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"ABSTRACTWorldwide it is estimated that 1400 million episodes of diarrhea occur annually in children under the age of 5 years. In 1990, over 3 million of such children died. Up to 70% of diarrhea episodes could be due to pathogens transmitted through food (Motarjemi, et. al., 1993). A prospective cohort study was conducted in Kelurahan Kapuk, West Jakarta. The purpose was to identify relationship between food contamination, diarrhea, and nutritional status of children age 6 months to 2 years. Food samples such as drinking water (DW), rice mixture (RH), and milk formula (ME) consumed by 99 children were tested for contamination of Escherichia coli, total coliform, and total aerobic bacteria (APO). Diarrhea occurrence during 2-weekperiod were noted along with measurements of weight and height. The results were as follow: 6% DW, 18% RM, and 7% MF were contaminated by faecal coliform; 29% DW, 26% RM, and 46% MF had total coliform below the recommenced guideline values of Health Department and WHO (Depkes, RI 1990, Depkes, RI 1991 & WHO, 1985); as well as 74% DW, 43% RM, and 12% MF for APC. However, no statistical significant relationship was found between food contamination and diarrhea. Seventeen children suffered diarrhea during the 2-week study period; ranging from 1-6 days with average of 3 days. No persistent diarrhea was found. About half (53%) of the diarrhea children had mild dehydration problem. Mean x-scores of weight-for-height for the diarrhea children at food sampling and 7 day afterward were (-1.39±1.03) and (-0.62+2 90). Six children were wasted at food sampling day, but only 5 were still wasted at 7th day visit. No statistical significant relationship was found between diarrhea and nutritional status after the disease."

"Diare adalah salah satu penyakit infeksi saluran cerna dengan gejala buang air besar tiga kali atau lebih dalam sehari dalam bentuk cair. Prevalensi diare pada anak balita di Indonesia 2017 adalah 14,3%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor apa yang terkait dengan inang dan lingkungan yang terkait dengan diare pada anak di bawah lima tahun di Indonesia pada tahun 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2017. Desain penelitian ini adalah analitik cross-sectional dengan sampel penelitian ini adalah semua anak berusia 0-59 bulan di Indonesia dari SDKI 2017. Variabel independen dari penelitian ini adalah faktor tuan rumah seperti usia anak, berat lahir, status vaksinasi campak, suplementasi vitamin A, perilaku mencuci tangan dan faktor lingkungan seperti fasilitas toilet dan sumber air minum. Sedangkan variabel dependennya adalah prevalensi diare pada anak balita. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa faktor inang yang terkait dengan diare pada anak balita adalah usia anak (p = 0,000; 95% CI = 1,92-2,72); status vaksinasi campak (p = 0,003; POR = 1,17; 95% CI = 1,05-1,32), pemberian ASI eksklusif (p = 0,000; POR = 1,37; 95% CI = 1,24-1, 52) dan suplementasi Vitamin A (p = 0,000; POR = 1,37; 95% CI = 1,23-1,58). Oleh karena itu, faktor lingkungan yang terkait dengan diare pada anak balita adalah sumber air minum (p = 0,017; POR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,03-1,37). Kita perlu meningkatkan kesadaran di antara orang-orang untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif, Vitamin A dan imunisasi; juga meningkatkan cakupan program pengendalian dan pencegahan diare oleh pemerintah sehingga kami dapat mengurangi jumlah kasus diare di Indonesia.

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Diarrhea is a digestive tract disease with symptoms of bowel movements three or more times a day in liquid form. The prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia 2017 is 14.3%. The purpose of this study is to identify what factors are related to the host and environment associated with diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia in 2017. This study uses secondary data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2017. Design This study is a cross-sectional analytic with the sample of this study are all children aged 0-59 months in Indonesia from SDKI 2017. The independent variables of this study are host factors such as the child's age, birth weight, measles vaccination status, vitamin A supplementation, behavior hand washing and environmental factors such as toilet facilities and drinking water sources. While the dependent variable is the prevalence of diarrhea in children under five.

