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"The transaction price of goods, or service fees, are affected by a variety of factors such as types and quality of the goods concerned, competition, consumer demand and general economic condition. In general transaction prices constitute base prices added by the firm's margin. In the business world at a particular time transaction prices do not account for margins, with some perhaps even being found lower than the cost of goods production. However, tax authorities pay attention to related party transactions as their prices may be subject to manipulation. These prices will be set at arm's length if we compare them with those for independent parties. As a further result, the taxable income reported in tax returns of the taxpayers in question are less than what it should be. The main issue and question in the author's research are how to determine that a transaction has been conducted at arm's length and what connection can be found between the corrections made through audit and income tax revenue. The pricing set for transactions between related parties are called as transfer pricing. A related party transaction is deemed to occur when there is a link between the common and controlling shareholders, management of the parties involved, including their horizontal and vertical family relationships. One way to determine if there is an arm's length price is to compare the transfer pricing on related parties and those on unrelated parties. Some of the common approaches applied-are the comparable uncontrol price method, resale price method, cost plus method and comparable profit method.

The author surveyed the results of inspections conducted by the State Revenue Optimization Team (SROT) into related firm transactions.

From the survey, the author has found:

1. In practice it is difficult to arrive at an accurate comparative figure as the period of the audit above has been limited and data and information concerning similar firms to taxpayers are lacking. A new approach which has been employed by tax authorities in several countries for the purpose of reducing the occurrences of problems associated with the determination of transaction prices is called as the Advanced Pricing Arrangement. This method has been set out in Article 18(3a) of Law number 17 of 2000.

2. The corrections through audit into or the potential income tax revenue by SROT from the transactions conducted between taxpayers and their related parties amount to Rp 932,952,280,602. However, only Rp 51,821,609,658, or 5.55% of this amount was accepted by taxpayers. Hence, these taxpayers did want to pay a total of Rp 881,130,670,944, or 94.45%. The taxpayers then request of objection or appeals on the assessments made by the Director General of Taxation. However, the Director General of Taxation rejected these request . In addition, the Tax Court rejected appeals which amounted to Rp 4,696,385,476.

The corrections above were conducted due to the fact that:

- There has been lack of audit guidelines concerning related party transactions.

- Taxpayers are unable to make clear explanations on how they arrived at transfer pricing. In addition, the factors which cause transfer pricing vary from those affecting market prices, or the transaction prices among unrelated parties.

The author recommends as follows:

- Taxpayers should make a pricing policy whereby transaction prices are described and broken down. In addition, they should explain the factors which cause their transfer pricing to differ from market prices, or the transaction prices among unrelated company.

- Tax authorities set a comparative figure or indicator, taken from taxpayers' data bases, as a reference for auditor for the purpose of assessing transaction fairness.

- Consideration should be made to re-evaluate the fines in the form of interest payments, and penalties which are regulated in Law number 16 of 2000. Different sanctions, in the form of, for example, higher percentage or without correspondence adjustments, should be charged on taxpayers who do provide information on their related party transactions.

- Issuance of the implementation guidelines for Article 18(3a) of Law number 17 of 2000 to both taxpayers and the Directorate General of Taxation regarding agreements about the determination of transaction prices."

"Pemeriksaan pajak merupakan salah satu bentuk penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jenderal Pajak (DJP) untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak. Objek pemeriksaan pajakKualitas adalah bahan baku yang dibutuhkan DJP untuk pemeriksaan pajak dapat berjalan secara efektif. DJP telah membentuk Komite Perencanaan Audit yang memiliki: kewenangan untuk menetapkan objek pemeriksaan mutu. Objek inspeksi wajib memenuhi 4 (empat) variabel yaitu indikasi ketidakpatuhan wajib pajak, modus Ketidakpatuhan Wajib Pajak, potensi tax/tax gap, dan tingkat kolektibilitas. Penelitian inimenggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas variabel pemilihan objek pemeriksaan pajak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan objek pajak merupakan proses penting yang harus dilakukan agar DJP dapat memperoleh objek tersebut pemeriksaan yang berkualitas dalam rangka meningkatkan upaya pemeriksaan pajak.Tax audit is one form of law enforcement carried out by the Directorate General of Taxes General of Taxes (DGT) to improve taxpayer compliance. Tax inspection object Quality is the raw material needed by DGT for tax audit can run effectively. DGT has established an Audit Planning Committee which has: authority to determine the object of quality inspection. Mandatory inspection object fulfills 4 (four) variables, namely an indication of taxpayer non-compliance, mode ofTaxpayer non-compliance, potential tax/tax gap, and collectibility level. This research using a qualitative approach that aims to analyze the quality of the variables selection of tax audit object. The results of this study indicate that the selection of tax object is an important process that must be carried out so that the DGT can obtain the objectquality audits in order to improve tax audit efforts."

