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"Departing from the much publicized Social Security crisis in the first two years after President Ronald Reagan took office in 1981, this study sets out to examine and come to an understanding of what Social Security signifies, and what its place is in the lives of the American people.When President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act of 1935 into law, in the midst of the Great Depression of the 1930s, he gave the American people a basic framework of federally-and/or-state administered programs that would provide "security (for) the men, women, and children of the nation against certain hazards and vicissitudes of life." They included: a federal old-age insurance program, a state unemployment insurance program, and a federal-state program for public assistance to certain categories of needy people.However, the heart of the Social Security Act - championed by Roosevelt as his cause for security in old age - was the old-age insurance program, a worker-and-employer-funded program which would pay out monthly benefits to workers upon retirement, proportional to what they had earned during their working years. Today, the term Social Security is fully identified with this federal old-age insurance system.Roosevelt had wanted to create a system which would give some measure of protection against certain misfortunes in life which, he said, could not be wholly eliminated in "this man-made world of ours." Social Security benefits were to be a supplement to individual savings for old age, a means to help ward off "poverty-ridden old age."Prior to the Social Security Act of 1935, the existing provisions of assistance to the poor were a patchwork of county, state, and private charities. The aged poor were generally placed in almshouses, where they were inadequately taken care of.. In addition to their bleak existence, they suffered the stigma of being considered "worthless paupers " --true to the spirit of individualism and to certain elements of the value system that were fundamental to American life.The Social Security Act of 1935 was a significant turning point in the history of the American nation. It heralded the assumption of responsibility by the federal government for the welfare of the people in general; and the protection of the individual in particular, against destitution in old age.A government policy, however, may over the years develop in unforeseen directions, leading to unintended consequences. In the Epilogue added to this study, an overview of the development of Social Security after 1935 is given so as to link the past to the present, thereby coming to a more meaningful understanding of the crisis in the Social Security system which emerged at the close of its fifty-year existence."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Program Jaminan Sosial yaitu Raskin dan BLSM yang berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Dalam penelitian digunakan data cross section yang didapat dari hasil Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga (Sakerti) 2014 dengan sampel rumah tangga penerima Program Jaminan Sosial.  Analisis logistik biner digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Program Jaminan Sosial yaitu Raskin dan BLSM terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Program Raskin dan BLSM berpengaruh negatif terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Sementara terdapat faktor lain yang mempengaruhi ketahanan rumah tangga diantaranya gender kepala rumah tangga, pendidikan kepala rumah tangga, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, pendapatan rumah tangga, daerah tempat tinggal, dan akses kredit.

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This study aims to analyse the effect of Social Security programs (Raskin and BLSM) on households food security. In this sudy used cross section data from Indonesia Family life Survey (IFLS) 2014, with a sample of household receiving Social Security program. Binary logistic analysis was used to find the effect of social security programs on households food security. The result of this research indicated that Social Security programs (Raskin and BLSM) negative effect on household food security. While, there are other factors that affect household food security include gender of household head, education of household head, household size, income household, residential area and access to credit.Key words: Social security, Household food security, Binary logistic regression."

"Data BPS Sulawesi Selatan 2012 menunjukkan bahwa ekspor perikanan, industri bambu, kayu dan rotan di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar terhadap nilai ekspor di Sulsel, dan juga banyak menyerap tenaga kerja dengan upah yang relatif rendah dibandingkan rata-rata nasional. Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan menganalisis besarnya dampak ekspor perikanan, ekspor produk industri bambu, kayu dan rotan dalam menciptakan nilai tambah regional bruto, beserta komponen-komponennya dan menentukan dan menganalisis besarnya dampak ekspor sektor tersebut terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja, dan ketahanan ekonomi daerah Sulsel. Penelitian ini didesain sebagai penelitian yang bersifat kuantitatif dan bersifat kausalitas yang didasarkan atas data sekunder, jurnal, artikel dan literatur yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan penelitian dan dianalisis dengan analisis dampak dari I-O (Input-Output) dari Wassily W. Leontief melalui pendekatan pada hubungan interdependensi antar sektor dalam suatu perekonomian yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan linear.Desain penelitian ini diturunkan dari data I-O Sulawesi Selatan Atas Dasar Harga Produsen 112 sektor yang dipublikasikan oleh Balitbangda dan BPS Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan tahun 2009 yang diagregasi menjadi 30 sektor, dimana memuat sektor-sektor yang menjadi obyek penelitian dan bersifat kuantitatif.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari Nilai Tambah Regional Bruto yang dihasilkan oleh ekspor perikanan Sulsel, sebesar 76% diterima pengusaha/ eksportir dalam bentuk surplus usaha, kemudian 19% diterima oleh nelayan dalam bentuk upah/ gaji, dan sebanyak 4% sebagai penyusutan, sisanya sebesar 1% diterima pemerintah dalam bentuk pajak tak langsung. Dan ekspor sektor perikanan Sulsel mampu menciptakan kesempatan kerja rata-rata sebanyak 155.153 orang setiap tahun. Sedangkan untuk NTRB yang dihasilkan oleh ekspor sektor industri bambu, kayu dan rotan Sulsel dengan komposisi 55% diterima sebagai surplus usaha, kemudian 33% upah/ gaji, sebanyak 9% penyusutan, dan 3% pajak tak langsung. Sektor industri bambu, kayu dan rotan di Sulsel mampu menciptakan kesempatan kerja rata-rata sebanyak 6.853 orang setiap tahun. Selain peningkatan pendapatan, ekspor sektor perikanan dan sektor industri bambu, kayu dan rotan Sulsel mampu menciptakan kesempatan kerja, hal ini dapat mendorong dan memperlancar pergerakan roda perekonomian Sulsel, sehingga meningkatkan keamanan, artinya ekspor sektor tersebut mampu meningkatkan Ketahanan Ekonomi Daerah Sulsel melalui meningkatnya kesejahteraan dan keamanan Sulawesi Selatan.