The results of the bivariate analysis showed that the host factors associated with diarrhea in children under five were the age of the child (p = 0,000; 95% CI = 1.92-2.72); measles vaccination status (p = 0.003; POR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.05-1.32), exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0,000; POR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.24-1 , 52) and Vitamin A supplementation (p = 0,000; POR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.23-1.58). Therefore, the environmental factors associated with diarrhea in children under five are drinking water sources (p = 0.017; POR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.03-1.37). We need to increase awareness among people to provide exclusive breastfeeding, Vitamin A and immunizations; also increasing the scope of diarrhea control and prevention programs by the government so that we can reduce the number of cases of diarrhea in Indonesia."

"Penyakit Diare merupakan penyakit menular dan menempati urutan kedua penyebab kematian anak balita di dunia. Di Indonesia, khususnya Jawa Barat adalah wilayah endemis untuk diare, Kabupaten Bogor merupakan salah satu kabupaten dengan prevalensi diare balita yang cukup tinggi. Puskesmas Purwasari merupakan puskesmas dengan kasus diare balita tertinggi di Kabupaten  Bogor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko (karakteristik balita, karakteristik ibu, dan sarana sanitasi) kejadian diare balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Purwasari Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kasus-kontrol dengan sampel 53 kasus dan 53 kontrol. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik model prediksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara pemberian ASI Eksklusif (0,28; 0,11-0,67), pemberian imunisasi campak (0,18; 0,08-0,42), pengetahuan (0,16; 0,07-0,38), perilaku pembuangan tinja balita (0,18; 0,07-0,46), dan sarana jamban (0,32; 0,14-0,72) dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Variabel yang diprediksi paling berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya diare balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Purwasari adalah variabel pengetahuan (9,76; 2,78 - 34,21).

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Diarrhea is an communicable disease and ranks the second cause of death for children under-five in the world. In Indonesia, especially West Java, which is an endemic area for diarrhea, Bogor is one of the districts with a fairly high prevalence of diarrhea in children under-five. Purwasari Community Health Center is a health center with the highest cases of diarrhea in children under-five in Bogor Regency. This study aims to analyze the risk factors (characteristics of children under-five, characteristics of mothers, and sanitation facilities) for the incidence of diarrhea in children under-five in the Purwasari Public Health Center, Bogor Regency in 2022. This study used a case-control research design with a sample of 53 cases and 53 controls. Data analysis was performed using chi-square test and logistic regression predictive model. The results showed that there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding (0,28; 0,11-0,67), measles immunization (0,18; 0,08-0,42), knowledge (0,16; 0,07-0,38), toddler stool disposal behavior (0,18; 0,07-0,46), and latrine facilities (0,32; 0,14-0,72) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under-five. The variable that is predicted to have the most influence on the occurrence of diarrhea under five in the working area of ​​the Purwasari Health Center is the knowledge variable (9,76; 2,78 - 34,21)."

"Diare masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia khususnya di Kecamatan Moyo Utara Kabupaten Sumbawa. Besarnya masalah terlihat dari tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian akibat diare. Diare pada balita dapat berkontribusi pada beban penyakit akut (UNICEF, 2019). Berdasarkan data Profil Kesehatan Daerah NTB Tahun 2018, prevalensi diare pada balita di Kecamatan Moyo Utara sebesar 28,7% lebih tinggi dibandingkan data di tingkat nasional, provinsi, maupun kabupaten. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor determinan terhadap kejadian diare pada anak balita umur 6-59 bulan di Kecamatan Moyo Utara Kabupaten Sumbawa NTB Tahun 2019. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 406 balita. Pengumpulan data melalui pengukuran berat badan, wawancara dan observasi. Analisis data dengan uji Chi-Square dan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi diare pada anak balita umur 6-59 bulan sebesar 18,7% dimana terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah anggota keluarga, kunjungan posyandu, riwayat ASI Eksklusif, cara mencari pertolongan saat anak diare, dan mencuci tangan dengan sabun (pvalue<0,05). Jumlah anggota keluarga menjadi faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare pada balita umur 6-59 bulan di Kecamatan Moyo Utara (OR: 2,78, 95%CI 1,29-5,97, pvalue<0,05). Pencegahan dan pengobatan diare harus menjadi tanggung jawab semua orang sehingga diare bukan lagi masalah sektor kesehatan semata.

