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"Stunting merupakan salah satu kondisi kekurangan gizi kronis yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan kemampuan kognitif dan prestasi belajar pada anak usia sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor yang dominan pada siswa sekolah dasar kelas 1 di Jakarta Utara Tahun 2016. Desain studi dalam penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan metode Multistage Sampling. Sampel yang diteliti sebanyak 156 siswa sekolah dasar kelas 1 di Jakarta Utara Tahun 2016 dengan responden yang memberikan informasi penelitian yaitu ibu dari siswa tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-Juni 2016. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui angket, formulir FFQ, dan pengukuran antropometri. Uji yang digunakan untuk analisis bivariat adalah uji Chi-square dan uji T-independent, sedangkan analisis multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 19,2% siswa mengalami stunting dan terdapat perbedaan proporsi bermakna antara stunting menurut ASI eksklusif, riwayat penyakit infeksi, sanitasi dan kebersihan, pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan, suplementasi vitamin A, status imunisasi, pola asuh, pengetahuan gizi ibu, pendapatan keluarga dan frekuensi konsumsi makanan sumber zat gizi (protein, vitamin A, zat besi, dan seng). Kemudian, dari hasil analisis regresi logistik didapatkan suplementasi vitamin A sebagai faktor dominan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diharapkan Dinas Kesehatan dan Dinas Pendidikan dapat melakukan perbaikan gizi siswa sekolah dasar baik melalui pemantauan status gizi berkala, muatan gizi di sekolah, perbaikan sanitasi dan lingkungan. Selain itu, sekolah dapat mendukung kinerja pemerintah melalui program sekolah sehat dan edukasi terhadap orang tua siswa.

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Stunting is a condition of chronic malnutrition that can lower the cognitive abilities and learning achievement of the primary school children. This study aim to reveal the dominant factor of stunting among the first grade primary school children in North Jakarta 2016.This study uses cross-sectional design with multistage sampling method. The samples are 156 primary school children in North Jakarta 2016 and respondents who provide the research information are mother of that primary school children. The study was conducted in March-June 2016. Data of this research collected by questionnaires, FFQ form, and anthropometric measures. Test used for bivariate analysis was Chi-square test and independent T-test, whereas multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression.

Results of this research showed that 19,2% students were stunting. There are statistically differences proportion of stunting based on exclusive breastfeeding, history of infectious diseases, sanitation and hygiene, health service utilization, vitamin A supplementation, immunization status, nutrition care pattern, mother knowledge of nutrition, family income. and frequency of frequency of consumption food sources nutrition (protein, vitamin A, iron, and zinc). Then, the logistic regression analysis showed that that vitamin A supplementation as a dominant factor of stunting. Based on the results, Indonesian Department of Health and Indonesian Department of Education should improve the nutrition of primary school children through periodic monitoring of nutritional status, increase children knowledge, and improve the sanitation and environment. In addition, the school can support the government's performance through the healthy schools program and educate parents."

"Cakupan vitamin A di Provinsi Papua pada tahun 2019 hanya mencapai 31,7% dan merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan angka cakupan paling rendah di Indonesia. Angka cakupan tersebut juga jauh di bawah standar UNICEF, yakni 80%. Rendahnya cakupan vitamin A bisa disebabkan beberapa faktor yang bervariasi pada tiap kabupaten/kota Provinsi Papua. Analisis spasial dilakukan untuk melihat sebaran serta korelasi antara faktor determinan dengan angka cakupan vitamin A. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang penggunakan pendekatan analisis spasial dan korelasi. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistika dan Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Papua tahun 2019.  Hasil analisis spasial cakupan vitamin A menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah 16 kabupaten/kota tergolong baik, 12 kabupaten tergolong sedang, dan 1 kabupaten tergolong buruk. Sedangkan analisis korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan cakupan vitamin A dengan topografi wilayah dan tingkat pendidikan, serta tidak berhubungan dengan rasio tenaga kesehatan, fasilitas kesehatan, dan jumlah penduduk yang bekerja. Perlu adanya perhatian khusus terhadap sarana transportasi bagi wilayah dataran tinggi dan penyesuaian edukasi kesehatan bagi penduduk dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menggali faktor lain terkait cakupan vitamin A di Provinsi Papua.

