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"ABSTRACTIn the classic study of revolution, The Anatomy of Revolution, by Crane Brinton, (Vintage Books, New York, 1938/1952), the author identified a number of uniform factors as a cause of all great revolutions. In my study of black liberation and the role of the black church, I have focused on three of those uniform factors associated with liberations in history because they seem to surface repeatedly in the subject of the role of the black church in black liberation. These three uniformities are Leadership, Organization, and Ideology, and to be more specific, my hypothesis is that BY AND THROUGH THE BLACK CHURCH, ESPECIALLY THROUGH ITS IDEOLOGY, ORGANIZATION, AND LEADERSHIP, BLACKS EVENTUALLY SUCCEEDED IN LIBERATING THEMSELVES IN AMERICA. This tentative statement will be proved by the data which I obtain from the books I have read in libraries. The hypothesis is in line with the topic of the paper. The reason I chose this topic is: 1. It is and was a fact that in the black community the church is the only. legitimate institution by and through which the blacks are and were improved. 2. The church allows opportunities for training in leadership and independence.(McPherson,1972:81).This means that the church provides opportunities for black clergies to preach, and their preachings in.-the church reflect their leadership, and. serve as a training ground to air their independent thought to lead their people to gain independence. 3. The church functions as the "fountainhead" for the improvement of blacks' social life.(Thompson, 1986: 98). All the great revolutions of history required all three factors in a well-developed stage. In my readings on the Black Church in American history, it too seems to focus on these same three factors. Definition of terms: According to the Grolier International Dictionary, the terms "ideology", "organization", and "leadership" are explained as follows: Ideology is "the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture" (William Morriss, 1981: 654). Organization is "a number of persons or groups having specific responsibilities and united for some purpose or work" (Morriss, 1981 ; 926). Leadership is "capacity to be a leader; ability to lead; whereas a leader is one in command of others, or The head of political party or organization; or One who has an influential voice in polities" (Morris, . 1981: 743) What I would like to show is how the above three concepts were used by Black Leaders over time in order to form a successful black liberation movement in the United States. Leadership: It was explained that leaders of a revolution are "often of striking respectability and excellent social standing" (Brinton, 1952:1067107). They are not political innocents; instead, "they have experience in leading organizations and even' pressure groups"(. Brintan, 1952: 109-110). As men in their thirties and forties, "they are not newcomers to the world. They are idealists with a streak of realism. The men who act as political prophets are usually "men of words" who are gifted orators" (Brinton, 1952: 124) and "are skilled in the teaching of propaganda" (Brinton, 1952: 163-164). Despite their idealism, they are also capable of "managing organizations which can get things done" (Brinton:1952:166).They seek "to spread their liberating gospel" (Brinton, 1952: 202) and are convinced that "they are the elect who are destined to carry out liberating will of God" (Brinton, 1952: 203). Organization: It is argued that revolutions are "the product of careful organization and propitious circumstances" (Brinton,1952: 90). The key to the success of revolutions "lies in their monopoly of control over liberating organizations" (Brinton, 1952:156), Without organizations capable of "collecting the funds, followers, and attention for their political cause, there can be no revolution" (Brinton, 1952: 164,151). Ideology: All revolutionary movements need "... an ideology, symbols, or myth" (Brinton, 1952: 49)?Revolutions are about ideals and dreams. Brinton says, "Revolutions contrast the current illegitimate, existing world with the good and inevitable world of the world to come" (Brinton, 1952: 150)? "

"Tesis ini membahas perkembangan lapangan zending di Halmahera menjadi satu gereja yang berdiri sendiri, yakni Gereja Masehi Injili di Halmahera (GMIH), 1866–1949. Dalam studi sejarah gereja, perkembangan ini disebut dengan istilah kemandirian gereja. Umumnya, kemandirian gereja dipandang sebagai suatu proses yang alami, di mana jemaat-jemaat Kristen yang terbentuk dari aktivitas pekabaran Injil akan mencapai kemandiriannya begitu para zendeling berhasil mendewasakan mereka. Kenyataannya kemandirian gereja bukanlah sesuatu hal yang mudah dicapai dan setiap gereja memiliki dinamika yang khas dalam mencapai kemandiriannya. Sebagai suatu studi sejarah gereja, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahap: heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sumber-sumber primer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa arsip gereja yang relevan seperti notula konferensi para zendeling dan pendeta pribumi, serta majalah bulanan UZV. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa perkembangan yang dialami jemaat-jemaat Kristen Protestan di Halmahera merupakan sebuah proses bertahap yang memiliki dinamika tersendiri. Terdapat tiga tahap perkembangan yang ditemukan, yaitu (1) penerimaan, (2) kesadaran, dan (3) penyatuan serta kemandirian gereja secara organisasi.

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This thesis discusses the development of the missionfield in Halmahera to become an independent church, namely the Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera (GMIH), 1866–1949. In the study of church history, this development is also referred to as church independence. Generally, church independence is seen as a natural process, in which Christian congregations formed through evangelism activities to achieve their independence once they had matured. This process is not easy to achieve and every church has a unique dynamic to be independent. As a study of the church history, the method used in this research is the historical method: heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The church archives such as conference minutes of missionaries and indigenous priests, as well as the monthly UZV magazines were used in this research as the primary sources. The result of this research indicates that the development of Protestant congregations in Halmahera was a gradual process that has its dynamics. There were three stages of development, namely (1) stage of acceptance, (2) stage of awareness, and (3) stages of unification and organizational independence of the church."

"This work illuminates for the first time the relationship between the Church of England and the writing of history in the late-Victorian and Edwardian era. It contends that the Church of England and Anglican theology had a decisive impact on the development of historical scholarship in this period. Since this was the time when history was first entrenched in school and university curricula, the resulting ideas had a remarkable circulation and endurance. The nature of these ideas is explored through thematic chapters on the leading historiographical topics of the time: the nation, the constitution, the Reformation, and socio-economic history. A further chapter brings to life the ideas of progress, time, and divine providence which underpinned Anglican historians understanding of the past. Throughout the work, the significance of the Oxford Movement, not just for Anglican theology, but for intellectual life in general, is brought to the fore. The work further argues that the Church of England remained a learned church, concerned not just with narrowly religious functions but also scholarly and cultural ones (not least the production of historical scholarship) into the early twentieth century: intellectual secularization was a slower and more fragmented process than accounts focused on the natural sciences have led us to believe. All this may be seen in the work of the pre-eminent historians of the time, from E. A. Freeman and William Stubbs to J. R. Seeley and R. H. Tawney, as well as in the writings of a host of lesser-known figures."

"Beginning with the life of Christ, the key events in the Christian story are retold and introduced within their historical context in this beautiful book. The second section discusses the Catholic doctrine, including the Holy Trinity, the Eucharist, the role of Mary, and heaven, hell, and purgatory. The final section of the book looks at the contemporary practice of Catholicism, while also discussing important days in the Catholic year. Lavishly illustrated with more than 500 paintings, statues, maps and photographs, this book offers fresh insight into a religion which remains a potent force in millions of people's lives around the world."