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Diarrhea in children is still a health problem that occurs in the Sumbawa Regency, especially in North Moyo district, West Nusa Tenggara. The magnitude of the problem can be seen from the high morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea. Diarrhea in children can contribute to the acute burden of disease (UNICEF, 2019). Based on the Regional Health Profile of West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2018, the prevalence of diarrhea in children aged 6-59 months in North Moyo District was 28.7% higher than the national, provincial, and district levels.

The purpose of this study was to find out the corelation of determinants of diarrhea in children aged 6-59 months in North Moyo District, Sumbawa Regency. Cross sectional design was used in this study with 406 sample of children aged 6-59. Data collection was carried out by measuring weight, interview and observation.The Chi-Square test and regresi logistic were used to analysis the study.

The results showed the prevalence of diarrhea in children aged 6-59 months in North Moyo District was 18.7%. Statistical analysis showed that the significant corelation was the number of family members, posyandu visits, exclusive breastfeeding, how to help children diarrhea, and washing hands with soap (pvalue <0.05). The number of family members is the dominant factor associated with diarrhea in children aged 6-59 months in North Moyo District (OR: 2.78, 95% CI 1.29-5.97, p value <0.05). Make the prevention and treatment of diarrhea everybody’s responsible. Implementation of prevention and treatment is approached in an integrated way to produce a greater impact in efforts to overcome diarrhea in children."

"Penyakit diare pada balita merupakan salah satu masalah ancaman kesehatan global. Kematian balita di Indonesia paling tinggi disebabkan oleh diare pada tahun 2019. Berdasarkan kasus yang dilayani di fasilitas kesehatan di tahun 2019, Provinsi Jawa Barat berada di urutan pertama sebesar 347.078 diare pada balita. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui secara spasial kejadian diare balita di wilayah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat pada tahun 2019. Data pada penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang bersifat open source dari Dinas Kesehatan Jawa Barat dan BPS Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi dengan analisis spasial. Persentase diare balita tertinggi berada di Kabupaten Bogor, Kabupaten Sukabumi dan diikuti oleh Kabupaten Garut. Faktor yang menjadi penentu diare balita berbeda di tiap wilayah meliputi faktor fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, faktor perilaku, faktor lingkungan, dan faktor indeks pembangunan manusia. Beragamnya faktor penentu diare balita di tiap wilayah menyebabkan perlunya intervensi dan kebijakan yang berbeda-beda di tiap wilayah sesuai dengan faktor penentu yang paling berpengaruh terhadap diare balita.

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Diarrhea in children under five is one of the global health threats. The highest under-five mortality in Indonesia was caused by diarrhea in 2019. Based on cases served at health facilities in 2019, West Java Province was in first place with 347,078 diarrhea in children under five. The purpose of this study was to find out spatially the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in the district/city in West Java Province in 2019. The data in this study used opensource secondary data from the Dinas Kesehatan and BPS. This research uses an ecological study design with spatial analysis. The highest percentage of under-five diarrhea was in Bogor Regency, Sukabumi Regency and followed by Garut Regency. Factors that determine diarrhea in children under five are different in each region, including health care facilities, behavioral factors, environmental factors, and human development index factors. The various factors of toddler diarrhea in each region lead to the need for different interventions and policies in each region according to the most influential factors of toddler diarrhea."