"Studi ini bertujuan membuktikan bahwa pemeriksaan pajak memiliki hubungan dengan agresivitas pajak. Dengan menggunakan sampel 98 perusahaan terbuka di sektor nonkeuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia, penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa pemeriksaan pajak memiliki hubungan dengan agresivitas pajak. Dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect Model with Driscoll and Kraay Standard Error dan memisahkan pemeriksaan berdasarkan tujuannya, penelitian ini juga memberikan bukti bahwa pemeriksaan dengan tujuan restitusi berpengaruh positif terhadap agresivitas pajak, sedangkan pemeriksaan dengan tujuan analisis risiko tidak berpengaruh. Implikasi dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan kepada regulator agar mengoptimalkan pemeriksaan pajak untuk menurunkan tindakan penghindaran pajak oleh perusahaan.

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This study aims to prove that tax audit has a relationship with tax aggressiveness. By using a sample of 98 public companies in the non-financial sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, this study proves that tax audits have a relationship with tax aggressiveness. By using the Fixed Effect Model with Driscoll and Kraay Standard Error and separating audits based on their objectives, this study also provides evidence that audits with the aim of restitution have a positive effect on tax aggressiveness, while audits with the aim of risk analysis have no effect. The implications of the research results show regulators to optimize tax audits to reduce tax evasion by companies."

"Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian uji hipotesis yang hendak menguji apakah perbedaan laba komersial dan laba fiskal (book-tax differences) dan variabel kontrol lainnya yaitu Net Property, Plant, and Equipment (NPPE) serta jenis industri berpengaruh terhadap hasil koreksi pemeriksaan pada KPP PMA Empat. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data sekunder terhadap Wajib Pajak Badan yang diperiksa pada tahun pajak 2008 (95 perusahaan) dan pada tahun pajak 2009 (85 perusahaan). Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa book-tax differences berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap koreksi hasil pemeriksaan. Hal ini berarti semakin besar book-tax differences koreksi pemeriksaan pajak semakin berkurang. Masih banyaknya perbedaan antara standar akuntansi dan peraturan perpajakan menyebabkan book-tax differences yang besar tidak dapat dijadikan peringatan (red flag) bahwa wajib pajak melakukan pelanggaran perpajakan. Book-tax differences yang besar menandakan bahwa Wajib Pajak telah sadar untuk melakukan koreksi dalam rekonsiliasi fiskal sehingga bila dilakukan pemeriksaan, hanya sedikit dilakukan koreksi pemeriksaan. Variabel lain yang bernilai signifikan adalah industri pakaian yang berpengaruh signifikan (positif) terhadap hasil pemeriksaan. Hal ini terkait transaksi dengan pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa yang sering menjadi objek koreksi pemeriksaan.

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This study is a hypothesis testing study which examines whether book-tax differences and other control variables affect significantly to tax revenue adjustments at Foreign Investments Tax Office Four. The study is done by using secondary data from companies that being audited for the tax year 2008 (95 companies) and for the tax year 2009 (95 companies.

The results from this study is book-tax differences affect significant and negative on tax revenue adjustments. This means the greater the book-tax differences the smaller the tax revenue adjustments. The wide divergence of accounting standard and tax regulations in Indonesia cause wide book-tax differences can't be used as red flag that tax payer break tax regulations.

Wide book-tax differences indicate that tax payer has already adjusted the differences on fiscal reconciliation therefore if audit is done, there will only small audit adjustments. The other variable that affect significantly is clothing industry which affect significant and positive to tax revenue adjustments. This is related to transaction to related parties that often adjusted by auditor."

"The aim of this study is to explain the implementation of tax audit policy in KPP Jakarta Gambir Dua and to explain the influence of audit policy in attaining target of tax income at KPP Jakarta Gambir Dua. The method of study that used in descriptive statistics is data tabulation through frequency calculation, and inferential statistic, viz correlation test to measure the variable influence of audit policy implementation to the target attainment of tax income at KPP Jakarta Gambir Dua based on quarterly since 2002 to 2004.

The result of study indicates that realization of accomplished SP3 that does not meet standard of stipulated achievement occurred on fourth quarterly in 2002, and first and fourth in 2003. It indicates that impact of policy encourages the audit in order to add audit of income. Yet, in general, the average value of realization of accomplishment attainment SP3 is greatest than stipulated achievement standard.

