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"Latar Belakang. Lebih dari 750 bahan kimia dan beberapa kelompok senyawa kimia termasuk pelarut organik diduga bersifat neurotoksik. Namun pada umumnya bahan kimia tersebut belum pernah dilakukan tes untuk menilai efek neurotoksik yang ditimbulkan. Pelarut organik seperti MEK digunakan secara luas pada industri alas kaki yang pada umumnya bersifat padat karya, sehingga jumlah pekerja yang terpajan juga sangat besar. Pelarut organik dapat mengakibatkan ensefaloti toksik kronik pada pekerja yang terpajan berlebihan. Oleh karena keluhan subyektif mungkin mengindikasikan suatu ensefalopati maka deteksi dini sangatlah penting. Kuesioner Swedish Q16 adalah kuesioner deteksi dini yang paling sering digunakan untuk skrining pekerja yang terpajan pelarut organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik akibat terpajan pelarut organik metil etil keton, serta pengaruh faktor umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan , masa kerja, status gizi, pemakaian APD, kebiasaan minum alkohol, minum kopi, merokok, kadar pajanan tempat kerja, serta hasil pemantauan biologis terhadap timbutnya gejala dini neurotoksik.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian cross-sectional dengan jumlah subyek penelitian 123 orang pekerja pada sebuah kelompok perusahaan sepatu. Pengukuran pajanan dilakukan dengan personal sampling dan pemantauan biologis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2003 sampai Januari 2004. Hasilnya diolah menggunakan program statistik SPSS 11,5.Hasil dan Kesimpulan. Prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik pada pekerja yang terpapar pelarut organik metil etil keton sebesar 52%, jika prevalensi didasarkan alas kadar pajanan MEK lingkungan kerja, maka pekerja yang terpajan tinggi prevalensinya sebesar 72,1%, sedangkan yang terpajan rendah 41,3%. Secara statistik yang menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan timbulnya gejala dini neurotoksik adalah kadar MEK lingkungan kerja (OR 3,68; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,65 - 8,20), basil pemantauan biologik pads urine (OR 4,17; p 0,000; 95% CI 1,87 - 9,29) dan faktor umur (OR 4,07; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,78 - 9,30).

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The Correlation Between Metil Etil Keton Exposure And Early Symptoms Of Neurotoxicity Among Footwear Factory Workers (Based On Swedish Q16 Questionnaire)Back Ground. More than 750 chemicals and several classes of chemical compound including organic solvent are suspected to be neurotoxic, but majority of chemicals are never been tested for neurotoxic properties. Organic solvent such as MEK are widely use in footwear industry. Footwear manufacturing is a labour intensive industry, as a result large group of workers are exposed. Organic solvent can cause a chronic toxic encephalopathy in overexposed workers. Because subjective complaint may indicate an encephalopathy, early recognition is important. Swedish Q16 questionnaire is the most commonly used for screening workers who are exposed to organic solvent . The aim of the study was to examine the effect of exposure to MEK on the prevalence of complaints. Further objective were to analyse the influences of sex, education, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, caffeinated beverage, nutriotional status, PPE, length of service, MEK concentration, and Bio-monitoring result.

Method. In a cross sectional study, 123 workers with occupational exposure to MEK were interviewed by means of Swedish Q16 questionnaire. Exposure estimation was made by personal sampling and biological monitoring. Data collecting was conducted from December 2003 to January 2004. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11,5 statistical software.

Result and conclusions. Prevalence of workers with early symptoms of neurotoxicity was 52%. Age (OR 4,07; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,78 - 9,30), Exposure level of MEK (OR 3,68; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,65 - 8,20), and result of biomonitoring (OR 4,17; p 0,000; 95% CI 1,87 - 9,29) showed statistical significant influence on the early symptoms of neurotoxicity."