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Vitamin A coverage in Papua Province in 2019 only reached 31.7% and is one of the provinces with the lowest coverage rates in Indonesia. The coverage figure is also far below the UNICEF standard, which is 80%. The low coverage of vitamin A can be caused by several factors that vary in each district/city of Papua Province. Spatial analysis was carried out to see the distribution and correlation between the determinants and the coverage rate of vitamin A. This research is a quantitative study that uses a spatial analysis approach and correlation. The data used is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Papua Provincial Health Office in 2019. The results of the spatial analysis of vitamin A coverage show that a total of 16 districts/cities are classified as good, 12 districts are classified as moderate, and 1 district is classified as poor. Meanwhile, correlation analysis shows that there is a relationship between vitamin A coverage and regional topography and education level, and it is not related to the ratio of health workers, health facilities, and the number of working people. There needs to be special attention to transportation facilities for highland areas and adjustment of health education for people with low levels of education. Further research is needed to explore other factors related to vitamin A coverage in Papua Province."

"Stunting adalah gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari buruknya asupan makan anak, kejadian infeksi yang berulang, dan tidak adekuatnya stimulasi psikosoial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Barat tahun 2017. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional, menggunakan data primer dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 210 anak yang diambil dengan teknik multistage random sampling dari 12 Posyandu pada 6 kelurahan dari 3 kecamatan di Jakarta Barat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara melakukan pengukuran panjang badan anak dan melakukan wawancara dengan responden. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa sebanyak 16,2 anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Barat mengalami stunting. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Barat adalah suplementasi vitamin A OR=3,62; 90 CI 1,144-8,939 dan tingkat pendidikan ibu OR=2,40; 90 CI 1,167-4,885. Hasil analisis multivariat dengan analisis regresi logistik ganda menemukan bahwa suplementasi vitamin A merupakan faktor dominan dari kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Barat tahun 2017 setelah dikontrol oleh variabel capaian MAD, praktik pemberian kolostrum, dan tingkat pendidikan ibu OR=4,00; 90 CI 1,402-11,436. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, saran untuk pihak Suku Dinas Kota Administrasi Jakarta Barat adalah perlu dilakukan assessment untuk mengetahui mengapa anak yang masih berusia kurang dari 6 bulan sudah diberikan susu formula, cakupan mendapatkan suplementasi vitamin A harus ditingkatkan hingga mencapai 100, perlu dilakukan penyediaan alat antropometri panjang badan yang baku untuk setiap Puskesmas dan Posyandu, dan perlu dilakukan pelatihan mengenai prosedur yang baik dan benar dalam mengukur panjang badan anak; saran untuk pihak Puskesmas dan Posyandu adalah perlu dilakukan pemantauan status gizi berdasarkan indeks PB/U setiap 3 bulan sekali, perlu dilakukan pelatihan prosedur panjang badan kepada kader, perlu dilakukan edukasi kepada masyarakat mengenai praktik pemberian makan yang tepat dan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan bagi anak; saran untuk peneliti lain adalah penelitian perlu dilakukan pada skala yang lebih besar baik dari sisi jumlah sampel maupun wilayah, penggunaan variabel capaian minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, dan minimum acceptable diet sebaiknya digunakan secara berhati-hati dan pengukurannya dilakukan 2-3 kali pada hari yang berbeda, serta perlu dilakukan 24-hour dietary recall untuk mengetahui keadekuatan asupan makan anak.

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Stunting is the impaired growth and development that children experience as the result of poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. The objective of this research is to determine the dominant factor related with stunting occurrence among children aged 6 23 months in West Jakarta Region in 2017. This research was descriptive study with cross sectional design that using primary data and included 210 children taken with a multistage random sampling technique from 12 Posyandu on 6 administrative villages of 3 sub districts of West Jakarta region. Data collection was done by measuring children's length and conduct interviews with respondents.

