tanpa HIV/AIDS. Kedua, bila anak dalam RT tersebut perempuan, peluang risiko kualitas hidup anak tersebut ?kurang baik? sebesar 1,50 kali dibanding bila anak tersebut laki-laki. Ketiga, anak yang mendapat praktek pengasuhan ?kurang baik?, peluang risiko kualitas hidup anak ?kurang baik? 1,55 kali dibanding bila anak mendapat pengasuhan?baik?. Keempat, pada anak usia lebih muda (5-7 tahun), peluang risiko kualitas hidup anak ?kurang baik? sebesar 1,60 kali dibanding bila anak berusia lebih tua (8-11 tahun). Kesimpulan: Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya salah satu anggota keluarga yang terinfeksi HIV dalam rumah tangga berpengaruh negatif terhadap kualitas hidup anak pra-remaja. Pengaruh negatif tersebut lebih besar apabila anak tersebut perempuan, kurang mendapat pengasuhan, dan berusia lebih muda.

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AbstractAim: An AIDS epidemic has a negative social and economic impact to the families. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS in the family to the quality of life of the children, including other factors that might interfere.Methods: The study utilized the data of a survey conducted by the Health Research Center of the University of Indonesia (2007), in seven provinces consisting of 379 households (HH) with HIV and 370 HH without HIV. Child?s quality of life was measured at ages 5 to 11 years (pre-adolescent) using a composite of three variables (education,social environment, and physical activity), and was scored as ?poor? and ?good?. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the impact of HIV/AIDS, household and child factor towards the child?s quality of life.Results: The presence of an HIV/AIDS patient in the HH increases the risk of poor quality of life 1.59 times compared to the risk in HH without HIV/AIDS. If the child is a female, the risk of poor quality of life increases 1.50 times compared to male children. A child who is poorly taken care of faces a 1.55 times higher risk of poor quality of life compared to children who are well taken care of. In younger children (5-7 yrs) the risk of poor quality of life increases 1.60 times compared to older children (8-11 yrs).Conclusion: The study showed that when a member of the family is infected with HIV, it will negatively affect the quality of life of a pre-teen child in that family. This negative effect is higher when the child is a female, does not receive proper care, and of younger age."

"This volume is full of cogent analysis of topics and issues related to well being and quality of life, including focused papers on specific population groupings and discrete themes. Some papers provide data on other European nations that allow for comparative assessment, while others set out fresh approaches to evaluating quality of life itself. "

"Paving the way for modern feminist thinking, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–97) dared to challenge traditional eighteenth-century attitudes towards women. First published in 1787, this book discusses how girls can best be educated to become valuable wives and mothers. It argues that women can offer the most effective contribution to society if they are brought up to display sound morals, character and intellect, rather than superficial social graces. Wollstonecraft later developed her ideas in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (also reissued in this series), in which she attacked the educational restrictions imposed upon women. Her writings formed a cornerstone of the battle for women's rights in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Prompting deeper reflection upon the role and status of women in modern society, the present work remains an instructive and provocative read for those seeking to learn about the roots of feminism in its social and historical context."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang dampak praktik pemberian makan terhadap status gizi anak dalam konteks malnutrisi yakni stunting anak di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan data yang diambil dari Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS) digunakan untuk menjelaskan tingkat signifikansi dari setiap variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen melalui parameter koefisien. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada model dengan metode Ordinary Least Square, ditemukan bahwa karakteristik praktik pemberian makan berupa pengetahuan ASI eksklusif ibu dan usia anak pertama kali diberi air putih secara signifikan menaikkan status gizi anak dan berpotensi dalam mengurangi resiko terkena malnutrisi, khususnya stunting. Durasi menyusui ditemukan secara signifikan menurunkan status gizi anak dan berpotensi dalam menaikkan resiko stunting. dalam konteks durasi menyusui, meskipun pada dasarnya bersifat counterintuitive, terdapat beberapa alasan mengapa lamanya durasi menyusui dapat menurunkan status gizi anak; keterlambatan atau tertundanya pemberian makanan tambahan pada pola makan bayi atau karena kurangnya sumber daya di rumah tangga untuk menyediakan makanan pendamping bagi bayi mengakibatkan anak tidak dapat mengembangkan nafsu makan yang sehat terhadap makanan pendamping sehingga membuat anak terlalu bergantung pada ASI sebagai sumber makanan utama. Meskipun ASI memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi, tetapi memiliki nilai kalori yang rendah sehingga tidak cocok sebagai makanan tunggal setelah usia tertentu. Durasi menyusui harus disesuaikan dengan pengetahuan ibu dalam memberikan ASI eksklusif dan juga memperhatikan kapan umur yang tepat untuk memperkenalkan makanan pendamping ASI sehingga memperkecil kemungkinan terjadinya malnutrisi gizi pada anak. Penelitian ini menujukkan betapa kompleksnya faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi status gizi anak. Praktik pemberian makan merupakan salah satu pondasi utama dalam mencegah stunting pada anak sehingga diperlukan desain kebijakan yang tepat agar praktik pemberian makan yang tepat dapat diterapkan sehingga hasilnya dapat meningkatkan status gizi anak Indonesia.

