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"Some diseases, such as cancer, hereditary and genetic diseases, as well as viral infectious diseases, have been treated unsatisfied by the conventional therapy so far, and even more, by the gene therapy. Together sixth the pharmaceutical industries, researchers put their best effort to hunt some molecules that can be mow favorable for such kind of therapy. After a pivotal study reported in May, 2001, it is certain that Ribonucleic acid (RNA) could effectively silence gene expression in mammalian cell line, SQ it was then proposed in 2004 the term RNA therapeutics. Antisense RNA therapy which came into the atage earlier seemed to be the one that can answer all the problems in knocking out the unwanted messenger in gate expression. RNA interference (RNAi) concept, which came later us around 2QOQ, began to look like a possible contender. It was reported some studies that RNAi seem to have some more advantages over hath stronger gene-silencing effects and greater ease of use. However, the main obstacle of all kind of gene therapy is, undoubtedly, on the delivery of this molecule to enter the target eel!, and mostly to where it is needed most inside the body. Some studies on genetic Material delivery system have been reported, and their progress has been discussed."

"Some diseases, such as cancer, hereditary and genetic diseases, as well as viral infectious diseases, have been treated unsatisfied by the conventional therapy so far, and even more, by the gene therapy. Together with the pharmaceutical industries, researchers put their best effort to hunt some molecules that can be more favorable forsuch kind of therapy. After a pivotal study reported in May, 2001, it is certain that Ribonucleic acid (RNA) could effectively silence gene expression in mammalian cell line, so it was then proposed in 2004 the term RNA therapeutics. Antisense RNA therapy which came into the stage earlier seemed to be the one that can answer all theproblems in knocking out the unwanted messenger in gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) concept, which came later in around 2000, began to look like a possible contender. It was reported in some studies that RNAi seems to have some more advantages over both stronger gene-silencing effects and greater ease of use. However, themain obstacle of all kind of gene therapy is, undoubtedly, on the delivery of this molecule to enter the target cell, and mostly, to where it is needed most inside the body. Some studies on genetic material delivery system have been reported, and theirprogress has been discussed."

"Terapi air putih merupakan metode perawtaan dan penyembuhan dengan menggunakan air untuk mendapatkan manfaat terapis dalam penanganan penyakit. Diabetes melitus adalah salah satu penyakit degeneratif yang akan meningkat jumlahnya di masa yang akan datang. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan suatu upaya untuk menkan terjadinya peningkatan insiden penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh terapi air putih terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah seaat pada pasien DM tipe 2. Dengan demikian terapi air putih berpengaru terhdap penurunan kadar gula darah sesaat pada pasien DM tpe 2. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang terapi air secara internal dengan setting yang berbeda seperti jumlah sampel yang lebih besar, dilakukan pada pasien yang tidak menggunakan insulin atau pada kelompok-kelompok di masyarakat yang berisiko tinggu untuk kejadian DM

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Water therapy is a method of treatment and healing by using water to obtain therapeutic benefits in treating disease. Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease that will increase in number in the future.

For this reason, it is necessary to make an effort to suppress the increase in the incidence of the disease. This study aims to explain the effect of water therapy on reducing temporary blood sugar levels in type 2 DM patients.

It is necessary to do further research on internal water therapy with different settings such as a larger sample size, carried out in patients who do not use insulin or in groups in the community who are at high risk for the incidence of DM."

"ABSTRAK Sel punca kanker adalah subpopulasi kecil sel kanker yang memiliki karakter stemness seperti halnya sel punca normal, antara lain self renewal dan ketahanan hidup yang tinggi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kekambuhan dan metastasis tumor. Pada saat ini, dilaporkan bahwa gen SOX2 dan c-Myc berperan penting dalam menginduksi sel punca progenitor dari sel fibroblast manusia dewasa. Oleh karena itu, kami berkeinginan untuk meneliti level RNA gen SOX2 dan c-Myc sel yang diperoleh dari jaringan kanker payudara dengan populasi sel punca kanker menggunakan metode reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Metode RT-PCR merupakan metode terpilih untuk mendeteksi jumlah mRNA dalam jumlah kecil namun metode ini memerlukan normalisasi agar pengukuran menjadi lebih akurat. Kami menormalisasi level RNA dengan menggunakan housekeeping gene PUM1 sebagai kontrol dalam. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi gen SOX2 dan c-Myc meningkat sebanyak 1,47% -13,11% dan 27,37%- 37,77% setelah dinormalisasi yang mengindikasikan bahwa ekspresi PUM dan c-Myc meningkat pada sel punca kanker payudara.

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ABSTRACT Cancer stem cells are a small subpopulation of cancer cells which has stemness characteristiclikenormalstemcells.someofthosecharacteristicsareself-renewal and high rate of survival that can cause tumor recurrence and metastasis. Recently.scientists reported that SOX2 and c-Myc genes are involved in induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblast. Therefore, we intended to examine RNA level of SOX2 and c-Myc in cells that taken from breast cancer tissues with stem cells population using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Given the ability to detect very low abundance mRNA, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is a complex technique that requires normalization to become more accurate. We normalize RNA level using housekeeping gene PUMl as internal control. Our result show that expression of SOX2 and c-Myc increase by 1,47%-13,11% and 27,37%- 37,77% after normalization whereas indicate S0X2 and c-Myc are rising up in breast cancer stem cells."