"Penyakit diare menjadi permasalahan utama di negara-negara berkembang termasuk di Indonesia, diare juga menjadi penyebab utama gizi kurang yang bisa menimbulkan kematian. Banten merupakan sala satu provinsi dengan angka kejadian diare yang tinggi. Sedangkan daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Banten dengan kasus diare tertinggi untuk semua umur pada tahun 2019 adalah Kabupaten Lebak dengan total 50.270 kasus. Kelompok umur dengan jumlah kasus diare terbanyak adalah usia balita dengan total lebih dari 14.000 kasus. ï»¿Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kejadian diare terhadap karakteristikanak balita dan orang tua, personal hygine, dan sanitasi lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan desain cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 209 anak balita usia 24-59 bulan. ï»¿Dengan variabel dependen yaitu kejadian diare dan variabel independen yaitu usia anak, jenis kelamin anak, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, penghasilan keluarga, kebiasaan mencuci tangan, kebiasaan jajan, Kebiasaan Pemakaian Alas Kaki saat bermain di luar rumah, kebersihan kuku, dan kebiasaan BABS, sumber air minum, penyimpanan air bersih setelah dimasak, dan kepemilikan jamban. ï»¿ Hasil analisis bivariat pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya hubungan antara usia anak ( p- value = 0,001; OR = 2,990), pendidikan ibu dengan ( p- value = 0,027; OR =  0,404), kebiasaan ibu mencuci tangan dengan air mengalir ( p- value = 0,001; OR = 0,335), dan sumber air minum ( p- value = 0,005; OR = 0,329)  dengan kejadian diare pada balita usia 24-59 bulan di Desa Karangkamulyan, Kecamatan Cihara, Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi Banten tahun 2020.

