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"ABSTRAKA study on microbiological quality of Nasi Rames was carried out ifrom December 1996 to January 1997. One hundred and two samples of Nasi Rames were collected and 102 food handler were interviewed. The microbiological contamination was assessed by using the method of enumeration of Indicator organisms (Aerobic Plate Count, Coliforms, and Escherichia coli) in PetrifilmTM at SEAMEO TROPMED Laboratory, Jakarta. High microbial counts were found in food samples. More than 21 % of food samples contained APC higher than 106 CFUIg food. Coliform counts higher than 102 CFUIg was found in 75.5% of Nasi Rames and 42.2% of the samples were contaminated with E. coll. The study did not find geographical pattern of microbiological contamination in studied area or any significant differences between districts as well as environment. Statistical analysis showed there was significant difference in microbial counts between vendor 1 and vendor 2. Further statistical analysis on risk factors contribute to microbial contamination showed that water source was associated with high counts of APC (p=0.016) and that the manner of waste disposal was associated with E. coli contamination (p=0.025). The study has suggested that the basic facilities were essential in the street vending operation. Considering that street food cater for numerous people, there are urgent needs to improve the microbiological quality of street foods. Actions should be taken to provide basic facilities and introduce the knowledge on food hygiene to street food vendors as well as the consumer."

"KLB keracunan pangan di sekolah umumnya diduga disebabkan oleh pangan jajanan anak sekolah (PJAS) yang terkontaminasi bakteri patogen akibat praktek higiene sanitasi yang kurang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan higiene sanitasi pangan pedagang PJAS dengan status cemaran mikrobiologi PJAS di sekolah dasar di Provinsi Jawa Barat tahun 2016-2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional yang  dilakukan di tujuh Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat, yaitu Kota Cirebon, Kota Depok, Kota Tasikmalaya, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Kabupaten Ciamis, Kabupaten Cirebon, dan Kabupaten Kuningan. Status cemaran mikrobiologi PJAS diperoleh dari data sekunder uji kualitas mikrobiologi PJAS sedangkan status higiene sanitasi pangan pedagang diperoleh dari data sekunder inspeksi kesehatan lingkungan (IKL) pedagang PJAS yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota. Subjek penelitian adalah 105 pedagang PJAS di sekolah dasar yang menjadi sasaran IKL dari tujuh Kabupaten/Kota. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Pedagang yang tidak memenuhi syarat higiene sanitasi pangan berisiko 1.93 kali untuk mengalami cemaran mikrobiologi PJAS dibandingkan dengan pedagang yang memenuhi syarat higiene sanitasi pangan setelah dikontrol pembinaan sebelum inspeksi dan keterlibatan pedagang dalam kursus higiene sanitasi. Pembinaan pedagang PJAS merupakan intervensi kesehatan lingkungan yang sangat penting untuk meningkatkan praktek higiene sanitasi pangan pedagang sehingga mencegah terjadinya cemaran mikrobiologi PJAS.

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Food poisoning outbreaks in schools are generally estimated to be caused by microbiologically contaminated foods due to poor hygiene sanitation practices. This study aimed to determine the association of food vendors hygiene sanitation with food microbiological contamination status in primary schools in West Java Province year 2016-2018. This study used the cross-sectional design which was conducted in 7 regencies/municipalities in West Java Province, namely Cirebon Municipality, Depok Municipality, Tasikmalaya Municipality, West Bandung, Ciamis, Cirebon, and Kuningan. Food microbiological contamination status was obtained from food microbiological quality test while food vendors hygiene sanitation status was obtained from food vendors environmental health inspections in primary schools conducted by Local Health Office. The subjects were 105 food vendors in elementary schools from seven regencies/municipalities who are subjected to environmental health inspections. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed. Food vendors who did not meet hygiene sanitation requirements were at risk 1.93 times to experience food microbiological contamination compared to food vendors who meet hygiene sanitation requirements after controlled by fostering food vendors before inspection and food vendors involvement in hygiene sanitation training. Fostering food vendors is important environmental health intervention to improve hygiene sanitation practices to prevent food microbiological contamination occurs."