"Tripsin kation memiliki peran penting dalam teknik kultur sel mamalia adherent. Enzim tersebut berperan sebagai enzim hidrolitik yang berfungsi untuk mendispersi sel yang melekat pada cawan petri atau botol tempat kulturnya sehingga mempermudah proses kultur sel mamalia baik pada proses pemanenan sel maupun subkultur. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengklon gen tripsin kation dari pankreas sapi ke dalam E. coli DH5α dengan vektor pGEM-T Easy. Fragmen gen tripsin kation target berukuran 780 pb diamplifikasi dari cDNA yang berasal dari mRNA sel pankreas sapi dengan primer spesifik gen tripsin kation. Gen tripsin kation target diligasi pada plasmid pGEM-T Easy. Vektor rekombinan ditransformasi dengan metode kejutan panas pada sel E. coli DH5α dan diseleksi menggunakan medium ampisilin. Vektor rekombinan di digesti menggunakan enzim SfoI dan XmaI dan menghasilkan pita DNA berukuran 780 pb pada elektroforesis gel agarosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gen tripsin kation telah berhasil diklon ke dalam plasmid pGEM-T Easy.

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Cationic trypsin has an important role in adherent mammalian cell culture. The enzyme is a hydrolytic enzyme that disperses the cells attached to petri dishes and culture bottle making the harvesting and subculturing procedures easier. This research aims to isolate the RNA and clone the bovine pancreatic cationic trypsin gene into E. coli DH5α. The 780 bp cationic trypsin gene was amplified from cDNA derived from mRNA isolated from bovine pancreas using cationic trypsin gene-specific primers. Cationic trypsin gene was ligated to pGEM-T Easy plasmid. Recombinant vector was transformed by heat shock method into E. coli DH5α cells, which were then selected using amphicillin containing medium. The recombinant vector was digested using enzymes SfoI and XmaI to confirm the presence of the target gene. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a 780 bp DNA band, confirming that the cationic trypsin gene was successfully cloned into the plasmid pGEM-T Easy."

"ABSTRAKUndang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas menempatkan profesi notaris dalam kedudukanyang sangat penting untuk lahir dan eksistensinya suatu Perseroan Terbatas. Setiapperubahan anggaran dasar harus ditetapkan berdasarkan hasil keputusan Rapat UmumPemegang Saham (RUPS) yang wajib dituangkan dalam bentuk akta notaris. Dalamundang-undang tersebut telah diatur mengenai jangka waktu proses pelaksanaanperubahan anggaran dasar perseroan. Dalam tesis ini akta notaris dalam rangkapenyesuaian dan perubahan data perseroan yang hendak diajukan permohonannyakepada Menteri akhirnya menjadi lewat batas waktu. Hal ini terjadi akibat adanyakelalaian dari pihak Notaris dan dihentikannya Sistem Administrasi Badan Hukum(SABH). Akta yang lewat batas waktu berarti telah cacat hukum, akan tetapiperbuatan hukum untuk mengubah anggaran dasar oleh para pihak tidak menjadibatal. Oleh karena itu akta yang telah lewat batas waktu diperlukan keputusan RUPSmengenai penegasan kembali atas hasil keputusan RUPS sebelumnya yang kemudiandituangkan dalam suatu akta notaris. Berdasarkan akta penegasan ini selanjutnyanotaris mengajukan permohonan persetujuan dan atau pemberitahuan kepada MenteriHukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia melalui sistem. Penelitian inimenggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis normatif danternyata dari hasil penelitian penulis terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang dapatmengakibatkan tidak terpenuhinya jangka waktu pelaksanaan perubahan anggarandasar sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam peraturan penmdang-undangan.

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ABSTRACTLimited Liability Company Law puts the profession of a Notary in a very importantposition for the establishment and existence of a Limited Liability Company. Everyamendment to the articles of association must be based on the result of the resolutionof the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) which must be set out in the form of anotarial deed. In such law, has been stipulated the period for the implementationprocess of amendment to the articles of association of a company. In this thesis,notarial deed in the framework of adjustment and amendment to the articles ofassociation which is intended to be submitted for its application to the Minister hasfinally become expired. This is due to the presence of negligence from the part of theNotary and the stoppage of Legal Entity Administration System [Sistem AdministrasiBadan Hukum (SABH)]. The expired deed means it has a legal defect; however, thelegal act to amend the articles of association by the parties does not become void.Therefore, the expired deed requires a resolution of the GMS regarding the reaffirmationover the result of the resolution of the previous GMS which then will beset out in a Notarial deed. Based on this deed of affirmation, then, the Notary willsubmit the application for the approval and or the notice to the Minister of Law andHuman Rights of the Republic of Indonesia through the system. This research utilizeslibrary research method with normative juridical characteristic and evidently from theresult of the research, there are several issues which could cause the non-fulfillmentof the period for the implementation of the amendment to the articles of association asstated in the statutory regulations."