"Latar belakang : Terpajan pelarut organik merupakan kejadian sehari-hari yang dialami oleh banyak pekerja. Pelarut organik banyak digunakan dalam proses pembuatan alas kaki disektor formal maupun informal. Menurut beberapa penelitian beberapa jenis pelarut organik mempunyai sifat neurotoksik sehingga perlu deteksi gejala-gejala tersebut yang mungkin timbul pada para pekerja. Kuesioner Swedish Q16 adalah kuesioner deteksi dini yang paling sering digunakan untuk penupisan pekerja yang terpajan pelarut organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan pelarut organik menggunakan Kuesioner Swedish Q16, serta mengetahui beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi seperti : umur, pendidikan, masa kerja, status gizi, pemakaian APD, kebiasaan minum alkohol, merokok, cuci tangan, makan minum di tempat kerja dan hasil pemantauan kadar pelarut organik di lingkungan,kerja.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional dengan subyek penelitian 138 orang pekerja alas kaki di sektor informal Ciomas Bogor. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan pengamatan langsung, sedangkan lingkungan kerja dilakukan dengan pengukuranpersonal sampling dan hasilnya diperiksa menggunakan teknik Gas Chromatography. Gejala neurotoksik dideteksi menggunakan kuesioner Swedish Q16. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan September-Oktaber 2006. Hasilnya diolah menggunakan program statistik SPSS 11,5.Hasil : Hasil identifikasi lem didapatkan lem kuning mengandung : toluen (45,3%), benzen (5,18%) dan metil etil keton (18,68%), lem putih mengandung : toluen (41,31%), benzen (3,52%) dan aseton (19,24%). Kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja rata-rata 1,12 ppm, tertinggi 2,48 ppm dan terendah 0,33 ppm. Keluhan terbanyak kesemutan (62,3%), sakit kepala (62,3%), mudah Ietih (56,5%). Prevalensi gejala neurotoksik pads subyek penelitian sebesar 55,8%. Pada analisis bivariat faktor umur, masa kerja dan IMT memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap terjadinya gejala neurotoksik. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat didapatkan umur < 28 tahun memiliki risiko 6 kali lipat untuk mengalami gejala neurotoksik. (p = 0,000; OR = 6,235). Penieriksaan finger tapping test dilakukan secara sub sampling pada 53 subyek dan dipemleh basil tidak normal pada tangan kanan 47,2% dan tangan kiri 43,3%.Kesimpulan : Prevalensi gejala neurotoksik pada pekerja industri alas kaki sektor informal , Ciomas , Bogor yang terpajan pelarut organik sebesar 55,8%. Faktor umur berhubungan dengan terjadinya gejala neurotoksik (OR = 6,235 ; p = 0,000).

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Background : Exposured by organic solvent is form of occurrence day by day for many workers. Organic solvent is used in many process on footwear manufacture both formal and informal sector. According to several studies , many organic solvent has neurotoxic char tcterisl it:, so need to early detection for symptoms that influences to workers. The Swedish Q16 is a questionnaire that often use for workers screening from exposured by organic solvent. The goal of this study is to identification of glue, prevalence neurotoxic symptoms cause by organic solvent exposure, with Swedish Q16 Questionnaire, and to know factors of influences as : age, education, working periode, body mass index, using of PPE, drink of alcohol, washing hand, smoking, eat and drink at workplace and organic solvent level in workplace.

Method : The design of this study was cross sectionai,and the total number of sample were 138 footwear workers. Data collecting was conducted to interview, direct monitoring and measuring personal sampling at workplace which checking by Gas Chromatography technique. Neurotoxic symptoms detected by Swedish Q16 Quetionnaire. Data collecting was done on September-October 2006. All data research result processing by Statistic Program SPSS version 11.5.

Result : Identification of glue has result that content of yellow glue are toluene (45,3%), benzene (5,18%) dan metyl etyl ketone (18,68%), white glue content are : toluene (41,31%), benzene (3,52%) dan acetone (19,24%). Degree of toluene at workplace was average 1,12 ppm, and range 2,48 ppm to 0,33 ppm. Highest complaint from subject are : tingling ((62,3%), headache (62,3%), fatigue (56,5%). Study's subject neurotoxic symptoms prevalence was 55,8%. On bivariate analysis, age factor, work periode, body mass index, have related to neurotoxic symptoms outcome. On multivariate analysis be found that age < 28 years have risk six time to experience with neurotoxie symptoms, (p0,000; OR = 6,235). Examination on finger tapping test to be done as sub sampling on 53 subject and the result is unnormally on right hand 47,2% and left hand 43,3%.

Conclutions : Prevalence of neurotoxicity symptoms in informal sector footwear workers at Ciomas Bogor was 55,8%. Age factor was related to the neurotoxic symptoms (OR = 6,235 ; p = 0,000)."