"Preservation involves a complex of activities including climate, air-quality, and surface control, as well as microbiological control, which is a key part of preserving and protecting library collections. The preservation and protection of library collections examines microbiological control for preservation of library and archival collections. The book comprises nine sections that cover three aspects: microbiology, surveying, and the response required. Chapters in this title cover the nature of the library collections, physical and chemicals factors and their impact on microbiological issues, as well as biological factors and methods of microbiological control of the air and objects. Later chapters examine methods of object disinfection, disaster response, methods of microbiological control and evaluation of collections, and includes a vocabulary guide, appendices, literature information and references."

"ABSTRACTKultur in vitro gametofit lumut berdaun masih menghadapi hambatan dalam sterilisasi eksplan sampai sekarang. Kendala ini terkait dengan struktur sederhana lumut hati yang mudah rusak setelah terpapar desinfektan dan tingkat kontaminasi kultur yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan metode sterilisasi yang mampu menekan kontaminasi dengan viabilitas eksplan yang tinggi dalam kultur gametofit lumut hati Lopholejeunea sp. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode sterilisasi yang berbeda. Metode sterilisasi I terdiri dari kontrol dan 6 kombinasi pengobatan dengan konsentrasi Bayclin (0,5%, 0,75% dan 1%) dengan waktu pemaparan (60 detik dan 90 detik) disertai dengan penambahan 2,5 mg / ml tetrasiklin. Metode sterilisasi II terdiri dari kontrol dan 2 kombinasi perlakuan konsentrasi Bayclin sebesar 0,75% dengan waktu pemaparan (60 detik dan 90 detik) disertai dengan penambahan 35% alkohol, Dithane 1%, dan tetrasiklin 2,5 mg / ml. Setiap metode sterilisasi terdiri dari 10 sampel. Parameter kualitatif yang diamati, yaitu lokasi kontaminasi, jenis kontaminan, warna dari eksplan setelah sterilisasi dan hari terakhir pengamatan, juga pengamatan pertumbuhan eksplan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis pada hari ke-30. Parameter kuantitatif adalah persentase kontaminasi, persentase jenis dan lokasi kontaminasi, dan kuantifikasi pertumbuhan eksplan berdasarkan persentase pertumbuhan dan jumlah cabang. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa metode sterilisasi I adalah metode yang lebih baik karena walaupun kontaminasi serendah 80%, tetapi eksplan masih dapat tumbuh pada hari ke-14 setelah tanam. Jenis kontaminasi yang paling umum ditemukan dalam kedua metode sterilisasi adalah bakteri dan jamur yang muncul dari internal. Eksplan gametofit dari Lopholejeunea sp. juga menunjukkan pertumbuhan bahkan dalam kondisi yang terkontaminasi, kecuali kontaminasi jamur tosca.

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ABSTRACTIn vitro culture of leafy moss gametophyte still faces obstacles in explant sterilization until now. This constraint is related to the simple structure of liverworts that can be easily damaged after exposure to disinfectants and high levels of culture contamination. This study aims to determine the sterilization method that is able to reduce contamination with high explant viability in the gamutophyte culture of liverworm Lopholejeunea sp. This study uses two different sterilization methods. The sterilization method I consisted of control and 6 treatment combinations with Bayclin concentration (0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) with exposure time (60 seconds and 90 seconds) accompanied by the addition of 2.5 mg / ml tetracycline. The sterilization method II consisted of control and 2 treatment combinations of Bayclin concentration of 0.75% with exposure time (60 seconds and 90 seconds) accompanied by the addition of 35% alcohol, 1% Dithane, and tetracycline 2.5 mg / ml. Each sterilization method consists of 10 samples. Qualitative parameters were observed, namely the location of contamination, type of contaminant, the color of explants after sterilization and the last day of observation, also observations of explant growth macroscopically and microscopically on the 30th day. Quantitative parameters are the percentage of contamination, the percentage of species and locations of contamination, and the quantification of explant growth based on growth percentage and number of branches. The results obtained in this study are that the sterilization method I is a better method because even though contamination is as low as 80%, explants can still grow on the 14th day after planting. The most common types of contamination found in the two methods of sterilization are bacteria and fungi that arise from the internal. Gametophyte explants from Lopholejeunea sp. also shows growth even under contaminated conditions, except tosca mushroom contamination."

