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"Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate the proliferation and differentiation of various cells via their respective receptors (FGFRs). During the early stages of tooth development in fetal mice, FGFs and FGFRs have been shown to be expressed in dental epithelia and mesenchymal cells at the initial stages of odontogenesis and to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. However, little is known about the expression patterns of FGFs in the advanced stages of tooth development. In the present study, we focused on FGF18 expression in the rat mandibular first molar (M1) during the postnatal crown and root formation stages. FGF18 signals by RT-PCR using cDNAs from M1 were very weak at postnatal day 5 and were significantly up-regulated at days 7, 9 and 15. Transcripts were undetectable by in situ hybridization (ISH) but could be detected by in situ RT-PCR in the differentiated odontoblasts and cells of the sub-odontoblastic layer in both crown and root portions of M1 at day 15. The transcripts of FGFR2c and FGFR3, possible candidate receptors of FGF18, were detected by RT-PCR and ISH in differentiated odontoblasts throughout postnatal development. These results suggest the continual involvement of FGF18 signaling in the regulation of odontoblasts during root formation where it may contribute to dentin matrix formation and/or mineralization."

"AbstractA civil servant selection attributes transaction cost. Aim of this conceptual paper is to explain behavior of transaction cost payment from perspective theory of the rationale of economics. This study was conducted by understanding various theories regarding a phenomena of transaction cost payment. This study revealed transaction cost payment as typical self interest and utility maximization (neo-classic rationality), to behave as Al-Nafs Al-Ammarah (Islamic rationality). The transaction cost payment was encouraged by perception, understanding and prior experiences (Keynes rationality), environment (psychology rationality). However, there was a limited scope of information for transaction cost payment (bounded rationality). AbstrakSeleksi pegawai negeri sering kali memunculkan biaya transaksi. Tujuan dari artikel konseptual ini adalah menjelaskan perilaku membayar biaya transaksi tersebut dalam perspektif teori rasionalitas ilmu ekonomi. Studi dilakukan dengan memaknai berbagai perdebatan teori rasionalitas dan menghubungkannya dengan fenomena membayar biaya transaksi. Hasil studi menunjukkan membayar biaya transaksi sebagai bentuk self interest dan maksimalisasi utilitas (rasionalitas neo-klasik), sebagai perilaku Al-Nafs Al-Ammarah (rasionalitas Islam). Membayar biaya transaksi juga dibentuk oleh persepsi, pemahaman, dan pengalaman perilaku sebelumnya (rasionalitas Keynes), lingkungan (rasionalitas sosiologi), dan kepribadian (rasionalitas psikologis). Di samping itu, terdapat keterbatasan informasi dalam membayar biaya transaksi tersebut (bounded rationality)."

"Latar belakang: Buceng {kombinasi pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) dan purwoceng (Pimpinella alpine Molk)}telah terbukti meningkatkan kadar testosteron (Te) dan menurunkan apoptosis. Namun belum ada bukti apakah efek tersebut dimediasi oleh penurunan ekspresi caspase3. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari apakah pemberian buceng dapat menurunkan ekspresi caspase3 sel penis dan prostat pada tikus jantan Sprague Dawley. Metode: Studi eksperimental dilakukan pada 24 tikus jantan galur Sprague Dawley, umur 90 hari dengan berat badan (BB) + 300 g, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok secara acak masing-masing terdiri dari 6 ekor. Kelompok A, tikus dikastrasi dan diberi buceng 50 mg. Kelompok B, tikus tanpa dikastrasi, langsung dimatikan sebagai kontrol positif. Kelompok C, tikus dikastrasi dan diberi akuades 2 mL, sebagai kontrol negatif. Kelompok D, tikus dikastrasi dan diberi mesterolone 6,75 mg yang dilarutkan dalam air. Analisis statistik yang digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan ekspresi caspase3 adalah uji MANOVA, dilanjutkan dengan Post Hoc.Hasil: Analisis MANOVA pada empat kelompok menunjukkan perbedaan ekspresi caspase3 yang bermakna (p = 0,000). Analisis tes Post Hoc menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi caspase3 penis dan prostat pada kelompok A (buceng) (33,56; 35,83) lebih rendah bermakna dibanding kelompok C (kontrol negatif) (54,33;60,07) dan kelompok D (mesterolone) (51,91;56,21), p = 0,000, dan lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok B (kontrol positif atau tikus normal) (29,40; 27,72), namun secara statistik tidak bermakna ( p = 0,826).Kesimpulan: Pemberian buceng 50 mg/hari selama 30 hari berturut-turut dapat menurunkan ekspresi caspase3 pada sel penis dan prostat.

