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"ABSTRAKKarya Lulis ini mencoba menyelidiki dan mcnjelaskan dampak korupsi lerhadap GDP perkapita pada panel data 105 negara. Kekhususan paper ini jika dibandingkan dengan studi-studi terdahulu adalah mencoba menyelidiki bahwa dampak korupsi terhadap pembangunan berbeda antar Negara dengan menambahkan variabel dummy negara maju dan negara berkembang Serta pengelompolcan dummy berdasarkan wilayah geogran (yaitu negara barat dan maju, Negara berkembang di Asia, Afrika, Amerika Latin dan r Karibia, serta Eropa Timur dan bekas Uni Soviet). Metode yang dipakai adalah OLS . panel, ZSLS, dan fixed effects regressions. 1-lasilnyamenunjukkan bahwa perlama, dengan meuggunakan OLS dan ZSLS, dampak korupsi terhadap GDP per kapita adalah . ncgatif dan signifikan. Dengan memakai fixed effects, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa l dampak tersebut tidak si gnilikan clikarenakan adanya kemungkinan data panel yang terlalu pendek (hanya 6 tahun durasi data) Serta measurement emor (kesalahan pengukuran variabcl korupsi). Kedua, dampak negatif korupsi dirasakan lebih besar di negara berkembang dibandingkan di negara maju, Ketiga, jika dilihat dari wilayah 0 geografi, dampak negatif korupsi terhadap pembangunan dirasakan paling besar di negara berkembang di Eropa Timur dan bekas Uni Soviet, lalu berturut-turut di Asia, Atnka, rl Negara Barat dan Maju, serta paling kecil dampaknya di Negara berkembang di Amerika Latin dan Karibia.

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ABSTRACT

This paper tries to investigate and explain the impact ofcomiption on per capita GDP across 105 countri cs. The distinction of this paper comparing to earlier studies is to investigate that the impact of corruption on development is different among countries by involving dummy developed and developing countries and cluster geographical areas (Western and developed countries, Developing oountries in Asia, Africa, South America and Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and Ex Soviet Union). The methods used are OLS, ZS LS, and fixed effects regressions. The results show that first, by using OLS and ZSLS, the impact of corruption on per capita GDP is negatively significant. Fixed effects estimation show no impact ofoorruption on pcr capita GDP but this is probably duc to the short panel as well as measurement error. Second, developing countries have higher impact of con-uption on per capita GDP rather than developed countries. Third, looking on across geographical areas, developing countries in Eastern Europe and Ex Soviet Union have the highest negative impact, and then in Asia, Afiica, Westem and developed countries, and the lowest is in developing countries in South America and Caribbean."

"The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of foreign direct investment, economic growth, international trade, Covid-19 pandemic on unemployment rates in six developing Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries, as well as members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), over period 2010 to 2021. Quantitative approaches using panel regression fixed effect model are utilized. According to the findings of this study, all of the variable used include foreign direct investment, economic growth, international trade and the Covid-19 pandemic simultaneously have a substantial impact on unemployment rate in six MENA countries. While partially, foreign direct investment, economic growth and international trade have a strong influence in declining unemployment in six MENA countries, while the Covid-19 pandemic variable has a positive relation and insignificant effect on the unemployment rate which indicates that statistically there is no significant difference of the unemployment rate in the years before and during Covid-19 pandemic. In conclusion, since the MENA countries has experienced a high concentration of unemployment particularly among youth for a long time, the government ought to concentrate more on facilitating skills training support for young people. This will ensure that the young people have added value and are qualified in the sectors and fields offered, particularly in foreign direct investment, allowing the FDI to absorb domestic workers. The youth can so, collectively, escape unemployment and enhance productivity in a country, which will also raise the GDP of the country"

"This study analyzes the intra-industry trade (IIT) patterns between Indonesia and Japan in manufactured and agricultural products and explores its determinants. As one of the biggest importers of Indonesian products, it is expected that Japan has a big influence on the IIT between Japan and Indonesia. The Asian financial crisis, as one determinant, disrupted the extent of intra-industry trade between Indonesia and Japan. To reduce trade barriers, economic agreements such as those found in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation had a positive effect on bilateral intra-industry trade between the two countries. In simulations, the bilateral trade policies imposed yielded significant benefits to encourage bilateral intra-industry trade between Indonesia and Japan. "

"Studies assessing the link between trade liberalization, poverty and equity come up with datatable result. The effect of open markets on poverty alleviation is usually divisive between pros (Anderson, Jha, et.al dan Bhattasali et al) and cons (Coller and Dollar,Twyford,Medeley and abbotts),while effect on equity is more conclusive...."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi dampak kebijakan moneter dan makroprudensial terhadap pembangunan keuangan, baik di negara maju dan berkembang. Dengan menggunakan regresi panel data dinamis metode GMM pada 43 negara, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dampak negatif akibat pelonggaran kebijakan tersebut. Penurunan suku bunga kebijakan dan indeks makroprudensial terutama instrumen kredit dan likuiditas dapat meningkatkan rasio kredit privat terhadap PDB, yang berarti mendorong proses pembangunan keuangan. Selanjutnya, penurunan suku bunga kebijakan signifikan mendorong proses pembangunan keuangan negara maju, namun indeks makroprudensial tidak signifikan. Sebaliknya, penurunan suku bunga kebijakan dan indeks makroprudensial tidak signifikan berdampak pada proses pembangunan keuangan negara berkembang.