The result showed prevalence of stunting was 16,2. The Chi Square analysis showes that vitamin A supplementation OR 3,62 90 CI 1,144 8,939 and mother's education level have a significant association with stunting OR 2,40 90 CI 1,167 4,885. Furthermore, binomial logistic regression shows that vitamin A supplementation as a dominant factor of stunting occurrence among children aged 6 23 months in West Jakarta Region in 2017 after controlled by other variables minimum acceptable diet, colostrum feeding, and mother's education OR 4,00 90 CI 1,402 11,436.

Based on this research, the recommendations for Suku Dinas Kesehatan in West Jakarta region are to conduct an assessment on why children aged less than 6 months already given the formula milk, to increase the scope of vitamin A supplementation up to 100, to provide a golden standard anthropometric measurements for each Puskesmas and Posyandu, and to train Puskesmas workers on how to measure children's length with proper dan right procedure second, the suggestions for Puskesmas and Posyandu in West Jakarta are to monitor children's nutrition status based on indices height for age every 3 months, to train Posyandu workers about how to measure children's length with proper dan right procedure, and to educate the community about appropriate feeding practice and child health care finally, the advice for researchers are research needs to be done on a larger scale both in the number of samples and research location, the use of minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet as independent variables should be used in a careful way and the measurement of these variables need to be done 2 3 times on the different days in addition, 24 hour dietary recall method need to be done to assess children's dietary intake adequacy."

"Stunting adalah masalah gizi kurang yang terjadi selama periode 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan HPK namun memiliki dampak kepada penurunan kualitas hidup seseorang kedepannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Selatan tahun 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan desain studi cross-sectional yang dilakukan selama bulan April-Juli 2017. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara kuesioner dan didapatkan sampel sebesar 221 anak dari 19 posyandu terpilih yang terdapat pada 6 wilayah puskesmas terpilih di Jakarta Selatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan prevalensi stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Selatan sebesar 13,1. Hasil analisis bivariat mendapat terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat penyakit infeksi OR=2,249, suplementasi vitamin A OR=5,304, tingkat pendidikan ibu OR=2,446, tingkat pendapatan keluarga OR=2,298, jumlah anggota keluarga OR=2,649, dan urutan kelahiran anak OR=3,125. Selain itu, hasil analisis regresi menemukan bahwa suplementasi vitamin A pada 6 bulan terakhir OR=5,744 merupakan faktor dominan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Selatan tahun 2017 setelah di kontrol variabel minimum meal frequency, riwayat penyakit infeksi, tingkat pendidikan ibu, tingkat pendapatan keluarga, dan urutan kelahiran anak. Peneliti menyarankan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan cakupan imunisasi dan suplementasi vitamin A serta mengedukasi orang tua mengenai praktik pemberian ASI dan MP-ASI yang benar dan lebih mempromosikan mengenai program keluarga berencana.

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Stunting is a malnutrition that occurs during the first 1000 days periode but has an impact to the decline in the quality of human life in the future. This research was aimed to analyze the risk factors of Stunting in children aged 6 ndash 23 months in South Jakarta in 2017. This research used primary data with cross sectional study design conducted during April July 2017. Data were analyzed by chi square test and logistic binary regression. Data collection was done through the Questionnaire interview and obtained a sample of 221 children from 19 selected posyandu in 6 regions selected health centers in South Jakarta.