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AbstractBackground: Buceng {combination of pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) and purwoceng (Pimpinella alpine Molk)}has been proven to increase testosterone (Te) level and decrease apoptosis. Unfortunately, there is no evidence whether these effects are mediated by the declining of caspase3. Objective of this study was to evaluate whether buceng could decrease the expression of caspase3 of penis and prostate cells in Sprague Dawley male rats.Methods: Twenty four Sprague Dawley male rats weighing 300 g (90 days old) were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 male rats. Group A, rats were castrated and received buceng 50 mg. Group B, rats were not castrated, sacrifices as positive control. Group C, rats were castrated and given 2 mL aquadest as negative control. Group D, rats were castrated and got of 6.75 mg mesterolone, dissolved in 2 mL water. MANOVA statistical analysis was adopted to examine the difference expression of caspase3 in all groups. The comparison of caspase3 expression between two groups exhibiting difference values were evaluated by Post Hoc test.Results: MANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the expression of caspase3 of penis and prostate tissues among the four groups. Post Hoct test also indicated that expression of caspase3 in group A (buceng) (33.56; 35.83) wassignificantly lower compared to group C (negative control) (54.33; 60.07) and group D (mesterolone) (51.91;56.21), p = 0.000, and higher compared than group B or normal rats (29.40; 27.72), but statistically not significant (p = 0.826).Conclusion: The treatment of 50 mg buceng/day for 30 consecutive days could decrease caspase3 expression in penis and prostate cells."