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ABSTRACTThis study investigates effect of monetary and macroprudential policy on financial development, in  developed and developing countries. Using dynamic panel data regression (GMM methods) for 43 countries, this study shows that there are negative impacts due to easened policies. Declined policy rates and macroprudential indices, especially credit and liquidity-related instruments, can increase ratio private credit to GDP, which means encouraging financial development process. Specifically, declined policy rates can significantly encourage financial development process in developed countries, but macroprudential indices is not significant. Decreased policy rates and macroprudential indices do not have significant impact on financial development process in developing countries."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris terkait faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming, serta peran moderasi dari faktor institutional terhadap hubungan tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris terkait trade-off antara penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming. Dengan menggunakan analisis lintas negara yang terdiri dari 33 negara untuk sampel penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming pada periode 2010-2020, penelitian ini menemukan bukti sebagai berikut. Pertama, analisis pada determinan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming relatif lebih tinggi di negara dengan bahasa strong FTR dan risiko iklim yang tinggi. Selanjutnya, penghindaran pajak nonconforming relatif lebih rendah di negara dengan tax enforcement yang kuat dan book-tax conformity yang tinggi. Di sisi lain, penghindaran pajak conforming relatif lebih rendah di negara dengan tax enforcement yang kuat, tetapi lebih tinggi di negara dengan book-tax conformity yang tinggi. Kedua, analisis pada peran faktor institusional secara umum menunjukkan bahwa faktor institusional mampu memperlemah perilaku perusahaan (bahasa dan risiko iklim) untuk melakukan penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming. Selanjutnya, interaksi faktor institusional yang paling efektif untuk mengurangi penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming adalah interaksi antara tax enforcement dan public governance. Ketiga, analisis pada trade-off penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming menunjukkan bahwa biaya dari penghindaran pajak nonconforming lebih besar daripada penghindaran pajak conforming pada negara dengan tingkat korupsi yang lebih tinggi, perlindungan investor yang lebih rendah, public governance yang lebih baik, book-tax conformity yang lebih tinggi, dan tax enforcement yang lebih kuat. Sebaliknya, pada negara dengan tingkat korupsi yang lebih rendah, perlindungan investor yang lebih tinggi, public governance yang lebih buruk, book-tax conformity yang lebih rendah, dan tax enforcement yang lebih lemah, biaya dari penghindaran pajak conforming lebih besar daripada penghindaran pajak nonconforming. Terakhir, penelitian ini memiliki implikasi penting bagi suatu negara dalam menghadapi permasalahan penghindaran pajak melalui analisis dua strategi penghindaran pajak secara bersamaan yaitu penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming. Secara khusus, penelitian ini menitikberatkan suatu negara untuk lebih memprioritaskan penguatan pada dua faktor institusional, yaitu tax enforcement dan public governance.

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This research aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the factors associated with nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance, as well as the moderating role of institutional factors in these relationships. Additionally, the study seeks to establish empirical evidence concerning the trade-off between nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance. Using cross-country analysis comprising 33 countries for nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance samples during the period 2010-2020, this research yields the following findings. Firstly, the analysis of the determinants in this study indicates that nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance is relatively higher in countries with strong Future Time Reference (FTR) language and high climate risk. Furthermore, nonconforming tax avoidance is relatively lower in countries with strong tax enforcement and high book-tax conformity. On the other hand, conforming tax avoidance is relatively lower in countries with strong tax enforcement but higher in countries with high book-tax conformity. Secondly, the analysis of the role of institutional factors in general indicates that institutional factors have the capacity to weaken corporate behavior (language and climate risk) in engaging in both nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance. Furthermore, the most effective interaction of institutional factors in reducing nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance is the synergy between tax enforcement and public governance. Thirdly, the analysis of the trade-off between nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance indicates that the costs associated with nonconforming tax avoidance exceed those of conforming tax avoidance in countries characterized by higher levels of corruption, diminished investor protection, superior public governance, higher book-tax conformity, and more robust tax enforcement. Conversely, in countries with lower corruption levels, higher investor protection, poorer public governance, reduced book-tax conformity, and weaker tax enforcement, the costs of conforming tax avoidance surpass those of nonconforming tax avoidance. Finally, this research carries significant implications for a nation facing tax avoidance issues through the simultaneous analysis of two tax avoidance strategies, namely, nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance. Specifically, the study underscores the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of two institutional factors which are tax enforcement and public governance."

"Penelitian ini mendalami mengenai peran perkembangan sektor finansial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Variabel-variabel sektor finansial yang digunakan adalah kapitalisasi pasar saham, kredit perbankan, dan jumlah uang beredar. Sementara itu perekonomian direpresentasikan dengan variabel PDB (Produk Domestik Bruto). Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode vector error correction model (VECM) dan impulse response function. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan metode VECM menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka panjang variabel-variabel perkembangan sektor finansial memiliki hubungan jangka panjang dengan PDB. Berdasarkan analisis impulse response function, terlihat bahwa shock positif kapitalisasi pasar, kredit perbankan, dan jumlah uang beredar direspon positif searah oleh PDB.

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This research is exploring on the role of financial sector development to economic growth. Financial sector variables that are used in this is stock market capitalization, banking credit and money supply. Meanwhile, economy is represented by GDP. Analysis used in this research is Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), impulse response function. The result of the analysis shows that in the long term, financial development variables have causality relationship with GDP. Based on impulse response function analysis, it is seen that positive shock of financial sector variables responded with the increasing GDP in the next 10 years."