The results showed the prevalence of stunting in children aged 6 23 months in South Jakarta is 13.1. The study found that the risk factors for stunting in children aged 6 ndash 23 months in South Jakarta is infectious disease OR 2,249, vitamin A supplementation OR 5,304, mother rsquo s education OR 2,446, family income OR 2,298, family size OR 2,649, and birth order OR 3,125. In addition, the results of regression analysis found that vitamin A supplementation in the last 6 months OR 5,744 was the dominant factor of the incidence of stunting in children aged 6 23 months in South Jakarta in 2017 after being controlled with minimum meal frequency, infectious disease, mother education, family income, and the order of child birth. Researchers recommend the government to increase coverage of immunization and vitamin A supplementation and to educate parents about breastfeeding practices and proper weaning food and also to promote more about family planning programs. "

"Latar belakang : Pemakaian obat anti epilepsi jangka panjang dikaitkan dengan kekerapan terjadinya defisiensi vitamin D,Suplementasi vitamin D dapat meningkatkan kadar 25 OH D sehingga menurunkan angka morbiditasnya. Tujuan : Mengetahui profil vitamin D pada anak epilepsi dan mengetahui efektivitas terapi suplementasi vitamin D. Metode : Analisa before and after pada subjek epilepsi politerapi > 1 tahun dan menggunakan>2 obat, evaluasi pre- dan paska suplementasi vitamin D selama 3 bulan. Hasil penelitian : Dari 51 subjek yang diteliti ditemukan 25 49 subjek sufisien, 19 37,3 pasien insufisien, dan 7 13,7 subjek defisien. Faktor risiko yang memiliki kemaknaan statistik adalah usua pubertas dan prapubertas p=0,004 , busana tertutup p=0,002 ,jenis epilepsi fokal p=0,032 dan frekuensi kejang p=0,047 . Evaluasi pemberian suplementasi vitamin D selama 3 bulan memberikan peningkatan kadar 25 OH D yang bermakna secara statistic p=0,001. Kesimpulan : Diperlukan pemantauan periodic kadar vitamin D pada anak epilepsi dan peranan terapi suplementasi dalam menurunkan angka morbiditasnya.

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Background : in epileptic children, a number of medications are used. Antiepileptic drugs are known to exert deleterious effect on vitamin D metabolism. Reports of vitamin D deficiency associated with anticonvulsant drugs in pediatric patients are conflicting.

Objective : To determine vitamin D status and risk factors in epileptic children and evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation.

Methods : A prospective pre and post intervention study was done in 51 epileptic children aged 5 18 years on polytherapy for at least one year in Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital and Bekasi Hospital, over a vitamin D supplementation period of 3 months from January 2017 to May 2017.

Results : Of the 51 patients studied, 25( 49,0%) subjects had sufficient vitamin D levels (>20 ng/mL), 19 ( 37,3%) subjects had insufficient vitamin D levels (12-20 ng/mL), and 7 (13,7 %) subjects had vitamin D deficiency( <12 ng/mL). It was seen that the risk of vitamin D deficiency increased, in the dress used ( full-covered dress) (p=0,002) , pre-pubertal and pubertal age ( p=0,004), focal epilepsy (p=0,032) and in seizure frequency (p=0,047), which was statistically significant. The role of vitamin D supplementation showed beneficial effect in increasing vitamin D level, which was statistically significant( p=0,001).

Conclusion : vitamin D supplementation in epileptic children effectively increases serum 25(OH)D."