"Pendahuluan: Perubahan fisiologi paru pascanatal berkaitan dengan berbagai perubahan mikroskopik paru, terutama jaringan alveolar paru, baik pada komponen interstisial maupun epitelnya. Interstisial paru akar mengalami penebalan yang diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan komposisi serat-seratnya, terutama kolagen. Namun, perubahan tersebut masih dalam perdebatan dan proses yang mendasarinya masih belum jelas. Komponen epitelium yang mengalaml perubahan adalah pneumoslt II. Rasio pneumosit II terhadap pneumosit I diduga menurun dengan bertambahnya usia. Penurunan ini tentunya akan berpengaruh pada fungsinya dalam menjaga ketersediaaan surfaktan paru. Untuk memelihara fungsi vital dan normal sintesis surfaktan, jaringan paru juga bergantung pada ketersediaan glukosa karena glukosa merupakan komponen pembentuk batang tubuh gliserol (glycerol backbone) surfaktan. Pada proses penuaan, telah dilaporkan terjadinya akumulasi glikogen pada otak, otot rangka dan ginjal, sehingga ada pendapat bahwa glikogen merupakan penanda sel yang menua (senescence cell). Meskipun demikian, penelitian tentang akumulasi glikogen pada jaringan paru yang menua belum pemah dilaporkan. Penelltian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati perubahan gambaran" mikroskopik parenkim paru, terutama jaringan interstisial dan pneumosit II pada tikus Sprague-dawley berbagai kelompok usia pascanatal. Desaln: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional untuk mengetahui korelasi antara usia dengan ketebalan jaringan interstisial, jumlah serat kolagen interstisial, penumpukan glikoprotein dan glikogen dalam jaringan interstisial, rasio pneumositll terhadap pneumosit I, dan akumulasi glikogen dalam pneumosit II. Uji korelasi dilakukan dengan uji korelasi Spearman ~0,05) dengan bantuan program SpSS 17. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada tikus Sprague-dawley usia 2 han (n=6) , 4 hari (n=6), 10 hari (n=6), 16 hari (n=6), 3-4 bulan (n=6) dan lebih dan 12 bulan (n=6). Setelah difiksasi, jaringan paru dipotong dengan ketebalan 5~m dan dlwama dengan trichrome Mason untuk memvisualisasikan kolagen dan dengan periodic acid Schiff untuk memvisualisasikan glikoprotein dan glikogen. Hasll: Terdapat korelasi kuat antara usia dengan penumpukan glikoprotein dan glikogen dalam interstisial (r=0,712), korelasi sedang antara usia dan jumlah serat kolagen interstisial (r= 0,687) dan korelasi lemah antara usia dengan ketebalan jaringan interstisial (r=0,291 pada sediaan trichrome Mason, dan r=O,365 pada sediaan PAS), dan akumulasi glikogen dalam pneumosit II (r=O,266). Namun, tidak ada korelasi antara usia dan rasio pneumosit " terhadap pneumosit I (r=0,123). Keslmpulan: Dengan bertambahnya usia, maka pada jaringan interstisial paru akan terjadi peningkatan ketebalan, peningkatan serat-serat kolagen, serta penumpukan glikoprotein dan glikogen. Sedangkan pada epitel paru, terdapat akumulasi glikogen dalam pneumosit II, tetapi tidak terbukti adanya penurunan rasio pneumosit " terhadap pneumosit I......Background: Physiological changes in postnat4nQ'Are associated with a variety of microscopic changes in the lung, especially th~lar lung tissue, both in the interstitial and epithelial component. The thickness of interstitial tissue will increase, which is supposed to be due to changes in the fiber composition, particularty collagen. However, that change is still in debate and the underlying process is stili unclear. The epithelial component changes in its pneumocyte II. The ratio of pneumocyte II against pneumocyte I is supposed to decline with age. This decrease will certainly affect their function in maintaining the supply of pulmonary surfactant. To maintain normal vital function and synthesis of surfactant, lung tissue depends on the availability of glucose because glucose is the building blocks of surfactnanfs glycerol backbone. In the aging process, glycogen accumulation in th~ brain, skeletal muscle and kidney has been reported. This leads to the idea that, glycogen is a marker for senescenCe cells. Nevertheless, studies on glycogen accumulation in aging lung tissue have not been reported yet. This study aims to observe the microscopic changes of the lung tissue, both the interstitial tissue and pneumocyte II of various postnatal ages groups of Sprague-dawley rats. Design: This was an observational analytical study to analyze the correlation between age and the thickness of the interstitial tissue, the thickness of interstitial collagen fibers, glycoprotein and glycogen accumulation in the interstitial, pneumocyte 1111 ratio, and glycogen accumulation in pneumosit II. Correlation tests were performed with Spearman correlation test (p ~ 0.05) using SPSS 17 for Windows. Methods: The study was conducted on 2 days (n = 6), 4 days (n = 6),10 days (n = 6), 16 days (n = 6), ~ months (n = 6) and more than 12 months (n = 6) Spraguedawley rats. Lung tissue was fixed, cut with a thickness of 5JJm and stained with Mason's trichrome to visualize collagen and with periodic acid Schiff to visualize glycoprotein and glycogen. Results: There was a high correlation between age and glycoprotein and glycogen accumulation in the interstitial (r=0.712), a moderate correlation between age and the amount of interstitial collagen fibers (r = 0.687), and a low correlation between age and the thickness of the interstitial tissue (r = 0.291 for the trichrome Mason preparation and 0.365 for the PAS preparation) and glycogen accumulation in pneumocyte II (r = 0.266). However, there was no correlation between age and pneumocyte 1111 ratio (r=0.123). Conclusion: With increasing age, the interstitial lung tissue will Increase in its thickness, collagen fibers, and glycoprotein and glycogen accumulation. Wlereasin the lung epithelium, there is an accumulation of glycogen in pneumocyte II, but there is no evidence of pneumositlill ratio decline."

"Perkembangan paru yang terjadi sejak masa embrio hingga pascanatal menentukan efektivitas pertukaran gas, khususnya pada alveolus. Penelitian mengenai struktur ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan kaitannya dengan diameter alveolus pascanatal belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dengan panjang diameter alveolus pada perkembangan paru neonatus tikus Sprague-Dawley. Jaringan paru tikus Sprague Dawley usia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari yang telah diproses secara histologis dengan pewarnaan Trichrome Masson, diamati dan difoto di bawah mikroskop, kemudian diukur ketebalan dinding dan panjang diameter alveolus-nya dengan Optilab Image Raster. Data disajikan masing-masing dalam bentuk proporsi total ketebalan dinding alveolus atau panjang diameter alveolus terhadap total panjang horizontal garis di sepertiga lapang pandang foto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus dengan korelasi negatif sedang (uji Pearson; r=-0,523; p=0,009). Disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus berkorelasi dengan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus pada paru neonatus tikus Sprague Dawley.