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Diarrhea is a major problem in developing countries including Indonesia, diarrhea is also a major cause of malnutrition that can lead to death. Banten is one of the provinces with a high incidence of diarrhea. While the Regency / City area in Banten Province with the highest diarrhea cases for all ages in 2019 was Lebak Regency with a total of 50,270 cases. The age group with the highest number of cases of diarrhea is under five with a total of more than 14,000 cases. This study aims to determine the relationship between the incidence of diarrhea on the characteristics of children under five and their parents, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation. This study used secondary data with a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 209 children under five aged 24-59 months. The dependent variable is the incidence of diarrhea and the independent variables are the age of the child, the sex of the child, the mother's education, the mother's occupation, family income, hand washing habits, snack habits, the habit of using footwear when playing outside the house, nail hygiene, and defecation habits. sources of drinking water, storage of clean water after cooking, and ownership of latrines. The results of the bivariate analysis in this study showed that there was a relationship between the child's age (p-value = 0.001; OR = 2.990), mother's education (p-value = 0.027; OR = 0.404), the mother's habit of washing hands with running water (p- value = 0.001; OR = 0.335), and drinking water sources (p-value = 0.005; OR = 0.329) with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers aged 24-59 months in Karangkamulyan Village, Cihara District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province in 2020."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Diare masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dinegara berkembang karena morbiditas dan mortalitasnya yang masih tinggi. Diaredapat disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri dan parasit yang penting diketahui untukmemberikan tatalaksana yang tepat, namun saat ini belum ada data mengenaibakteri penyebab diare di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran klinis anak dengan diare akut dan mengetahui jenis bakteri enteropatogen penyebab diare akut dengan menggunakan real-timePCR di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang pada anak dengan diare akut berusia 1-15tahun di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Hasil: Subyek penelitian ini terdiri dari 60 subyek dengan diare akut. Sebagian besar berusia 1-3 tahun, status gizi baik, berasal dari ibu dengan pendidikansedang dengan status ekonomi keluarga menengah rendah, sebagian besar belummendapat antibiotik sebelum ke rumah sakit tetapi sudah mendapat cairanrehidrasi oral. Gambaran klinis diare akut akibat infeksi bakteri yaitu frekuensidiare ≤5X/hari (p=0,018), tanpa leukositosis feses (p=0,015) dan malabsorpsilemak (p=0,031). Sebaran infeksi bakteri patogen penyebab diare akutberdasarkan real-time PCR sebagai berikut: Campylobacter jejuni 7 subyek,Escherichia coli patogen 17 subyek yang terdiri dari EPEC 9 subyek, EIEC 5subyek dan ETEC 3 subyek. Infeksi bakteri campuran pada subyek sebagaiberikut: EPEC+EIEC 2 subyek , C.jejuni+EPEC 1 subyek, C.jejuni+EPEC+EIEC1 subyek dan C.jejuni+EPEC+ETEC 1 subyek. Simpulan: Sebagian besar diare terjadi pada usia 1-3 tahun dengan status pasiengizi baik dengan status keluarga menengah rendah. Sekitar 48% anak dengandiare akut didapatkan bakteri dari hasil real-time PCR feses dengan proporsiterbanyak yaitu EPEC, diikuti Campylobacter jejuni, EIEC dan ETEC.ABSTRACT Background: Diarrhea is still a public health problem in developing countriesdue to it?s morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteriaand parasites. It is important to know the etiology to provide proper management,but there is currently no data on the bacteria that causes diarrhea in Indonesia. Objective: To characterize the clinical manifestations of children with acutediarrhea and determine the type of enteropathogens bacteria causing acutediarrhea using real-time PCR in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, done in June-November 2015. Stoolspecimens were collected from patients aged 1-15 years with acute diarrhea andtested for bacterial enteropathogens using real-time PCR.Results: Of the 60 children enrolled, mostly aged 1-3 years, good nutritionalstatus, from low income families and secondary education mothers, most have notreceived antibiotics prior to hospital admission but had received oral rehydrationfluids. The clinical features of acute diarrhea caused by bacterial infection isdiarrhea frequency ≤5X / day without fecal leukocytosis and fat malabsorption.From 60 subjects, 29 (48,3%) children excreted bacteria in their feces prooved byreal-time PCR. Distribution of pathogenic bacterial infection causes acute diarrheaby real-time PCR as follows: Campylobacter jejuni 7 subjects, pathogenicEscherichia coli 17 subjects which consists of EPEC 9 subjects, EIEC 5 subjectsand ETEC 3 subjects. Multiple infections in subjects as follows: EPEC+EIEC 2subjects, EPEC+C.jejuni 1 subject, C.jejuni+EPEC+EIEC 1 subject andC.jejuni+EPEC+ETEC 1 subject. Conclusions: Most diarrhea occurs at the age of 1-3 years with good nutritional status of patients with low-medium family status. Approximately 48% of children with acute diarrhea excreted bacteria in their feces prooved by real-time PCRstool with the highest proportion is EPEC, followed by Campylobacter jejuni,EIEC and ETEC.;Background: Diarrhea is still a public health problem in developing countriesdue to it?s morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteriaand parasites. It is important to know the etiology to provide proper management,but there is currently no data on the bacteria that causes diarrhea in Indonesia. Objective: To characterize the clinical manifestations of children with acutediarrhea and determine the type of enteropathogens bacteria causing acutediarrhea using real-time PCR in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, done in June-November 2015. Stoolspecimens were collected from patients aged 1-15 years with acute diarrhea andtested for bacterial enteropathogens using real-time PCR.Results: Of the 60 children enrolled, mostly aged 1-3 years, good nutritionalstatus, from low income families and secondary education mothers, most have notreceived antibiotics prior to hospital admission but had received oral rehydrationfluids. The clinical features of acute diarrhea caused by bacterial infection isdiarrhea frequency ≤5X / day without fecal leukocytosis and fat malabsorption.From 60 subjects, 29 (48,3%) children excreted bacteria in their feces prooved byreal-time PCR. Distribution of pathogenic bacterial infection causes acute diarrheaby real-time PCR as follows: Campylobacter jejuni 7 subjects, pathogenicEscherichia coli 17 subjects which consists of EPEC 9 subjects, EIEC 5 subjectsand ETEC 3 subjects. Multiple infections in subjects as follows: EPEC+EIEC 2subjects, EPEC+C.jejuni 1 subject, C.jejuni+EPEC+EIEC 1 subject andC.jejuni+EPEC+ETEC 1 subject. Conclusions: Most diarrhea occurs at the age of 1-3 years with good nutritional status of patients with low-medium family status. Approximately 48% of children with acute diarrhea excreted bacteria in their feces prooved by real-time PCRstool with the highest proportion is EPEC, followed by Campylobacter jejuni,EIEC and ETEC.;Background: Diarrhea is still a public health problem in developing countriesdue to it?s morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteriaand parasites. It is important to know the etiology to provide proper management,but there is currently no data on the bacteria that causes diarrhea in Indonesia. Objective: To characterize the clinical manifestations of children with acutediarrhea and determine the type of enteropathogens bacteria causing acutediarrhea using real-time PCR in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, done in June-November 2015. Stoolspecimens were collected from patients aged 1-15 years with acute diarrhea andtested for bacterial enteropathogens using real-time PCR.Results: Of the 60 children enrolled, mostly aged 1-3 years, good nutritionalstatus, from low income families and secondary education mothers, most have notreceived antibiotics prior to hospital admission but had received oral rehydrationfluids. The clinical features of acute diarrhea caused by bacterial infection isdiarrhea frequency ≤5X / day without fecal leukocytosis and fat malabsorption.From 60 subjects, 29 (48,3%) children excreted bacteria in their feces prooved byreal-time PCR. Distribution of pathogenic bacterial infection causes acute diarrheaby real-time PCR as follows: Campylobacter jejuni 7 subjects, pathogenicEscherichia coli 17 subjects which consists of EPEC 9 subjects, EIEC 5 subjectsand ETEC 3 subjects. Multiple infections in subjects as follows: EPEC+EIEC 2subjects, EPEC+C.jejuni 1 subject, C.jejuni+EPEC+EIEC 1 subject andC.jejuni+EPEC+ETEC 1 subject. Conclusions: Most diarrhea occurs at the age of 1-3 years with good nutritional status of patients with low-medium family status. Approximately 48% of children with acute diarrhea excreted bacteria in their feces prooved by real-time PCRstool with the highest proportion is EPEC, followed by Campylobacter jejuni,EIEC and ETEC."