"Pendahuluan: Dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan pelarut organik cukup serius baik yang bersifat akut maupun kronis. Pengendalian lingkungan kelja dan pemantauan kesehatan pekerja harus dilakukan sedini mungkin. Penggantian bahan pelarut organik dengan bahan lain yang lebih aman adalah pilihan terbaik untuk mengurangi dampak pada kesehatan pekelja. Namun pcnggantian bahan pelarut dengan bahan lain dapat berdampak pada proses produksi maupun mutu produksi. Oleh karena itu analisis dampak kesehatan pekelja sedini munglcin menjadi bagian yang sangat penting, sehingga ganggllan kesehatan pekcrja dapat diketahui secara dini untuk dilakukan penanganan. Metode: Menggunakan metode penelitian potong lintang (Cross-Sectional study). Variabcl bebas adalah kadar MBK di udara tempat kexja dan kadar MEK di dalam air seni. Variabel terikat berupa gangguan kesehatan {penyakit lculit, saluran napas, iritasi mata dan gejala dini gangguan sistem sarat), Data penelitian adalah data primer dan sekunder dari hasil pengukuxan, pemeriksaan dan catatan medis. Hasil: Kadar MEK di tempat kexja textinggi adalah 249 ppm, sedangkan pajanan terendah adalah 103 ppm. 30,2% responden ditemukan terpajan di alas NAB. Kadar IPB di dalam air scni tcrtinggi adalah 5,21 mg/1, sedangkan hasil terendah adalah 0,01 mg/l. Sebanyak 27,9% responden di atas IPB. Prevalensi gangguan kesehatan peke1ja akibat pajanan pelarut organik MEK adalah: penyakit kuiit (34,9%); penyakit saluran napas (55,8%); iritasi mata (4,7%); dan gejala dini gangguan sistem saraf (44,2%). Prevalensi gangguan kesehatan lebih banyak ditemukan pada pekerja yang terpajan MEK di atas NAB dibandingkan dengan di bawah atau sama dengan NAB. Kesimpulan: Hasil analisis muitivaliat membuktjkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar MEK di udara tcmpat kcrja, kadar MEK di dalam air seni, status gizi dan lama kerja dengan gejala dini gangguan sistem sarai.

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Introduction: The effect on health due to the exposure of Methyl Ethyl Ketone organic compound is a serious condition which related to acute and chronic eifccts. Exposure controlling work environments and monitoring the health status of employees must be done properly. Substituting the MEK organic compound with another safer substance is the best solution to reduce the health effect. However, it will give an impact to the product line and quality product. Early health effect detection is an important to find out the possibility of adverse health effect and manage the finding.

Method: Cross-Sectional Study is thc method in this research. The independent variables are the level of MEK in the work place and the level of MEK in the urine. The dependent variables are health effects (skin diseases, respiratory tract, eye irritation and early neurotoxic symptom). The data are taken from the Primary and Secondary Sources that are obtained by conducting a measurement, a physical exam as well as collecting and analyzing the medical records.

Results: The highest level of MBI( in the work place is 249 ppm and the lowest is 103 ppm. There are 30.2% respondents exposed to MEK above the Thresh Hold Limit Value (TLV). The highest Biological Exposure Index (BEI) urine is 5.2lmg/l and the lowest is 0.01 mg/l. There are 27.9% respondents with the level of MEK above the BEI. The prevalence of health effect due to the exposure of MEK is skin diseases (34.9%), 'respiratory tract diseases (55.8%), eye irritation (4.7%) and early neurotoxic symptom (44.2%). The prevalence of health problem is more Hequent to the respondents who are above the TLV than less than the TLV.

Conclusion: Multivariate analysis indicated a significant correlation among MEK, BEI, nutritional status and length of work with early neurotoxic symptom."

"Latar belakangPajanan MEK dan sinar ultraviolet di Departemen Stock Fit dapat menggangu kesehatan, khususnya kesehatan mata pekerja. Prevalensi kasus konjungtivitis sebesar 3 % dikalangan pekerja, termasuk pekerja di Departemen Stock Fit, sangat menarik untuk diteliti lebih jauh, apakah kasus konjungtivitis yang terjadi disini sebagai akibat pekerjaan, atau bukan sebagai akibat pekerjaan.MetodeMenggunakaan metode potong lintang (cross sectional) dan dianalisis secara internal comparation. Sampel diambil dari seluruh pekerja perempuan di 4 bagian Departemen Stock Fit, yang proses produksinya menggunakan cairan primer MEK dan sinar ultraviolet. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara manajemen perusahaan, rekam medis poliklinik, pegisian kuesioner dan informed concept oleh pekerja dan pemeriksaan fisik dan status kesehatan mata oleh dokter perawat.HasilPrevalensi konjungtivitis akibat kerja sebesar 10,9% dari 175 pekerja perempuan Departemen Stock Fit. Pajanan MEK mempunyai risiko 3,56 kali dibandingkan pajanan MEK + sinar ultraviolet untuk menyebabkan konjungtivitis akibat kerja.KesimpulanFaktor yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya konjungtivitis akibat kerja adalah pajanan MEK dan radiasi sinar ultraviolet.

