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"This book views criticism as a way to step back and look at an educational intervention within educational technology through a particular critical lens. First, a few foundational chapters set the stage for the conversations on criticism. Then, the role criticism can play in enhancing analysis and interpretation of the PBL literature is explored. Finally, case studies addressing the central concepts of the text are presented and dissected. This book represents a complete overhaul and rethinking of the use of criticism as a method for understanding and furthering the research area of PBL within the field of Educational technology."

"ABSTRAKIn the last 2002, the result of quality test to road and bridge construction projects in Jakarta, which was done by the construction contractors, found a problem situation, where many contractors were lacking in professionalism. According to the problem situation, the core of the problem is the low of organizational knowledge, which support competitive advantage of the companies. The aims of this research are to know the model shape of organizational knowledge creation process, the present of the others important components in the model, understanding the relational behavior between components in the model, and the present of the most important component in the model. The context scope of this qualitative research is organizational learning theory. Research location is the contractor companies X, Y, and Z in Jakarta The research involving 16 persons from these companies who gave respond to closed questionnaire, with three directors, three technical managers, and three technical staffs who did depth interview with researcher. Empirical studies are used to help identify the frame of research idea. Based on the theories of organizational learning and the result of the empirical research that had done and relevant, this research try to make a cognitive map model with system thinking approach. This conceptual model focused to knowledge creation process to support the competitive advantage construction contractor companies. Epistemological position of this research is radical constructivism. Research execution adopts soft system methodology approach with tool to analyze research data using systems dynamics method. Further, sensitivity test and extreme condition test analysis are done toward the model. These analyses mean to know the behavior over time of important components in system modeling. The result of qualitative field research adopted soft system methodology conclude, based on reality, previous conceptual model get a change, so that the model must be revised become a more complex system model. Model simulation experiment with analysis technique of systems dynamics gets three conclusions. First, manager's mental model which is very difficult to be changed become braver toward business risk has influence weaken the acceleration of learning process in his company. Second, manager's effort to emphasize the important of knowledge for company's competitive advantage, which also include the application of project bonus policy to his employees, is an important matter for building organizational learning. Third, knowledge dissemination component is the most important component to be carried out or not the organizational teaming. Managers, who want to increase his company's knowledge, suggested to must pay more attention to the realization of knowledge dissemination process, which is practiced by his employees. Managers who want to build his company's competitive advantage through organizational learning process, suggested to must be able to improve his own mental model to be more brave toward business risk. Managers who want to compete based on company's knowledge, suggested to must emphasize his employees continuously, that the company's life depend on the ability of employees to do learning and increasing knowledge for company's competitive advantage. Of course, to support it, managers must give project bonus to his employees. "

"Tujuan Kemampuan penalaran kliiik odotoh salah salu kompetensi utama yang harus dimiliki oleh lulusan dokter sehingga perlu dilatih sejak mahasiswa. Akan tetapi, pembuktian kuantitatif tentangfaktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan penalaran klinik mahasiswa masih sangat sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menenlukan pengaruhpengetahuan dan faktor lainnya terhadap kemampuan penalaran klinik mahasiswa sebagai bahan acuan dalam menentukan metode pembelajaran penalaran klinik.Melode Penetritian potong linlang dilakukan terhadap mahasiswa Fakuhas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya program KBK semester IV Data yang diambil adalah tentang kemampuan penalaran klinik dengan faktor risikonya pada kasus sistem urogenital karena saat data diambil pada April 2008, mahasiswa baru menyelesaikan pembelajaran blokurogenilal. Kemampuan penalaran klinik dinilai dengan /es script concordance danfaktor risiko dinilai berdasarkanhasil evaluasiformatif, sumatif blok dan karakterisitk mahasiswa. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode regresi Cox. Hasil Hasil penelitian terhadap 132 mahasiswa menunjukkan persentase kemampuan penalaran klinik yang rendah sebesar 38,694. Mahasiswa yang mempunyai pengetahuan yang rendah dibandingkan dengan yang tinggi mempunyai 63% lebih tinggi risiko mengalami penalaran klinik yang rendah (kR suaian : 1,63; 9594 interval kepercoyaan (C[): I,l0-2,42). Dibanding dengan kelompok mahasiswa yang lerampil berpikir kritis, mahasiswa yang tidak terampil berpikir ltritis lebih berisiko dua kali lebih mempunyai penalaran klinikyang rendah (M suaian: 2,30; 95% interval kepercayaan (CD: 1,55 - 3,41).Kesimpulan Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa mahasiswa yang tidak terampil berpikir kritis atau memiliki pengetahuan yang rendah memiliki kemampuan penalaran klinik yang rendah.

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AbstractAim Clinical reasoning is one of the essential competencies for medical practitioners, so that it must be exercised by medical students. Studies on quantitative evidence of factors influencing clinical reasoning abilicy of students are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of knowledge and other factors on the clinical reasoning abiliry ofthe students, which can serve as reference to establish methods for learning ctinical reasoning. Methods This is a cross-sectional study on fourth semester students enrolled in the Competency-based Curriculumof the Medical Faculty, University of Sriwijaya. Data on clinical reasoning abilily and risk factors during urogenital blockwere collected inApril 2008, when the students have just completed the btock. Clinical reasoning abiliry was tested using the Script Concordance test and the risk factors were evaluated based on formative tests, block summativeassessments, and student characteristics. Data were analyzed by Cox regression.Results The prevalence of low clinical reasoning ability of the 132 students was 38.6%. The group with low basic knowledge was found to have 63% risk ol low clinical reasoning abiliry when compared to those with high basic knowledge (adjusted RR = 1.63; 95% conidence intewal (Ct): 1.10 -2.42). When compared to students with high critical thinking skitls, those with lory critical thinking skills had 2.3 time to be low clinical reasoning abitity (adjusted RR : 2.30; 9s% CI: 1.55 - 3.41).Conclusion Students with low critical thinking skills or with inadequate knowledge had a higher risk of low clinical reasoning ability."

"PART I: UNDERSTANDING MEDIATION: The potential of mediation -- The cost and value of conflict -- The mediation approach -- PART II: MEDIATION IN ACTION: A map of the process -- Working with the parties separately -- A joint mediation session -- Moving on -- Mediating a high-conflict situation -- Using mediation for group disputes -- PART III: DAY-TO-DAY MEDIATION SKILLS: Maintaining dialogue under pressure -- Responding constructively to the "isms" -- Investigating sensitive issues -- Getting mediation into your organizatio"