"Latar belakang. Diare masih merupakan penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas yang cukup tinggi pada anak, dan efeknya akan meningkat pada diare melanjut. Eksresi yang meningkat dan malnutrisi menimbulkan defisiensi makro dan mikronutrien, zinc salah satunya. Defisiensi zinc merupakan masalah global terutama di negara berkembang. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah defisiensi zinc sebagai faktor risiko diare akut menjadi diare melanjut. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji potong lintang dan kohort yang dilakukan di RSCM, dan tiga rumah sakit umum daerah pada anak usia > 1 bulan - 60 bulan. Kriteria inklusi meliputi pasien dengan diare akut kurang 7 hari. Kriteria eksklusi meliputi gizi buruk, diare berdarah dan subjek dengan penyakit penyerta dan keganasan. Pengumpulan sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar zinc serum. Hasil. Sembilan puluh sembilan subjek dilakukan analisis. Usia terbanyak adalah 12-36 bulan, dengan lelaki berbanding perempuan 1,3:1. Lebih dari 90% pendidikan ibu adalah rendah dan pendapatan orangtua 90,0% rendah. Prevalens defisiensi zinc adalah 20,2%. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara defisiensi zinc dengan usia, status nutrisi, riwayat diare berulang, pendidikan ibu dan pendapatan orangtua. Insidens diare melanjut sebesar 25,3%. Defisiensi zinc bukan merupakan faktor risiko diare akut menjadi diare melanjut RR 1,82 (IK 95% 0,633-5,260) dengan p 0,261. Riwayat diare berulang merupakan faktor risiko diare akut menjadi diare melanjut RR 3,4 kali (IK95% 1,3-9,5 dengan p 0,013). Simpulan. Defisiensi zinc bukan merupakan faktor risiko diare akut menjadi diare melanjut. Riwayat diare berulang berisiko untuk terjadinya diare akut menjadi diare melanjut.