"Stunting merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang dimiliki oleh 150,8 juta anak di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Anak stunting diindikasikan dengan tinggi badan menurut usia di bawah minus dua deviasi standar dari World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards median. Jika terjadi dalam 1000 hari kehidupan pertama seorang anak, stunting cenderung bersifat irreversible, dan dapat menyebabkan gangguan perkembangan, mulai dari penurunan kemampuan kognitif, peningkatan risiko atas penyakit metabolik, dan penurunan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan hidup di masa depan. Korelasi vitamin D dan kalsium masih terhadap stunting masih kurang dieksplorasi, padahal beberapa studi menunjukkan dampak positif melalui fungsi mineralisasi tulang dan insulin-like growth factor axis. Dengan begitu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari korelasi antara asupan kalsium dan vitamin D terhadap indikator stunting (HAZ) pada anak usia 6-24 bulan sebagai usia yang telah mendapatkan MPASI, dan di Jakarta Timur sebagai wilayah dengan prevalensi stunting kedua tertinggi di antara wilayah DKI Jakarta lainnya. Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah metode potong lintang, dengan total 62 sampel, yaitu anak usia 6-24 bulan yang bertempat tinggal di Jakarta Timur dan mengikuti penelitian Departemen Gizi FKUI 2014, sesuai kriteria inklusi tanpa kriteria eksklusi, kemudian terpilih melalui simple random sampling. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak SPSS 20 for Mac. Hasil: Hasil yang ditemukan adalah anak usia 12-24 bulan berhubungan positif dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap asupan kalsium kurang dari AKG (OR= 16,611; p<0,001). Sebaran asupan vitamin D dan status stunting berdasarkan seluruh karakteristik subjek tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan secara statistik. Sementara itu, asupan kalsium dan HAZ berkorelasi positif dan searah (r=0,324; p=0,005; p<0,01), begitu pula dengan asupan vitamin D dan HAZ berkorelasi positif dan searah (r=0,279; p=0,014, p<0,05). Hubungan status asupan kalsium dan vitamin D terhadap status stunting tidak bersifat signifikan secara statistik, namun penting secara klinis. Pembahasan: Usia 12-24 bulan lebih berisiko untuk memiliki asupan kalsium yang lebih rendah karena frekuensi minum ASI yang semakin berkurang tidak diimbangi dengan asupan gizi MPASI. Korelasi signifikan antara asupan kalsium dan asupan vitamin D terhadap HAZ mendukung studi sebelumnya bahwa kalsium dan vitamin D dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi IGF-1 plasma, dan bahwa kalsium dan vitamin D bekerja berdampingan.

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Stunting is a global health issue, with approximately 150.8 million children are affected worldwide, including Indonesia. Children with stunting are indicated with a Height-for-Age Z Score of less than-2 standard deviation based the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards median. If it occurs in the first 1000 days of life, stunting tends to be irreversible and cause impaired development, from cognitive impairment and increased risk of metabolic diseases, to lower income and welfare in the future. Correlation between vitamin D and calcium intake towards stunting have yet to be explored thoroughly even though several studies suggest their positive impacts through bone mineralisation and insulin-like growth factor axis. Thus, this research is done in order to discover the correlation between calcium and vitamin D toward stunting indicators (HAZ) on children aged 6-24 months, as they are currently given complementary foods, and located in East Jakarta, which has the second highest stunting prevalence compared to other regions in DKI Jakarta. Method: This study uses a cross-sectional method with a total of 62 samples, which are children aged 6-24 months that live in East Jakarta and took part in FKUI's Nutrition Department's Research in 2014, passing inclusion criterias without exclusion criterias, then selected through simple random sampling. Data processing and analysis are conducted with SPSS 20 for Mac software. Results: Results have found children age 12-24 months significantly and positively correlated with calcium intake less then AKG (OR=16.611; p<0.001). Vitamin D intake and stunting status distribution based on all subject characteristics are statistically insignificant On the other hand, calcium intake and HAZ have a positive and unidirectional correlation of (r=0.324; p=0.005; p<0.01), similar with vitamin D intake and HAZ with a positive and unidirectional correlation (r=0.279; p=0.014, p<0.05). Meanwhile, relationships of calcium and vitamin D intake status towards stunting status are not statistically significant, however clinically important. Discussion: Age group 12-24 months has higher risk to have lower calcium intake because reduced breastfeeding frequency is not balanced with adequate complementary food. Significant correlation between calcium and vitamin D intake towards stunting indicator supports the theory where calcium and vitamin D increases plasma IGF-1 concentration, and that both calcium and vitamin D works side-by-side."