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Lung development, which happens during embryonic period until postnatal, will determine the effectiveness of the gas exchange process. Until recently, study about the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus has not been reported yet. This study aimed to know the correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on postnatal lung development of Sprague Dawley rat. The Sprague Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 10, and 16 days tissues that were processed histologically with Masson’s Trichrome stain were observed and photographed using microscope. Subsequently, the septum interalveolar and diameter were measured by using Optilab Image Raster. The data were presented each in ratio of total alveolar septum or total alveolar diameter to the horizontal length of one-third visual field. Our study showed that there is a significant moderate correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on Sprague Dawley rat (Pearson’s test; r=-0.523 ; p=0.009). As summary, the septum interalveolar increase while the diameter decrease on lung development of postnatal Sprague Dawley rat."

"Penghambatan proliferasi sel diaplikasikan dalam berbagai bidang kedokteran. Banyak di antara penghambatan proliferasi dilakukan dengan cara menghambat sintesis DNA, yaitu mengintervensi pembentukan basa nukleotida purin atau pirimidin. Dalam sintesis purin de novo terdapat peran enzim anhidrase karbonat yang merupakan pemasok CO2 dalam proses karboksilasi. Penghambatan enzim anhidrase karbonat diduga kuat dapat menghambat proliferasi. Pada penelitian ini model proliferasi sel adalah SMDT yang distimulasi dengan PHA, IL-2, serta PHA dan IL-2. Penghambat enzim anhdirase karbonat yang digunakan adalah asetazolamid. Dilakukan analisis efek pemberian asetazolamid pada saat puncak sintesis DNA sel, puncak viabilitas sel, serta analisis terhadap siklus sel. Hasil penelitian ini, asetozolamid menghambat sintesis DNA serta menurunkan viabilitas SMDT yang distimulasi PHA dan IL-2. Terjadi hambatan masuknya progresi SMDT dari fase G0/G1 ke fase S. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penghambatan enzim anhidrase karbonat dapat menyebabkan hambatan proliferasi sel.

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Inhibition of cells proliferation are widely used in various medical fields. Most of cell proliferation inhibition can be done by inhibiting the DNA synthesis, notably by intervening the formation of purine or pyrimidine. In purine de novo synthesis, it was assumed that CO2 plays a role as a source of carbon in carboxylation reaction, one of the pivotal steps in the purine de novo pathways. The aim of this study was to see the acetazolamide potency to inhibit carboxylation reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), with or without acetazolamide. The effect of acetazolamide addition was observed at the peak of cell proliferation, cells viability, and cell cycle. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA. Acetazolamide inhibited cell proliferation and viability in PBMC culture stimulated by PHA and IL-2. Cell cycle analysis showed that acetazolamide arrested the progression of PBMC in G0/G1 phase. Inhibition of CO2 production by acetazolamide inhibitory effect to carbonic anhydrase can halt cell proliferation."

"We describe that often colonic tuberculosis remains unsuspected prior to surgery. We therefore draw attention to pitfalls in the diagnosis and review the literature on the diagnostic modalities available to diag-nose the disease. Today, the prompt diagnosis of an unknown gastroenteritis process invoives colonoscopy.

Using a fiberscope, a procedure with instantaneous return can be carried out. Patients with clinical presen-tation suggestive of coionic tuberculosis should have had either an aggressive diagnostic work out using high-yield tests or anti tubercuiosis therapy."