"Kebutuhan manusia terhadap makanan merupakan salah satu isu pokok yang digagas oleh PBB dalam indikator ketercapaian Sutainable Development Goals SDGs. Makanan menjadi sumber kehidupan bagi manusia dan dapat juga menjadi sumber pembawa masalah kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi, dan pengujian laboratorium.Hasil Penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa prilaku penjamah memenuhi syarat sebesar 92,86 , TPM yang memenuhi syarat sebesar 57,14, cara pengolahan makanan yang memenuhi syarat sebesar 92,86, peralatan makanan yang memenuhi syarat sebesar 100. Hasil Uji laboratorium didapatkan hasil usap tangan positif dan makanan yang positif E. coli sebesar 16,7.Hasil penelitian menyarankan kepada pengelola kantin melakukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut terhadap makanan dan air besih, melakukan pelatihan terhadap penjamah, dan menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung praktik higiene sanitasi makanan.

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Human need for food is one of the key issues initiated by the UN in the indicators of achievement of Sutainable Development Goals SDGs. Food is a source of life for humans and can also be a source of health problems. This research uses descriptive research method. Data collection using interview method, observation, and laboratory testing.

The result of the research showed that the behavior of eligible handlers was 92,86, eligible fulfillment requirement was 92,86, eligible food appliance was 100. Laboratory test results obtained positive hand swabs and E. coli positive foods of 16.7.

The results suggested further examination of food and water, training of handlers, and creating environments that support hygiene practices food sanitation."

"Composite resin are restorative materials having color similar to teeth and have been widely used in dentistry. The successful application of composite resin influences the duration of the restoration in the oral cavity. The aim of this research is to describe the influence of artificial saliva contamination and the application of re-conditioning on tensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In the control group, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and composite resin were restored on the dentin. In the group with artificial saliva contamination without re-conditioning, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and then contaminated with artificial saliva, dried and then restired with composite resin. While the group with artificial saliva contamination with re-conditioning, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and contaminated with artificial saliva, and then etched and applied bonding agent and restored composite resin.Bond strength test used “Universal testing machine, AG 5000. The results showed that highest value of tensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin was at the control group. It can be concluded that artificial saliva contamination decreased tensile bond strength while re-conditioning application increased it."

"ABSTRAKXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae (Xoo) menyebabkan hawar daun bakteri (HDB) pada padi (Oryza sativaL.), yangmerupakan penyakit utama dan menjadi pembatas bagi produksi tanaman pokok di banyak negara di dunia. IsolasiXoodilakukan dari daun padi yang terserang hawar daun bakteri. Identifikasi X. oryzae pv. oryzae dilakukan berdasarkanpada gejala yang ditimbulkannya, patogenisitas, karaktermorfologi, fisiologi, dan genetik biakan bakteri yang diisolasidari tanaman padi yang terinfeksi Xoo. Sebanyak 50 isolat yang didugaXoo telah berhasil diisolasi. Bakteri tersebutbersifat aerobik, berbentuk batang, dan tergolong Gram negatif. Isolat-isolat tersebut diuji hipersensitivitasnya padatanaman tembakau dan patogenisitasnya pada padi. Kelima puluh isolat bakteri tersebut mampu menginduksi reaksihipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau dan menyebabkan gejala sakit pada tanaman padi dengan perkembangan gejalayang berbeda. Hasil uji fisiologi, reaksi hipersensitivitasdan patogenisitas, tiga isolat bakteri yang diduga kuat Xooyaitu STG21, STG42, dan STG46 menunjukkan bahwa bakteri tersebut tidak membentuk indol, tidak menghasilkanpigmen flouresens, menghidrolisis kasein, memiliki aktivitas enzim katalase, tetapi tidak memiliki aktivitas enzimoksidase. Hasil parsial sekuensing gen penyandi 16S rRNA dari STG21 dan STG42 menunjukkan homologi dengan X.oryzae pv oryzae masing-masing sebesar 80% dan 82%,sedangkan STG46 menunjukkan homologi dengan X.campestris sebesar 84%. Mutagenesis dengan transposon Mini-Tn5 pada STG21 menghasilkan salah mutan (M5) yangtidak dapat menginduksi reaksi hipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau dan berkurang patogenisitasnya pada padi.Panjang gejala HDB pada padi yang ditimbulkan mutan M5 berkurang sebesar 80%.