"Defisiensi vitamin A merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat pada anak di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, dalam rangka memberantas defisiensi vitamin A Departemen Kesehatan (Depkes) memberikan Kapsul Vitamin A (KVA) secara gratis setiap bulan Februari dan Agustus kepada anak umur 6-59 bulan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemberian KVA di Jawa Tengah (Jateng) dan di Sulawesi Sela tan (Sulsel). Data yang digunakan adalah data dari Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (NSS) yang dikumpulkan oleh Helen Keller International (HKI) bekerjasama dengan Balitbangkes, Depkes pada bulan Maret - Juni 2003.Cakupan pemberian KVA di Jateng adalah 90.8 % dan di Sulsel adalah 66.8 %. Di Jateng anak umur 6-11 bulan mempunyai peluang yang lebih besar untuk menerima KVA dibandingkan anak umur 48-59 bulan (OR= 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.08), Di Jateng status gizi yang diukur dengan BBIU berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA, anak yang underweight mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR=0.83, 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). Ada hubungan antara status gizi yang diukur dengan BB/TB dalam penerimaan KVA, anak yang wasting mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.51 - 0.91). Ada hubungan antara ISPA dengan penerimaan KVA. Anak yang menderita ISPA mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.70-1.00).Di Sulsel semakin muda umur anak, peluang untuk mendapatkan KVA semakin besar. Ada hubungan antara diare dengan penerimaan KVA, anak yang diare mempunyai peluang yang lebih kecil untuk menerima KVA. (OR =0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.73).Di kedua propinsi, tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan penerimaan KVA, semakin rendah pendidikan semakin tinggi peluang untuk menerima KVA, semakin rendah pendapatan semakin tinggi peluang untuk mendapatkan KVA. Status gizi (TBIU) tidak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA. Tidak ada hubungan antara asupan vitamin A dengan penerimaan KVA, namun demikian asupan vitamin A sangat rendah. Media kampanye melalui radio dan media cetak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA, sedangkan media kampanye TV tidak berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA.Dari hasil analisis multivariat. faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA di Jateng adalah terpapar kampanye melalui media cetak (OR = 1.8, 95 %CI 1.51-2,14), partisipasi di Posyandu (OR= 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.25) dan wasting (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerimaan KVA di Sulsel adalah terpapar melalui kampanye radio (OR=0.43, 95%CI 1.08-0.90), kampanye melalui media cetak (OR= 96, 95 % CI 1.67- 2.29), partisipasi Posyandu (OR = 4.74. 95% CI 4.03- .57) , Pendidikan : tidak sekolah (OR = 2.35 . 95%CI 1.65-3.34), pendidikan 1-3 tahun (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.40), pendidikan 4-6 tahun (OR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.30-1.93) dan pendidikan 7-9 tahun (OR=1.35, 95 % CI 1.08-1.68) Diare (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.38- 0.72). Partisipasi ke Posyandu merupakan faktor yang paling berhubungan di kedua propinsi, namun partisipasi ke Posyandu di Sulsel lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di Jateng . Status gizi dan morbiditas harus mendapat perhatian dalam pemberian KVA, media kampanye panting untuk mensukseskan cakupan pemberian KVA.

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Factors That Were Related To Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) Receipt Among Children Aged 6-59 Months In Central Java And South Sulawesi, 2003 (Secondary Data Analyses of the GO I/HKI NSS data , March - June 2003)Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem among children in developing countries. In Indonesia, in order to combat vitamin A deficiency, Ministry of Health (MOH) distributes the Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) for free in every February and August to children 6 - 59 months.

The aim of the research was to find out factors that were related to Vitamin A Capsule (VAC) receipt in Central Java and South Sulawesi . The Government of Indonesia /Helen Keller International Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (the GOL' KI NSS) data collected in March-June 2003 had been used for this research,VAC coverage in Central Java was 90.8 % and in South Sulawesi was 66.8 %. In Central Java children 6-11 months had a higher chance to receive VAC than children 48-59 months (OR= 1.51, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.08). There was relationship between nutritional status (weight for age) with VAC receipt., underweight children had a lower chance to receive VAC than normal children (OR=0.83, 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). There was a relationship between nutritional status (weight for height) with VAC receipt, wasting children had a lower chance to receive VAC than normal children (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.51 - 0.91). There was relationship between Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and VAC receipt, children with ARI had a lower chance to receive VAC (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.70-1.00).

In South Sulawesi, younger children had a higher chance to receive VAC. There was a relationship among diarrhea and VAC receipt, children with diarrhea had a lower chance to receive VAC (OR =0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.73).