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BPS Data South Sulawesi 2012 shows that fishery exports, bamboo industries, wood and rattan in South Sulawesi has been given a great contribution to the value of exports in South Sulawesi, and also has been absorbed labor in relatively low wage compared to the national average. This research aims to identify and analyze the impact of fishery exports, exports of bamboo industry product, wood and rattan in creating regional gross value added, and their components also to determine and analyze the impact of the export sector on labor absorption and regional economic security in South Sulawesi. This study is designed as a quantitative and causality research which is based on secondary data, journals, articles and literatures related to the research problem and analyzed with analysis of the impact of IO (Input-Output) by Wassily W. Leontief through the relationship of interdependence approach among economy sectors represented by a linear equation.The design of the research was derived from the IO data of South Sulawesi based on 112 manufacturer sectors published by Balitbangda and BPS South Sulawesi on 2009 that was aggregated into 30 sectors, which was included the sectors that become the object of studies and quantitative.The analysis result showed that Regional Gross Value Added generated by Sulawesi fishery exports, 76% received by entrepreneurs / exporters in the form of business surplus, and 19% received by fishermen in the form of wages / salary, and about 4% as depreciation, the rest 1 % received by the government in the form of indirect taxes. And South Sulawesi fishery exports are able to create job opportunities on average 155,153 people every year. Whereas for the NTRB generated by South Sulawesi bamboo industry export sector, wood and rattan with a composition of 55% received as surplus business, 33% as salary / wage, 9% of depreciation and 3% indirect tax. The industrial sector of bamboo, wood and rattan in South Sulawesi are able to create job opportunities with an average of 6853 people in every year. Besides increasing revenue, fishery export sector and the industrial sector of bamboo, wood and rattan of South Sulawesi are able to create job, it also able to encourage and facilitate the movement on the wheels of the economy in South Sulawesi, strengthen security, it means that the export sector is able to strengthen regional economic security in South Sulawesi through prosperity and security."

"ABSTRAKUntuk menjamin stabilitas pertahanan keamanan dibutuhkan biaya pertahanan keamanan yang cukup. Pemerintah Indonesia menilai pemenuhan kebutuhan tersebut hingga saat ini masih kurang. Studi ini meneliti tentang seberapa besar dan bagaimana pengaruh belanja Pertahanan Keamanan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia melalui metode Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda. Model yang dibangun yaitu pengaruh belanja Pertahanan Keamanan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan menggunakan data tahunan 1974-2010. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa belanja Pertahanan Keamanan memberikan pengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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ABSTRACTA national defense and security stability requires an adequate budget allocation on defense expenses. Indonesian government believes that in Indonesia, these allocations are still insufficient enough. This study examines how big the government allocations of defense and security expenses in Indonesia and its effects on Indonesian economic growth using multiple linear regression analysis. The model use Indonesian yearly data 1974-2010. As a result, this research shows that defense and security expenditure give a negative impact either on economic growth."