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Background

The exposure of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) fume and Ultra Violet (UV) light at Stock Fit Department of Shoes industry could influence the eye health of the workers. The prevalence of conjunctivitis among the workers is approximately 3%, including the workers at the Stock Fit Department. Therefore, it is very interesting to find out whether the cases of conjunctivitis in this matter are occupation medicine or not.

Method

This is a cross-sectional study using internal comparison analysis. The sample was all women workers of four Sub-department at Stock Fit Department. which the production process uses MEK liquid and UV light. The data was collected by conducting interview with the manager, reviewing the medical records, filling out questionnaires, and performing physical and eye examination by physician and nurses. Informed consent was obtained from the subjects prior to data collection.

Result

The prevalence of occupational conjunctivitis is approximately 10.9% among 1 75 women workers at Stock Fit Department. The exposure of MEK fume is the only one statistically significant factor to occupational conjunctivitis. It is increasing the risk of occupational conjunctivitis 3.56 times greater than the exposure of both MEK fume and UV light.

Conclusion

Factors related to occupational conjunctivitis are MEK liquid and UV light exposure."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Pajanan rendah xylene dapat menyebabkan gangguan neurotoksik. Upaya untuk pencegahan dampak neurotoksik tersebut antara lain deteksi gejala dini neurotoksik. Penelitian tentang pajanan rendah xylene dalam jangka waktu lama pada pekerja di Indonesia belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji hubungan pajanan rendah xylene dengan terjadinya gejala dini neurotoksik. Metode. Desain cross sectional, dilakukan pada 97 orang pekerja terpajan xylene. Tingkat pajanan xylene ditentukan dengan metode semikuantitatif. Menggunakan data sekunder pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala pekerja dan hasil pengisian kuesioner Swedish Q16. Hasil. Prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik didapatkan pada 19,6% pekerja dengan pajanan rendah xylene dalam jangka waktu lama. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat pajanan (exposure rating) xylene dengan terjadinya gejala dini neurotoksik (p = 0,036). Faktor umur, status gizi, masa kerja, kebiasaan merokok, minum kopi dan alkohol, serta penggunaan APD tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan gejala dini neurotoksik. Kesimpulan. Pajanan rendah xylene berhubungan dengan terjadinya gejala dini neurotoksi

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ABSTRACT

Background. Low exposure of xylene can cause neurotoxic disorders. Early detection by using Swedish Q16 questionnaire can help prevent neurotoxic effects. There has only been a few study on long-term, low xylene exposure in Indonesian workers. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between low xylene exposure and early neurotoxic symptoms. Method. The cross-sectional study was carried out on 97 workers exposed to xylene. The exposure level was determined with semiquantitative methods, using secondary data from annual medical check-up from workers and Swedish Q 16 questionnaires. Results. Early neurotoxic symptoms prevalence were found in 19.6% workers who are exposed to low level of xylene in long term. There is a significant relationship between xylene exposure rating (ER) with early neurotoxic symptom (p=0.036). Other factors, including age, nutritional status, period of employment , smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, and the use of PPE was not significantly associated with early symptom of neurotoxicity. Conclusion. Low xylene exposure is associated with early symptom of neurotoxic."

"This book describes how systems biology, pharmacogenomic and behavioral approaches, as applied to neurodevelopmental toxicology, provide a structure to arrange information in a biological model. Authors review and discuss approaches that can be used as effective tools to dissect mechanisms underlying pharmacological and toxicological phenomena associated with the exposure to drugs or environmental toxicants during development. This book presents cross-cutting research tools and animal models, along with applications to the studies associated with potential anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity; the developmental basis of adolescent or adult onset of disease; risk assessment of methyl mercury and its effects on neurodevelopment; challenges in the field to identify environmental factors of relevance to autism; and the strategy and progress of epilepsy research."