The result of study of accomplishment for SP3 has enough correlation but negative toward target attainment of tax income, because free of differentiation of achievement standard of accomplished SP3 between potential that yield tax audit which should be attained by auditor of tax audit in tax audit policy."

"Laporan ini menganalisis ekualisasi pajak penghasilan badan dengan pajak pertambahan nilai PT OP Indonesia dalam rangka pengajuan restitusi pajak penghasilan badan. Terdapat beberapa kondisi yang menyebabkan PT OP Indonesia harus melakukan ekualisasi antara peredaran usaha dalam SPT PPh Badan dengan total penyerahan dalam SPT Masa PPN setahun. Ekualisasi yang dilakukan oleh PT OP Indonesia disebabkan karena ada perbedaan waktu. Dari hasil analisis tersebut diperoleh bahwa PT OP Indonesia telah melakukan kewajiban perpajakannya dengan baik dan ekualisasi yang dibuat oleh PT OP Indonesia tidak melanggar peraturan perpajakan.

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This report analyze equalization of corporate income tax with value added tax PT OP Indonesia in order to apply for corporate income tax refund. There are several conditions that cause PT OP Indonesia made equalization between gross income stated in Annual Corporate Income Tax Return (1771 Form) and total delivery of taxable goods stated in Value Added Tax Periodic Return in annual. Equalization that had been made by PT OP Indonesia due to the time difference. The result of analysis shows that PT OP Indonesia has performed its tax obligation well and equalization made by PT OP Indonesia does not violate the taxation rules."

"Penelitian ini mempelajari hubungan antara jumlah pemeriksaan yang pernah dialami sebelumnya dengan kepatuhan pajak penghasilan perusahaan. Fokus penelitian adalah wajib pajak pada KPP Wajib Pajak Besar, KPP Minyak dan Gas Bumi, dan KPP PMB. Heckman Two Step Estimation digunakan untuk mengestimasi aturan seleksi pemeriksaan, dan keputusan kepatuhan perusahaan. Hasil estimasi tahap pertama menunjukkan bahwa ada aturan yang sistematis dalam proses seleksi pemeriksaan. Hasil estimasi tahap kedua menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan dengan jumlah pemeriksaan lebih banyak, keuntungan yang lebih rendah, average tax rate yang lebih rendah memiliki rasio kepatuhan yang lebih tinggi.

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This paper examines the relationship between the amount of past audit experience and firm's income tax compliance. Focusing upon taxpayers in Large Taxpayer Tax Office, Oil and Gas Tax office, and Listed Company Tax Office. A Heckman two step estimation is used to estimate the audit selection rule the firm's compliance choice. The first step estimation results indicate that there is a systematic rule as a guidance in the selection process. The second stage results show that firms with more past audit experience, have a lower profit, and a lower average tax rate have a higher compliance ratio."

"Penelitian ini mengevaluasi efektivitas pemeriksaan pajak pada KPP Pratama Bengkulu Dua. Evaluasi dilakukan atas faktor dukungan manajemen puncak, regulasi, kualitas pemeriksaan, pemeriksa pajak, wajib pajak, dan sistem informasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus dengan metode analisis kualitatif deskriptif atas data pada KPP dan hasil wawancara dari responden kepala unit, wajib pajak, konsultan dan pemeriksa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh faktor mempengaruhi efektivitas pemeriksaan pajak. Faktor manajemen puncak dan sistem informasi mendukung efektifitas pemeriksaan pajak secara tidak langsung karena meningkatkan kompetensi pemeriksa pajak dan kualitas proses pemeriksaan. Faktor regulasi tidak cukup dinilai dari keberadaan aturannya saja, namun yang penting adalah bagaimana implementasi regulasi tersebut. Faktor wajib pajak yang menentukan adalah sikap kooperatif wajib pajak saat pemeriksaan. KPP Bengkulu Dua memiliki kecukupan pada seluruh faktor pendukung efektifitas pemeriksaan pajak, kecuali faktor sikap wajib pajak yang lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh pilihan sikap wajib pajak. Untuk itu diperlukan sosialisasi kepada wajib pajak agar memiliki sikap kooperatif saat pemeriksaan pajak.

