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"Desain sistem irigasi adalah usaha rekayasa memaksimalkan ketersedian air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air sesuai dengan pola tanam yang diinginkan. Penentuan pola tanam ini selain dipengaruhi oleh kondisi geografis dan iklim juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi pertanian, seperti potensi keuntungan petani. Jika situasi ekonomi berubah, maka pola tanam akan menyesuaikan diri agar petani mendapatkan keuntungan yang tertinggi dengan mengubah pola tanam. Perubahan pola tanam ini akan merubah kebutuhan air total irigasi atau gross irrigation requirement (GIR) dalam satu tahun. Kodisi perubahan pola tanam ini terjadi di Daerah Irigasi Pemali bawah, Kabupaten Brebes. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan sebuah analisa sebagai dampak dari perubahan pola tanam tersebut terhadap infrastruktur irigasi supaya secara teknis sistem irigasi tersebut dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.

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Irrigation systems design is about to find engineer solution to maximize water availability to fulfill cropping demand. The pattern cropping is determined not only by geographical and climate condition but also by profit potential yield by the selected pattern too. As such, economics condition will change the preference cropping pattern and the new cropping pattern requires new determination of gross irrigation requirement and new set of irrigation structure. This final project reviews on irrigation infrastructure system in Pemali Bawah Irrigation System, Brebes Regency, due to the change of cropping pattern driven by economic change."

"The problems of youth, especially from the employment side.have already taken attention for a long time to the experts, observers andthose who are concerned. In the international level, a high commission hasalready established by United Nations, the World Bank and the ILO tohandle the youth employment specially, This commission recommended anew approach that is new political commitment and teamwork to solve theopportunity of youth employment. The four prior policies recommended areemployability. equality, entrepreneurship, and employment creation. Thestudy discussed the aspects of youth employment in Indonesia, based on thepopulation data and from the empowerment of the youth employment aswell. During 30 years, the size of youth population (15-24 years) has beenincreasing highly, either the absolute number or the percentage of the totalpopulation. In the same time, their quality of education and their laborforce participation rate, by sex (male-female) and by living area (rural-urban), have been increasing continuously. The study reveals someimportant indicators which show that youth employment's problems havesignificantly contributed to the process of sustainable development overtime. The problems found including unemployment and underemployment.Meanwhile, the scope of the existing policies is still limited to solve theproblems of the youth nationally. Therefore. the policy and programreferred to the youth problems should be handled in the national level by aproperly institution. Without full awareness and clear actions from thewhole institutions concerned on the youth problems, the negative impact ofthe youth unemployment will be emerging restlessly."

"ABSTRAKJurnal ini berisi tentang sistem irigasi falaj di Oman. Jurnal ini membahas bagaimana sistem falaj dapat bertahan beribu tahun lamanya dan juga bagaimana peran masyarakat oman dalam pengelolaan sistem falaj. Falaj adalah sistem irigasi bawah tanah yang digunakan di negara Oman. Sistem ini berbeda dengan sistem irigasi yang ada selama ini, karena airnya dialirkan di bawah tanah melalui pipa-pipa. Pada dasarnya sistem ini mengandalkan gaya gravitasi, namun demi terjaganya air dari penguapan mengingat Oman merupakan daerah yang sangat kering, maka air dialirkan di bawah tanah. Sistem ini sama dengan sistem qanat di Iran. Tidak ada yang tahu persis kapan sistem ini dibangun, dan siapa yang pertama kali menemukannya. Di Oman sendiri, terdapat kurang lebih 3.000 saluran falaj yang mana lima diantaranya diakui UNESCO sebagai warisan sejarah dunia pada tahun 2006. Salah satu falaj terbesar di Oman adalah Falaj Dawis yang masih digunakan sampai saat ini. Masyarakat sekitar falaj memanfaatkan air dari hasil falaj untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga dan juga untuk lahan pertanian. Mereka membentuk komite dalam penjagaan dan pengelolaan sistem falaj. Komite terebut terdiri dari wakil kepala komite , qabidh bendahara , arif mandor , bidar buruh . Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode deksriptif-analisis, yaitu menggambarkan tentang sistem irigasi falaj. Selain itu, penulis juga menggunakan kajian sejarah dalam penulisannya. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan tentang sistem irigasi falaj di Oman dan bagaimana masarakat di sekitar sistem falaj menjaga dan mempertahankan sistem falaj.

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ABSTRACTThis journal contains about the irrigation system in Oman called falaj. This journal discusses how the falaj system can survive thousands of years and also how the role of the oman community in the management system falaj. Falaj is an underground irrigation system used in the country of Oman. The system is different from the existing irrigation systems, because the water is channeled underground through pipes. Basically this system relies on the force of gravity, but for the sake of water sustained from evaporation considering that Oman is a very dry area then the water flowed underground. This journal discusses how the falaj system can survive thousands of years and also how the role of the oman community in the management system falaj. This system is the same as the qanat system in Iran. No one knows exactly when the system was built, and who first discovered it. In Oman itself, there are approximately 3,000 falaj channels in which five are recognized by UNESCO as a world heritage in 2006. One of the largest falaj in Oman is Falaj Dawis still in use today. The people around us use water from falaj products for household needs and also for agricultural land. They formed a committee in the maintenance and management of the falaj system. The committee consists of wakil heads of committees , qabidh treasurer , arif foreman , bidar laborer . The method used in this paper is descriptive analysis method, which describes the irrigation system falaj. In addition, the author also uses historical studies in writing. This paper aims to describe the irrigation system falaj in Oman and how communities around the system falaj maintain and maintain the system falaj."

"his book explores the unintended and unanticipated effects associated with ̀modernization' projects and tackles the key question that they provoke---why do policy-makers persist in such enterprises in the face of evidence that they tend to fail?" "Paradoxes of Modernization first discusses what is meant by ̀modernization' and ̀unintended consequences', placing public policy reform within more general intellectual and social trends. It presents eight case study ̀modernization' projects. Their architects promised faster trains, a more efficient and reactive health service, a more motivated public service, better performing local government, enhanced information for prospective US university students, reduced rates of child mainutrition in developing countries, and a free, open, safe, interconnected cyberspace for people to conduct their social and political life. Each case provdes a neat story with a paradox that varies the modernization theme and tackles the question: why was the project pursued? The conclusion categorizes the cases in terms of their outcome, from success to disappointment, and suggests some strategies for a more balanced version of modernization for current and future policy-makers"