"This book aimed to bring the reader up to date on contemporary issues associated with exposure to methylmercury, from its effects on stem cells and neurons to population studies."

"Bagian terpenting yang tidak terpisahkan dalam proses pembuatan alas kaki adalahpenggunaan bahan perekat dan cat yang mengandung pelarut xilena. Apabila terpajanxilena, maka akan berakibat pada gangguan sistem saraf pusat. Tingkat pajanan xilenayang telah diterima oleh tubuh dapat dilihat melalui kadar Asam Metil Hipurat AMH dalam urin. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat risikodan peranan pajanan inhalasi xilena terhadap gangguan kesehatan. Penelitian inimenggunakan rancangan potong lintang. Lokasi penelitian berada di tiga bengkel alaskaki di Kecamatan Ciomas, Kabupaten Bogor dan dilakukan pada bulan September ndash;Oktober 2017. Adapun sampel penelitian terdiri dari pekerja sebanyak 40 orang; danlingkungan yaitu xilena di 9 titik pengukuran. Sampel pekerja diambil informasimengenai karakteristik, pola aktivitas, kadar AMH dalam urin, dan gejala neurotoksik.Seluruh informasi diambil pada saat jam kerja berlangsung melalui wawancara. Khususurin, diambil pada saat jam kerja berakhir dan dianalisis dengan UPLC MS/MS.Selanjutnya, pengukuran xilena dilakukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas.Kemudian, tingkat risiko RQ pajanan xilena dianalisis dengan menggunakanpendekatan ARKL. Analisis hubungan antar variabel menggunakan uji t independen konsentrasi xilena dengan gejala neurotoksik dan kadar AMH dengan gejalaneurotoksik dan regresi linier sederhana konsentrasi xilena dengan kadar AMH . Darihasil penelitian, konsentrasi xilena di seluruh bengkel adalah 3,58E-03 mg/m3 median dengan konsentrasi tertinggi di titik sampel 6 3,16E-02 mg/m3 dengan kadar AMHdalam urin seluruh pekerja adalah sebesar 1,00E-04 g/g kreatinin median dan lebihdari setengah 57,5 pekerja negatif gejala neurotoksik. Berdasarkan perhitungannilai RQ, seluruh pekerja tidak terdapat risiko RQ le;1 terhadap pajanan xilena. Batasmaksimum konsentrasi xilena yang direkomendasikan batas maksimum adalah selama25 tahun ke depan sebesar 0,2593 mg/m3 laki ndash; laki dan 0,30182 mg/m3 perempuan .Untuk hasil uji, secara statistik tidak terdapat hubungan antara konsentrasi xilena danAMH p = 0,511 , konsentrasi xilena pada pekerja dengan positif-negatif gejalaneurotoksik p = 0,969 , serta kadar AMH pada pekerja dengan positif-negatif gejalaneurotoksik.

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The use of adhesives and paints containing xylenes play important rule in footwearmanufacturing. Xylene exposure can affect the central nervous system such assymptoms of headache, fatigue, short term memory disorders, time response disorders,numerical ability disorders, equilibrium and balance changes. To determine the levelof exposure can be conducted by measuring the levels of methylhippuric acids MHA in urine. The aim of this study was to describe the risk of xylenes exposure to workers 39 health. This study used cross sectional design and conducted in three footwearworkshops in Ciomas, Bogor Regency in September October 2017. The study sampleconsisted of 40 workers and 9 point measurements of xylenes in indoor air. For workersamples, information concerning characteristics, activity patterns, and neurotoxicsymptoms were taken during working hours through interviews. Especially, urine MHA was taken at the end of work hours and analyzed with UPLC MS MS.Furthermore, xylenes measurements were carried out using gas chromatography. Then,the risk level RQ of xylenes exposure was analyzed using ARKL approach. For theanalysis of relationships among variables using independent t test xylenes withneurotoxic symptoms and MHA levels with neurotoxic symptoms and simple linearregression xylenes with MHA levels . From the results, the concentration of xylenesin the workshops was 3.58E 03 mg m3 median with the highest concentration atsample point 6 3.16E 02 mg m3 . MHA in the urine of all workers were 0.000100 g gof creatinine median and more than half 57.5 of workers had negative neurotoxicsymptoms. All workers have no risk to health RQ le 1 and recommended maximumlimit of xylenes concentration over the next 25 years of 0.2593 mg m3 male and0.30182 mg m3 female. From the statistical results, there was no statisticallysignificant relationship between xylenes concentration and MHA p 0,511 , xylenesin workers with positive and negative neurotoxic symptoms p 0.969 , and MHAlevels in workers with positive and negative neurotoxic symptoms."