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This study discusses the impact of feeding practices on children's nutritional status in the context of malnutrition, namely child stunting in Indonesia. The study was conducted using data taken from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used to explain the level of significance of each independent variable to the dependent variable through the coefficient parameter. Based on the results of the study on the Ordinary Least Square method model, it was found that the characteristics of feeding practices in the form of knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding of mothers and the age of children first given water significantly increased children's nutritional status and had the potential to reduce the risk of malnutrition, especially stunting. The duration of breastfeeding was found to significantly reduce children's nutritional status and had the potential to increase the risk of stunting. In the context of breastfeeding duration, although basically counterintuitive, there are several reasons why the length of breastfeeding duration can reduce children's nutritional status; delay or postponement of supplementary feeding in infant diet or due to lack of resources in household to provide complementary feeding for infants results in children not being able to develop a healthy appetite for complementary feeding, making children too dependent on breast milk as the main food source. Although breast milk has high nutritional value, it has low calorie value, so it is not suitable as a single food after a certain age. The duration of breastfeeding must be adjusted to the mother's knowledge in providing exclusive breastfeeding and paying attention to when is the right age to introduce complementary feeding to reduce the possibility of malnutrition in children. This study shows how complex the factors that can affect a child's nutritional status are. Feeding practices are one of the main foundations in preventing stunting in children, so appropriate policy design is needed so that appropriate feeding practices can be implemented so that the results can improve the nutritional status of Indonesian children."

"Infeksi HIV yang bersifat kronik memberikan dampak negatif terhadap kualitas hidup pasien, termasuk anak. Kualitas hidup dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalah status ekonomi. Studi potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara status ekonomi keluarga dengan kualitas hidup anak terinfeksi HIV. Secara consecutive sampling didapatkan 87 anak terinfeksi HIV yang sedang menjalani rawat jalan di RSCM beserta orang tua atau pengasuh utamanya. Nilai kualitas hidup didapatkan melalui kuesioner PedsQLTM generik dalam bahasa Indonesia, yang terdiri atas laporan anak (usia 5-18 tahun) dan laporan orang tua (usia 2-18 tahun). Data juga diperoleh dari pengisian kuesioner identitas dan rekam medik pasien. Sebanyak 48 (55,2%) subyek berasal dari keluarga dengan status ekonomi yang rendah, sedangkan 39 (44,8%) sisanya berstatus ekonomi tinggi. Berdasarkan laporan anak, 34 (65,4%) anak memiliki kualitas hidup normal dan 18 (34,6%) lainnya terganggu. Sementara berdasarkan laporan orang tua, 51 (58,6%) anak memiliki kualitas hidup normal dan 36 (41,4%) memiliki kualitas hidup terganggu. Uji chi-square menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status ekonomi dan kualitas hidup anak terinfeksi HIV baik menurut laporan anak (p= 0,444) maupun laporan orang tua (p=0,415).