"Proliferasi ameloblas dan sintesis matriks protein yang distimulasi oleh hormon pertumbuhan (GH) mempengaruhi proses mineralisasi email. Protein defisiensi mengakibatkan hipoplasia email dan penurunan kadar GH. Pada manusia, paparan musik dapat meningkatkan kadar GH. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek paparan musik sejak pranatal terhadap penurunan kadar kalsium (Ca) dan fosfor (P) permukaan gigi tikus dengan defisiensi protein. Eksperimen: Tiga-puluh-dua ekor tikus Wistar dibedakan menjadi kelompok dengan dan tanpa paparan musik. Paparan musik diberikan sejak masa-gestasi hari pertama sampai anak tikus diterminasi, diberikan setiap pagi (musik pengantar tidur) dan sore hari (musik klasik, barok, romantik). Sejak usia 2 hari secara acak sederhana anak tikus dibedakan menjadi kelompok dengan nutrisi normal mengandung protein 19.5% dan dengan asupan protein 7.5%. Mandibula 6 anak tikus dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan yang diterminasi pada usia 2 dan 5 minggu dikeluarkan, dibelah menjadi setengah mandibula, dibersihkan, dikeringkan, dan digunakan untuk pengukuran persentase kadar Ca dan P permukaan email insisif bawah menggunakan metode Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA satu arah dengan á 0.05. Hasil: Pada usia 2 minggu, kadar Ca (8.6%) dan P (10.6%) permukaan email tikus dengan nutrisi normal dan paparan musik lebih tinggi dari Ca (3.9%) dan P (7.9%) email tikus dengan defisiensi protein tanpa musik (P<0.029). Pada tikus 5 minggu dengan defisiensi protein, kadar P (6.1%) email tikus dengan paparan musik, lebih tinggi dari kadar P email (2.8%) tikus tanpa musik (P<0.034). Kesimpulan: Musik memiliki potensi untuk meminimalkan penurunan kadar Ca dan P permukaan email pada kondisi defisiensi protein.

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Protein deficiency could lead to enamel hypoplasia and decreased level of Growth Hormone (GH). Cell proliferation and synthesis of enamel-matrix which affect the mineralization process of the tissue, are stimulated by GH. Music was reported to be able to increase GH. Objective: Analyzing the effect of music exposure since prenatal on the decreased Calcium (Ca) and Phosphor (P) content of the enamel-surface of rat-pups in protein-deficiency condition. Experiment: Thirty-two rats on the first day of gestation period were divided into groups with and without music. Music were given twice daily, lullabies every early morning, and classic, baroc, and romantic music every evening. At 2-days-old the rat-pups were further divided into groups with normal diet contained 19.5% protein, and groups with protein deficiency diet contained 7.5% protein. At 2- and 5-weeks-old, 6 rat pups from each group were randomly terminated, the mandibles were dissected out, cut into hemi-mandibles, cleaned, and dried. The percentage of Ca and P content of the lower-incisor enamel-surface was analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with α 0.05. Results: At 2-weeks-old, the Ca (8.6%) and P (10.6%) contents of enamel-surface of pups with normal-diet and music were higher than the Ca (3.9%) and P(7.9%) contents of enamel-surface of pups with protein-deficiency with no music (P<0.029). Among 5-weeks-old pups with protein-deficiency, the P content (6.1%) of enamel-surface of pups with music were higher than P content (2.8%) of enamel-surface of pups with no music (P<0.034). Conclusion: Music has a potency to minimize the decreased Ca and P enamel content on the protein deficiency condition."

"In a power supply (PLTU) located in West Sumatera Barat, water is massively utilized for boiler feed, chiller fire fighters, service water, and drinking water. This need is supplied by a river nearby as the only source. This raw water is subject to a pre-treatment unit to remove the contaminants.

This research was aimed to design a raw water pre treatment unit for utility in the power supply and to compare with the existing and operating treatment unit. The feed flow rate is 1,160 m3/hour. The design objective was to remove TSS pathogenic bacteria, and turbidity using coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, disinfectant, and ultra filtration membrane. Static miter was used with pipe diameter I6 in. Flocculator has tubular size of (2x2) m3 with t00 m length. Clarifier was a horizontal flow type with surface of (40x20) m2 and depth 5,8 m. This clarifier has surface loading flow rate of 35 m3/m2 .d weir loading 250 m?/m.a' with weir length of 111,4 m. Ultra-filtration membrane treats only 30% of feed water (50 lmh flux) and need surface area of 13,290 m2. From the comparison we found that we do not the screening. Furthermore, we should modify the flocculator and clarifier, and replace the sand filtration unit with ulrraqiltration membrane."