"To analyze the relationship between exposure to xylene as organic solvents and neurotoxic symptoms as affect of xylene exposure between paint manufacture workers. Fourty-five male workers completed a symptom questionnaire 18 Germany version. Fourteen workers underwent the positive neurotoxic symptoms from the questionnaire results. In chi-square tests, confounding variables for working period, smoking habits, exercise habits, duration of xylene exposure, usage of respiratory protection, and historical disease were found a not significant relation with the symptoms of neurotoxic with affect of xylene exposure. The relation between level of exposure and age factor, in both correlation and linier regression analysis were poor relation with the symptoms of neurotoxic with affect of xylene exposure.The results suggest that a symptom and some behavioral changes shows the neurotoxic effects to low levels of xylene exposure. However, no consistent pattern was observed in regard to the effects of xylene exposure on neurobehavioral dysfunction, in regards with the confounding factors that studied.

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Untuk menganalisis hubungan antara pajanan xylene sebagai pelarut organik dan gejala neurotoksik yang diakibatkan pajanan xylene pada pekerja pembuatan cat di PT. X tahun 2012. Empat puluh lima pekerja laki-laki menyelesaikan kuesioner Q18 versi Jerman. Empat belas pekerja mengalami gejala neurotoksik positif dari hasil kuesioner. Dalam uji chi-square, variabel confounding untuk masa kerja, kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan olahraga, lama pajanan per minggu, penggunaan perlindungan pernapasan, dan riwayat penyakit ditemukan tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan xylene. Hubungan antara tingkat pajanan xylene dan faktor usia, baik lewat uji korelasi dan analisis regresi linier menunjukkan hubungan yang lemah dengan gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan xylene.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gejala neurotoksik dan beberapa perubahan perilaku terjadi pada pajanan xylene tingkat rendah. Namun, tidak ada gambaran yang menunjukkan pola yang linier yang diamati sehubungan dengan efek pajanan xylene pada gangguan neurobehavioral, berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor pengganggu yang dipelajari."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan benzene pada pekerja industri sepatu kulit di PIK Pulogadung. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 52 pekerja memiliki nilai RQ > 1 untuk efek pajanan realtime dan sebanyak 37 pekerja memiliki nilai RQ > 1 untuk efek pajanan lifetime. Selain itu didapatkan hasil bahwa semua pekerja disana memiliki risiko kanker untuk pajanan lifetime dan realtime karena nilai ECR>10-4. Karena nilai RQ> 1 dan ECR>10-4 maka perlu dilakukan manajemen risiko. Manajemen risiko untuk efek pajanan non karsinogenik dilakukan dengan menurunkan konsentrasi benzene menjadi 0,042 mg/m3, lama pajanan menjadi 5,4 jam/hari, frekuensi pajanan menjadi 114 hari/tahun dan menetapkan durasi pajanan yang aman yaitu 10,8 tahun. Sedangkan manajemen risiko untuk efek pajanan karsinogenik dilakukan dengan menurunkan konsentrasi benzene menjadi 0,023 mg/m3, lama pajanan menjadi 2 jam/hari, frekuensi pajanan menjadi 63 hari/tahun, dan menetapkan durasi pajanan yaitu 5 tahun.

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This study aims to determine the magnitude of health risk from exposure to benzene in the leather shoe industry workers in PIK Pulogadung. This research uses a risk analysis environmental health approach. The results of this study shows that 52 workers have RQ > 1 for realtime risk exposure and 37 workers have RQ > 1 for lifetime risk exposure. Beside that, the results show that all of the workers have a cancer risk for lifetime risk exposure and realtime risk exposure because ECR > 10-4. Since value of RQ > 1 and ECR > 10-4 so it is necessary for risk management. Risk management carried out to reduce non carcinogenic effect of exposure with decrease the concentration of benzene into 0,042 mg/m3, then reduce exposure time into 5,4 hour/day, reduce exposure frequency into 114 days/year and establish a safe exposure duration of 10,8 years. Whereas the risk management for carcinogenic exposure is decrease the benzene concentration into 0,023 mg/m3, then reduce time exposure into 2 hour/day, reduce exposure frequency into 63 days/year, and establish a safe exposure duration of 5 years."