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Chronic HIV infection has negative effect for patient’s quality of life (QoL), including children. The QoL can be affected by multiple factors, one of them is economic status. This cross sectional study was conducted to analyze the correlation between family’s economic status and QoL in HIV infected children. By consecutive sampling, there was 87 HIV infected children who were outpatients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital with their parent or main caregiver. The QoL score was obtained from PedsQLTM questionnaire in bahasa Indonesia, conclude of child-self report (5-18 y.o.) and parent-proxy report (2-18 y.o.).

Data was also collected from identity questionnaire and medical record. About 48 (55.2%) subjects was in low economic status while 39 (44.8%) was in high economic status. Based on child-self report, QoL was normal in 34 (65.4%) children and low in 18 (34.6%) children. Meanwhile, parent-proxy report showed that 51 (58.6%) child had normal QoL and 36 (41.4%) child had the low one. The chi-square test showed that there is no significant correlation between economic status and QoL in HIV infected children, based on child-self report (p=0.444) and parent-proxy report (p=0.415.)"

"ABSTRAKOrang tua sebagai family caregiver utama memegang peranan penting dalam tumbuh kembang serta anak dengan epilepsi (ADE). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara affiliate stigma, caregiver burden, dan dampak keduanya pada kualitas hidup. Sebanyak 48 orang tua yang merupakan caregiver primer dengan usia minimal 25 tahun dan memiliki ADE yang berusia maksimal 16 tahun diminta untuk berpartisipasi pada penelitian korelasional dengan mengisi kuesioner daring maupun luring. Affiliate stigma diukur menggunakan Affiliate Stigma Scale, caregiver burden diukur menggunakan Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), dan kualitas hidup family caregiver ADE diukur menggunakan WHOQOL-BREF yang dikembangkan oleh WHO. Berdasarkan analisis korelasi menggunakan Pearson Product Moment didapatkan hasil korelasi yang

signifikan dan negatif antara affiliate stigma dan kualitas hidup (r (48) = -0,393, p < 0,01), caregiver burden dan kualitas hidup (r (48) = -0,516, p < 0,01). Selain itu, affiliate stigma

dan caregiver burden juga memiliki hubungan positif yang signifikan (r (48) = 0,657, p < 0,01). Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa semakin besar skor affiliate stigma dan caregiver burden, semakin rendah skor kualitas hidup family caregiver ADE. Hasil penelitian ini sesuai dengan penelitian terdahulu yang melihat hubungan antara ketiganya pada populasi caregiver. Temuan ini dapat digunakan sebagai landasan untuk rancangan intervensi pada family caregiver epilepsi untuk meminimalisir affiliate stigma dan caregiver burden yang dialami.

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ABSTRACT

Parents usually act as a primary caregiver and have an important role in children with epilepsy (CWE) development. This study aims to analyse the relationship between affiliate stigma, caregiver burden, and both effects on quality of life. A total of 48 parent whom a primary caregiver of CWE aged at least 25-year old with CWE aged at least 16- year old were asked to participate in this correlational study and fill the online or offline questionnaires. Affiliate Stigma was measured by Affiliate Stigma Scale, whereas caregiver burden and quality of life was measured by Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and WHOQOL-BREF, respectively. Using Pearson Product Moment, the result shows significant and negative relationships between affiliate stigma and quality of life (r (48) = -0,393, p < 0,01), caregiver burden and quality of life (r (48) = -0,516, p<0,01). The analyses also shows that affiliate stigma and caregiver burden have a significant and positive relationship too (r (48) = 0,657, p < 0,01). In conclusion, the high score of affiliate stigma and caregiver burden indicates the lower score of quality of life in family caregiver CWE. This study shows a similar results with another similar study on caregiver. This finding may be useful in designing a intervention on family caregiver CWE to minimalize the felt affiliate stigma and caregiver burden."