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Background. Acute diarrhea is one of the causes of high morbidity and mortality in children, and its morbidity and mortality is increasing in prolonged diarrhea. Prolonged diarrhea might continue to persistent diarrhea and malnutrition due to macro- and micronutrient deficiency, such as zinc. Recently, zinc deficiency has become a global health problem in developing countries, such like Indonesia.

Objectives. This study aimed to identify whether zinc deficiency is one of risk factors of prolonged diarrhea and to evaluate the level of zinc in prolonged diarrhea compare to acute diarrhea.

Method. This study is a cross-sectional and cohort studies, underwent at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and three other general hospitals in West Java. The study was performed in children aged > 1 month – 60 months old. The inclusion criteria were acute diarrhea less than 7 days. The exclusion criteria were severe malnutrition, bloody diarrhea and subjects having concomitant diseases. Blood samples were withdrawn for serum zinc measurement.

Results. There were ninety-nine subjects participated in this study. The majority subjects aged 12-36 months old, with boy:girl ratio = 1.3:1. More than 90% subjects had low educated mothers and came from low income families (90.0%). The prevalence of zinc deficiency in this study was 20.2%. There were no correlation between zinc deficiency and age, nutritional status, recurrent diarrhea, mother's education level, and family income. The incidence of prolonged diarrhea was 25.3%. Zinc deficiency was not a risk factor for prolonged diarrhea [RR 1.82 (95%CI 0.633-5.260), p=0.261]. The history of recurrent diarrhea was a risk factor for prolonged diarrhea [RR 3,4 (95%CI 1.3-9.5, p=0.013)].

Conclusion. In this study, zinc deficiency was not the risk factor for prolonged diarrhea. History of recurrent diarrhea was the risk factor for prolonged diarrhea."

"Diare merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang menjadi penyebab utana morbiditas dab mortalitas bagi bayi dan anak di seluruh dunia. Di DKI Jakarta khususnya wilayah Jakarta Timur memiliki angka kasus diare tertinggi yaitu Kecamatan Cakung yaitu 5179 kasus Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi kejadian diare berdasarkan faktor anak dan faktor ibu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer, menggunakan disain penelitian Cross sectional. Dengan jumlah sampel 96 ibu yang membawa balita berkunjung ke Puskesmas Kecamatan Cakung. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kejadian diare adalah 46,9%. Kejadian diare memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan riwayat pemberian ASI eksklusif (PR 3,432 (CI 95% 1,474 ? 7,991), status imunisasi campak (PR 7,692 (CI 95% 0,88 ? 66,56), pengetahuan ibu (PR 7,196 (CI 95% 2,915 ? 17,76), dan perilaku mencuci tangan ibu (PR 2,489 ( CI 95% 0,995 ? 6, 228).

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Diarrhea is one of the health problems are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for infants and children around the world. In Jakarta, especially East Jakarta has the highest number of cases of diarrhea Puskesmas Cakung ie 5179 cases. This study aims to determine the distribution of the incidence of diarrhea by factors child and maternal factors. The research using a cross sectional study design. With a total sample 96 mothers carrying toddlers visiting Puskesmas Cakung. Results showed that the incidence of diarrhea was 46.9%. The incidence of diarrhea has a significant relationship with a history of exclusive breastfeeding (PR 3.432 (95% CI 1.474 to 7.991), measles immunization status (PR 7.692 (95% CI 0.88 to 66.56), knowledge of mothers (PR 7.196 (CI 95 % 2.915 to 17.76), and the mother's hand washing (PR 2.489 (95% CI 0.995 to 6, 228)."