In both areas, there was no relationship between sex and VAC receipt, there was relationship among maternal education and VAC receipt, children whose mother had lower education had a higher chance to receive VAC , children whose mother had lower income had a higher chance to receive VAC. There was no relationship among vitamin A intake with VAC receipt, however vitamin A intake was very low. Media campaigns of radio and printed materials had relationship with VAC receipt, but media campaign of TV had no relationship with VAC receipt.

Results from multivariate analyses showed that factors that were related with VAC receipt in Central Java was media campaign of printed materials (OR = 1.8, 95 %CI 1.51-2,14), Posyandu attendance (OR= 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.25) and wasting (OR=0.68, 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Factors that were related with VAC receipt in South Sulawesi was media campaign of radio (OR=0.43, 95%CI 1.08-0.90), media campaign of printed materials (OR= .96, 95 % CI 1.67- 2.29), Posyandu attendance (OR = 4.74. 95% CI 4.03- .57) , Education: did not go to school (OR = 2.35 .95%CI 1.65-3.34), 1-3 years of education (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.29-2.40), 4-6 years of education (OR=1.58, 95 % CI 1.30-1.93) and 7-9 years of education (OR=I.35, 95 % CI 1.08-1.68), diarrhea (OR=0.52, 95 % CI 0.38- 0.72). Posyandu attendance was the main factor that was related to VAC receipt in both areas. However, Posyandu attendance was lower in South Sulawesi than in Central Java. Children nutritional status and morbidity need to be considered in distributing the VAC. Media campaign was important for the success of the VAC coverage."

"Program jangka panjang dengan "Pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggulangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya."

"Program jangka panjang, dengan "pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya. Telah dilakukan penelitian dalam rangka sistim pemantauan Vitamin A di Jawa Tengah yanig menghubungkan asupan vitamin A dengan kadar serum retinal pada ibu-ibu laktasi dengan Batita (anak bawah tiga tahun) selama krisis. Median asupan vitamin A 319 RE/d buta senja : 0,34%. Kadar serum retinal (rerata 1,23 jMnol/L} berhubungan dengan asupan vitamin A model multiple logistic regresi untuk memprediksikan peluang terjadinya pengaruh berbagai faktor determinant menunjukkan : Asupan vitamin A dari pangan nabati (OR/95% Cl] per quartile, 1 : LOO, 2': 1,63 fO.99-2.80/, 3rd: 1.99 11,58-2,991, dan 4'1': 2.62 [1,68-4,04], dari pangan hewani (V dan T1: 1,00. 3 : 137 [0,89-2,09] dan 4'h: 2,86 [1,59-3,98 j). Kebun gizi (tidak 1.00, ya 1.88 f1,08-2,68J ) dan pendidikan ibu ( sekolah lanjutan: 1,46 /1,00-2.16J ). Kontribusi asupanan vitamin A sumber nabati 16 kali lebih besar dibanding sumber hewani, sama pentingnya dalam mempengaruhi status vitamin A. Kebun gizi dan tingkat pendidikan ibu merefleksikan konsumsi pangan sumber nabati dan hewani dalam jangka panjang. (MedJ Inidones 2006; 15:259-66)

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For the Longer term food-based approaches for controlling vitamin A deficiency and its consequences, become increasingly important. A nutrition survailance system in Central-Java, Indonesia assessed vitamin A intake and serum retinal concentration of lactating women with a child <36 mo old during crisis. Median vitamin A intake was 319 RE/d and night blindness 0,34%. Serum retina! concentration (mean : 1,23 jMnol/L] was related to vitamin A intake in a dose-concentration manner. The multiple logistic regression model for predicting the chance far a scrum retinal concentration > observed median of the population (27,27 funol/L) intended determinant factors, vitamin A intake from plant foods (OR/95% Cl) per quarttie, 1" : 1.00, 2"d: 1.63 [0.99-2,80], 3nl: 1.99 [1.58-2,99], and /'': 2,62 [1,68-4,04], from, animal foods (T and 2'"': 1,00. 3"': 1,37 [0,89-2,09] and 4th: 2,86 [1,59-3,98]). Home gardening (no 1,00, yes 1.88 f 1,08-2.68}) and woman's education level (< primary school : 1,00 >secondary school: 1,46 [1,00-2,16]). Tints, although contributing 16 times more to total vitamin A intake plant foods were as important for vitamin A status as animal foods. Home gardening and woman's education level seem to reflect longer-term consumption of plant and animal foods respectively. (Med J Indones 2006; J 5:259-66)"

"Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and growth retardation have long been three of the main health problems in Vietnam. The National vitamin A distribution program for preschool children started since 1988. However, some studies outside Vietnam showed that this method does not maintain the retinal status until the next vitamin A capsule distribution. (Bloem et al 1989). Iron intervention and fortified supplementary feeding have not been done in preschool children. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of vitamin A and iron fortified soybean milk (SBM) supplementary feeding on nutritional status of Vietnamese preschool children. The study consisted of 5 parts: The relative bioavailability test of iron in SBM fortified with 300 EtgRE and 5 mg of iron pyrophosphate, the acceptability test of fortified SBM by preschool children, the study in the per/-urban area, the study in the rural area and the intervention study in the rural area. The fortified SBM with a relative bioavailability of 45% was very well accepted by the rural preschool children attending day-care centers. The studies in the peri-urban and rural areas were done at day-care centers on boys and girls aged respectively 15-72 and 8-62 months, 438 and 417 children. Inadequate dietary intake, high infectious diseases and high worm infestation were detected in both areas. The rural children had significantly worse nutritional status in terms of serum retinol (SR) and physical growth status. However, the prevalence of anemia was about 20% in both areas. Considering this condition, the 5 months intervention study was carried out in the same rural area with the same subjects and number. Before randomly allocated into three groups, the stool of all subjects was examined and Mebendazole was given to those parasite egg positive subjects. The groups received respectively fortified SBM (FSBM), unfortified SBM (UFSBM), and cassava cookies (CC). The FSBM, UFSBM, CC contained respectively 150, 150, 45 kcal; 300, 50, 0 pgRE and 6.8, 1.8, 0.7mg of iron. These supplementary foods were given daily, 6 days a week, at the DCC and provided an additional in percentage of RDA the following: FSBM 12% of energy, 70% of vitamin A, 30% of iron; UFSBM 12% of energy, 12% of vitamin A, 8% of iron; CC about 3% of energy, o% of vitamin A and iron. The daily food of the subjects provided 88.8% energy, 104% iron, 78.5% vitamin A in percentage of (FAO/WHO/UNU 1985, FAO/WHO 1988) 's RDA. Five months of intervention significantly increased serum retinol (SR), hemoglobin (Hb), and physical growth status of all three groups. The best effect was found in the FSBM group. The difference in effect between groups was marginal for SR (p=0.07) and significantly different for Hb (p-0.02). The serum ferritin (SF) significantly increased in the FSBM group only. The mean values of the FSBM group for weight, height, WAZ-score, HAZ-score were significantly higher than the CC group. The best effect found in the FSBM group could be the effect of vitamin A and iron fortification but also of the protein and fat of SBM. The last also explains the improvement found in the UFSBM group. The increase of SR in all the three groups could be the effect of the "intervention" (Hawthorn) but also of deworming which was also shown by other studies. The increase in Hb and SF of the three groups could be related to age increase considering the length (5 months) of the intervention. The increase in Fib concentration could be related to the improvement of vitamin A status. The supplementary feeding using FSBM, preceded with deworming had an excellent effect on the improvement of SR and Hb concentration of preschoolers. Both fortified and UFSBM led to improved physical growth status of preschool children. As bioavailability of iron was low and the serum ferritin did not increase significantly, further research is needed: to identify iron compound suitable for fortification and higher level of iron (3 mg of elemental iron/30 g soybean milk powder), in combination of vitamin C for better effects of supplementation."