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This study evaluates the effectiveness of tax audits at the Bengkulu Dua Tax Office. The evaluation is carried out on factors of top management support, regulatory, audit quality, tax auditors, taxpayers, and information systems. This research uses a case study approach with descriptive qualitative analysis on tax offices' data and interviews with respondents from unit heads, taxpayers, consultants, and auditors. The results showed that all factors affect the effectiveness of tax audits. Top management factors and information systems indirectly support the effectiveness of tax audits because they increase the competence of tax auditors and the quality of the audit process. Regulatory factors are not enough to be considered by the existence of the rules, but what is important is how the regulations are implemented. The taxpayer factor is determined by its cooperative attitude during the audit. Bengkulu Dua Tax Office has adequacy on all factors supporting the effectiveness of tax audits, except for the attitude factor of the taxpayer, which is more influenced by the choice of the taxpayer. For this reason, it is necessary to disseminate information to taxpayers so that they have a cooperative attitude during tax audits."

"ABSTRAKLaporan magang ini bertujuan untuk membahas mengenai proses audit yang dilakukan oleh KAP XYZ atas pajak penghasilan pada reksa dana syariah efek asing yang dimiliki oleh PT CBD. Proses audit yang dilakukan KAP XYZ berdasarkan dengan CBD Audit Guide yang sudah disesuaikan dengan standar audit. Proses audit pajak penghasilan berjalan cukup lama karena diskusi tiga arah antara KAP XYZ tim audit dan tim tax , PT CBD, dan CTY sebagai bank kustodian. Hasil audit dari Reksa Dana SGSE menunjukkan pengendalian dan pengungkapan sudah disajikan dengan wajar.Kata kunci:Audit, Prosedur Audit, Pajak Penghasilan.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this report is to analyze audit process by KAP XYZ on corporate income tax of SGSE equity fund, one of the product of PT CBD. The audit process that was conducted by KAP XYZ is based on XYZ Audit Guide which has been adjusted to International Standards on Auditing ISA . The audit process cost a quite long time due to the complexity of the fund, which involved KAP XYZ audit and tax team , PT CBD, and CTY as a custodian bank. The audit results of corporate income tax of SGSE shows the control and disclosure of SGSE that is related to corporate income tax has been presented fairly in all material aspects.Keywords Audit, Audit Process, Corporate Income Tax"

"Kondisi pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan aktivitas pemeriksaan pajak sebagai salah satu akivitas kunci dalam menunjang penerimaan negara dari sektor perpajakan tidak dapat dilaksanakan seperti dalam kondisi normal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian pelaksanaan pemeriksaan pajak di masa pandemi Covid-19 dengan aturan perpajakan dan mengevaluasi capaian kebijakan terkait pelaksanaan pemeriksaan yang berlaku di masa pandemi Covid-19 dengan kriteria evaluasi kebijakan publik Dunn (2018) yaitu efektivitas, efisiensi, kecukupan, kesamaan, responsivitas, dan kelayakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan metode kualitatif melalui wawancara dan reviu dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pelaksanaan pemeriksaan pajak di masa pandemi Covid-19 pada KPP Pratama Jakarta Cilandak telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan aturan perpajakan dan kebijakan pemeriksaan yang berlaku di masa pandemi Covid-19. Selain itu hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan terkait pelaksanaan pemeriksaan pajak di masa pandemi Covid-19 di KPP Pratama Jakarta Cilandak telah mengakomodir tercapainya tujuan pemeriksaan secara efektif, efisien, cukup, sama/merata, dan layak. Kebijakan pelaksanaan pemeriksaan pajak di masa pandemi Covid-19 di KPP Pratama Jakarta Cilandak juga mendapatkan respon yang baik dari para pemangku kepentingan.

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The condition of the Covid-19 pandemi has caused tax audit activities as one of the key activities in supporting government revenues from the taxation sector to be unable to be carried out as under normal conditions. This study evaluates the implementation of tax audits during the Covid-19 pandemi with tax regulations and evaluate policies related to the implementation of audits that were in effect during the Covid-19 pandemi with Dunn's (2018) public policy evaluation criteria, that is effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. This study uses primary data with qualitative methods through interviews and document reviews. The results showed that the implementation of tax audits during the Covid-19 pandemi at the Jakarta Cilandak Tax Office had been carried out based on the tax regulations and audit policies that were in effect during the Covid-19 pandemi. In addition, the results of the study show that policies related to the implementation of tax audits during the Covid-19 pandemi at the Jakarta Cilandak Tax Office have accommodated the achievement of audit objectives in an effective, efficient, sufficient, equal, and appropriate. The policy of implementing tax audits during the Covid-19 pandemi at the Jakarta Cilandak Tax Office also received a positive response from stakeholders."