"Peran strategis Ketahanan pangan dalam pembangunan negara menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan hasil empiris dari riset terdahulu Hal ini berimplikasi terhadap belum jelasnya posisi ketahanan pangan dalam pembangunan dan ekonomi suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis model terbaik yang menjelaskan pengaruh ketahanan pangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemiskinan dan sebaliknya sehingga diketahui posisi ketahanan pangan dalam pembangunan dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis jalur dan regresi data panel terhadap 83 negara dari tahun 2012 s.d 2019. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap tiga model yang menjelaskan posisi ketahanan pangan yaitu: sebagai variabel independen, intervening dan dependen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa posisi terbaik ketahanan pangan dalam pembangunan dan ekonomi adalah sebagai variabel intervening. Model ini menunjukkan bahwa secara langsung dan tidak langsung kemiskinan dan pertumbuhan populasi penduduk berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Ketahanan pangan yang diperkuat dengan status sebagai negara maju memiliki pengaruh signifikan secara langsung terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Strategi kebijakan untuk mencapai pembangunan dan ekonomi adalah menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan, menurunkan pertumbuhan populasi penduduk dan meningkatkan ketahanan pangan. Langkah strategis dalam mencapai ketahanan pangan nasional untuk mendukung pembangunan adalah meningkatkan ketersediaan, keterjangkauan, kualitas dan keamanan pangan serta menjaga ketahanan sumber daya secara berkelanjutan.

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The strategic role of food security in the country's development shows that there are differences in the results of empirical research by previous studies. This has implications for the unclear position of food security in the country's development and economy. This study aims to analyze the best model that explains the effect of food security on economic growth and poverty and vice versa so that the position of food security is known in development and the economy. This study uses path analysis and panel data regression methods for 83 countries from 2012 to 2019. The study was conducted on three models that explain the position of food security, namely: as an independent variable, intervening, and dependent. The results showed that the best position of food security in development and the economy was as an intervening. This model shows that directly and indirectly poverty and population growth have a significant effect on economic growth. Food security which is strengthened by its status as a developed country has a direct significant influence on economic growth. The policy strategy to achieve development and the economy is to reduce poverty, reduce population growth and increase food security. Strategic steps in achieving national food security to support development are to increase the availability, affordability, quality and safety of food and to maintain resource security in a sustainable manner."

"Food insecurity can result from various events. While an adequate food supply is necessary, when food is abundant the entitlement to food is limited by endowments, the ability to trade, and potential transfers. This volume considers trends in economic growth, agricultural productivity growth, income and other policies that shape food security. "

"Penyelenggaraan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan telah dilaksanakan sejak diterbitkannya Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) No. 33 Tahun 1977 tentang Pelaksanaan Program Asuransi Sosial Tenaga Kerja. Pada tanggal 1 Januari 2014, dengan ditetapkannya Undang-Undang No. 24 Tahun 2011, tentang Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan sebagai badan hukum publik diharapkan dapat menjangkau seluruh pekerja dalam hal kepesertaan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan. Namun demikian, sampai dengan tahun 2017 ditemukan bahwa cakupan kepesertaan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan masih rendah. Hal ini sangat berbeda dengan lonjakan jumlah peserta yang mendaftar dalam program jaminan kesehatan nasional oleh BPJS Kesehatan. Oleh sebab itu, melalui penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjelaskan indikator-indikator ketenagakerjaan yang mempengaruhi cakupan kepesertaan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan memberikan pengaruh yang positif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan sektor penerima upah dan bukan penerima upah. Tingkat kemiskinan berpengaruh secara negatif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan jaminan sosial ketengakerjaan sektor penerima upah dan bukan penerima upah. Persentase pekerja penerima upah berpengaruh secara positif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan sektor penerima upah, dan persentase pekerja rentan berpengaruh secara positif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan sektor bukan penerima upah. Tingkat pengangguran berpengaruh secara negatif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan sektor penerima upah dan bukan penerima upah. Tingkat upah berpengaruh secara positif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan sektor penerima upah dan berpengaruh secara negatif terhadap cakupan kepesertaan sektor bukan penerima upah.

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The implementation of employment social security has been enacted since the stipulation of Government Regulation Number 33 Year 1977 (Implementation of Employment Social Insurance). Furthermore, in Januari 1st, 2014, Indonesia officially established the Government Regulation Number 24 Year 2011 which marked the beginning of whole coverage sytem in the Social Security for the Workforce (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan) as well. However until 2017, the coverage of participation in employment social security is still low. The coverage is significantly different from the coverage of social health insurance, held by BPJS Kesehatan (Health Social Security Body). The aim of this research is to analyze factors impacting to social security coverage. The result of this research is education level has positif impact to social security coverage for the sectors of salaried worker and unsalaried worker. Poverty level has negative impact to salaried workers coverage and unsalaried workers coverage. The level of workers who receive salaries has positive impact to salaried workers coverage and the vulnerable workers has positive impact to unsalaried workers coverage. The unemployment level has negative impact to salaried workers coverage and unsalaried workers coverage. The wage level has positive impact to salaried workers coverage and has negative impact to unsalaried workers coverage."