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AbstractX. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major disease that constrains production of the staple crop in many countries of the world. Identification of X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was conducted based on the disease symptoms, pathogenicity, morphological, physiological,and genetic characteristics of bacterial cultures isolated from the infected plants. Fifty bacterial isolates predicted as Xoohave been successfully isolated. They are aerobic, rod shaped, and Gram negative bacteria. The isolates were evaluatedfor their hypersensitivity in tobacco andpathogenicity in rice plant. Fifty isolates induced hypersensitive reaction intobacco and showed pathogenicity symptom in rice in different length. Based on physiological test, hypersensitivity andpathogenicity reactions, three bacterial isolates strongly predicted asXoo, i.e. STG21, STG42, and STG46, were nonindole formation, non pigment fluorescent, hydrolyzed casein, catalase activity positive, but negative oxidase. Partialsequencing of 16S rRNA genes of STG21 and STG42 showed 80% and 82% homology with X. oryzae, respectively,while STG46 showed 84% homology withX. campestris. Mini-Tn5 transposon mutagenesis of STG21 generated one ofthe mutants (M5) lossed it?s ability to induce hypersensitive reaction in tobacco plant and deficient in pathogenicity onrice. The lesion length of rice leaf causedby the mutant M5 decreased up to 80%. "

"The contamination of some kinds of mold as aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and Mucor spp., can be found in feed and espicially corn. The contamination causes health disturbance of animals. The disease is not only caused by the mold, but also by toxin produced. Health loss in term of economy due to the mold contaqminiation is quite significant..."

"SNI 8152:2015 tentang Pasar Rakyat merupakan pedoman dalam mengelola pasar rakyat yang salah satunya mengandung unsur sanitasi. Objek penelitian ini adalah Pasar Agung dan Pasar Sukatani, yang secara urut belum mendapatkan dan sudah mendapatkan sertifikasi SNI 8152:2015. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis kondisi sanitasi, sumber pencemar bioaerosol, besar konsentrasi bioaerosol, dan pengaruh kondisi sanitasi terhadap konsentrasi bioaerosol pada kedua pasar. Nilai kuantitatif kondisi sanitasi pasar didapat menggunakan hasil inspeksi sanitasi yang tertera pada Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 519/MENKES/SK/VI/2008 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pasar Sehat dan diisi oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok. Hasil inspeksi kondisi sanitasi menunjukkan Pasar Agung mendapatkan nilai 888 dan Pasar Sukatani mendapatkan nilai 2.740 dari nilai maksimal 3.000. Variabel sanitasi yang perlu ditingkatkan lagi pada Pasar Agung adalah drainase dan tempat cuci tangan, binatang penular penyakit, dan desinfeksi pasar, sementara pada Pasar Sukatani adalah kamar mandi dan toilet, binatang penular penyakit, dan kualitas makanan. Jenis sumber pencemar bioaerosol yang diidentifikasi pada kedua pasar adalah tempat sampah terbuka, tumpukan sampah terbuka, sistem drainase terbuka tanpa dan/atau dengan kisi, genangan air, tangki air/bak air, dan keran air. Jumlah sumber pencemar bioaerosol paling banyak teridentifikasi di blok ikan. Jumlah titik pengambilan sampel bioaerosol di udara adalah lima titik untuk tiga jenis blok komoditas, blok ikan, ayam, dan sayur, dengan pengambilan sampel secara triplo dengan waktu pengambilan sampel 30 detik. Pengambilan sampel udara dilakukan menggunakan alat Single-stage Impaction Sampler (Environmental Monitoring Systems, Inc., E6 Sampler, Amerika Serikat) dan media Tryptic Soy Agar untuk bakteri dan Malt Extract Agar untuk jamur. Dilakukan juga pengambilan sampel suhu dan kelembapan udara pada lokasi sampling menggunakan alat multimeter (Lutron, AH-4223, Taiwan), serta intensitas cahaya menggunakan alat luxmeter (MASTECH, MS6612, Hong Kong). Rata-rata konsentrasi bakteri di udara pada tiga blok di Pasar Agung adalah 5.793 ± 3.028 CFU/m³ dan pada Pasar Sukatani adalah 1.782 ± 431 CFU/m³. Rata-rata konsentrasi jamur di udara pada Pasar Agung adalah 1.886 ± 1.097 CFU/m³ dan pada Pasar Sukatani adalah 1.598 ± 329 CFU/m³. Urutan rata-rata konsentrasi bakteri di Pasar Agung dari yang tertinggi adalah blok ikan, blok ayam, dan blok sayur, sementara pada Pasar Sukatani adalah blok ayam, blok sayur, dan blok ikan. Urutan rata-rata konsentrasi jamur di Pasar Agung dan Pasar Sukatani adalah blok ikan, blok ayam, dan blok sayur. Kondisi sanitasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi bioaerosol, yang dapat dipecah lagi berdasarkan sumber pencemar bioaerosol yang terdapat pada setiap variabel sanitasi.