"Angka kesakitan dan kematian diare di Indonesia masih tinggi. Golongan umur terbanyak adalah pada balita. Dalam jangka panjang upaya menurunkan angka kesakitan dilakukan dengan pencegahan penyakit. Upaya pencegahan akan lebih efektif apabila faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian diare diketahui dan diperhatikan.Penelitian ini bermaksud mempelajari hubungan faktor sosial ekonomi keluarga yang meliputi pengeluaran rumah tangga, kepemilikan barang, pendidikan ibu, pendidikan bapak, status kerja ibu, pekerjaan bapak, keterpaparan ibu terhadap media informasi dan umur balita dengan kejadian diare. Serta mempelajari faktor lingkungan yang meliputi penggunaan sumber utama air minum keluarga dan jenis kakus yang digunakan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan tahun 1994 (SDK] 1994). Sampel Penelitian adalah wanita telah kawin usia 15-49 tahun (ibu balita), dengan unit analisis balita, dalam penelitian ini data balita membentuk data ibu. Analisis data terhadap 16.218 balita dilakukan dengan bantuan komputer PC menggunakan paket software SUDAAN. Uji Hubungan secara statistik dilakukan dengan kai kuadrat, dan logistik regresi multivarite. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa dari 11 variabel yang dipelajari diketahui 6 variabel sebagai variabel prediktor terhadap kejadian diare pada balita. Enam variabel tersebut adalah: pemilikan alat transport, pendidikan ibu, status kerja ibu, jenis pekerjaan bapak, jenis sumber utama air minum digunakan, dan umur balita. Serta variabel pekerjaan bapak yang berinteraksi dengan pendidikan bapak.Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara faktor sosial ekonomi dan faktor lingkungan dengan kejadian diare pada balita, khususnya pada enam variabel tersebut diatas. Dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit diare pada balita dalam jangka panjang hendaknya dilakukan dengan memperhatikan faktor sosial ekonomi keluarga dan faktor lingkungan. Upaya ini antara lain dengan meningkatkan pendidikan ibu, pendidikan bapak, meningkatkan penghasilan keluarga, meningkatkan penggunaan sumber air minum. Upaya-upaya tersebut hams dilakukan secara lintas sektor.

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Diarrhea morbidity and mortality causes in Indonesia still high, most aged group is under five years (young children). In long period, the effort to decrease such morbidity by disease prevention. The effort are more effective if the factors that influenced of diarrhea have been found and paid attention to.

The research is intended to study the relation social economic of family factor which includes household expenditure, having goods, mother's education, father's education, mother's job, mother 's clarification against communication media and child age of under five years old. Also to study the relation environmental which includes using drinking water resources and using latrine with diarrhea disease.

This research shall mean a cross-sectional study by utilizing the secondary data of 1994 Demographics and Health Survey. The sample of this research are married women aged 15-49 years (mother of children under five years), the unit analysis are children under five years old. The data of child under five years old used mothers data. The analysis of 16.218 child under five years old data used by personal computer with SUDAAN software. The relationship trial with statistics using Chi Square and Multivariate Logistic Regression.

Data processing result shows that that from 11 variables use to study, 6 variables are predictors of diarrhea of child under five years old. The 6 variables are having vehicle, mother's education, mother's job status, father's job, using drinking water resources, and age of child under five years old, with variables interaction between fathers job and fathers education.

There is any relation between social economic of family factor and environmental factor against diarrhea of child under five years old, particularly for 6 variables above. In order to prevent diarrhea of child underfive years old in long period, it should pay attention to social economic of family and environmental factor. The effort means by increasing mother's education, father's education, family income and increasing using drinking water resource. This effort must be done by many sectors."