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SNI 8152:2015 Pasar Rakyat is a guide made for proper management of public markets, including factors such as market sanitation. The objects of this research are Pasar Agung and Pasar Sukatani, in which the former has yet to receive a certification in SNI 8152:2015, while the latter has received its certification. The objective of this research is to analyse sanitation condition, source of bioaerosol, bioaerosol concentration, and the effect of sanitation condition towards bioaerosol concentration in both markets. The quantitative score for market sanitation is obtained from Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 519/MENKES/SK/VI/2008 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pasar Sehat dan diisi oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok. The score of the inspection for market sanitation at Pasar Agung is 888, while the score for Pasar Sukatani is 2.740 from total maximum score of 3.000. Sanitation variables that should be improved at Pasar Agung is drainage and hand washing area, disease-transmitting animals, and market disinfection, while at Pasar Sukatani it is toilet, disease-transmitting animals, and food quality. Sources of bioaerosol that are found in both markets are litter bins, rubbish heaps, drainage with and/or without lattice, water puddle, water tank/water tub, and water tap. The sources of bioaerosol are most found in fish section of the market. Sampling is conducted at five points in three kinds of market section, fish, poultry, and vegetable, and the amount of sample taken is multiplied by three with the sampling time of 30 seconds. The device used for sampling of bioaerosol is Single-stage Impaction Sampler (Environmental Monitoring Systems, Inc., E6 Sampler, USA), and the media used is Tryptic Soy Agar for bacterial bioaerosol and Malt Extract Agar for fungal bioaerosol. Temperature and relative humidity is measured at sampling location using multimeter (Lutron, AH-4223, Taiwan), and also light intensity using luxmeter (MASTECH, MS6612, Hong Kong). Average concentration of airborne bacteria in three market sections at Pasar Agung and Pasar Sukatani consecutively is 5.793 ± 3.028 CFU/m³ and 1.782 ± 431 CFU/m³. Average concentration of airborne fungi at Pasar Agung and Pasar Sukatani consecutively is 1.886 ± 1.097 CFU/m³ and 1.598 ± 329 CFU/m³. The average concentration of airborne bacteria in order from highest to lowest in Pasar Agung is located at fish, poultry, and vegetable section, while at Pasar Sukatani it is poultry, vegetable, and fish section. The average concentration of airborne fungi in order for highest to lowest in both Pasar Agung and Pasar Sukatani is located at fish, poultry, and vegetable section. Sanitation condition of markets is one of many factors affecting the concentration of bioaerosols, while the breakdown of bioaerosol sources found can affect each sanitation variables."