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"This articel provides a comparative analysis of national human resource development (NHRD) plan implementation in Korea, the united states and Japan...."

"Stereotypical views of education in Japan have traditionally included an ‘examination hell’ among the key features of the system. However, two major modifications need to be made to that view. First, although competition for leading universities remains intense, overall entrance exams in Japan are not as competitive now as they used to be. This is because the declining birth rate is already feeding through to reduced numbers of candidates, while there has also been a marked increase in the number of higher education institutions and places for students. Secondly, the ‘examination hell’ is not only a feature of Japan, but may also be found in other East Asian countries, such as South Korea, China, Taiwan and Singapore. This paper focuses on Japan and South Korea and examines how the two systems go about ‘warming‐up’ students' educational aspirations, and then ‘cooling‐down’ those aspirations for those students who are unlikely to fulfil them. Some great differences emerge between these two ‘diploma disease’ societies of East Asia, and between the present‐day Japanese educational system and its traditional image."

"Dari semua praktik bisnis yang tidak sehat, Kartel dipersepsikan sebagai bentuk paling berbahaya dari tidakan persaingan usaha karena para pelakunya sepakat melakukan konspirasi mengenai hal-hal yang bersifat sangat pokok dalam suatu transaksi bisnis. Kartel akan menyebabkan kerugian bagi konsumen. Sifat kerahasiaan kartel menjadi hambatan terbesar bagi otoritas persaingan usaha untuk membuktikkan eksistensi kartel, Indonesia juga mengalami hal tersebut. Untuk sejumlah alasan tersebut, beberapa negara di Barat menggunakan pendekatan per se illegal. Per se illegal memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibanding rule of reason dalam mengungkap keberadaan kartel. Tesis ini membahas mengenai pengaturan penerapan pendekatan per se illegal dalam Anti Monopoly Act (AMA) di Jepang dan The Regulation of Monopolies and Fair Trade Act (FTA) di Korea Selatan serta kemungkinan penerapan pendekatan per se illegal dalam hukum persaingan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif yang menggunakan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menyarankan untuk menerapkan ketentuan mengenai pendekatan per se illegal melalui amandemen Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 1999 sejalan dengan itu menambahkan kewenangan KPPU terkait penggeledahan.

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From of all the unfair business practices, Cartel are perceived as the the most dangerous from of competitive business, because the principals agreed the conspiracy on matters that are staples in a business transaction. Cartel would cause harm to consumers. The confindential nature of cartel has been the biggest obstacle for the Competition authority?s effort to prove the existence of the cartel, Indonesia also experienced it. From some reasons, numerous jurisdictions have adopted approach of per se illegal. Per se illegal has several advantages compared to a rule of reason in expose the existence of cartel.

This study discussed the rule on Anti Monopoly Act (AMA) in Japan and The Regulation of Monopolies and Fair Trade Act (FTA) in South Korea also addressed the possibility application Per Se illegal approach in Indonesia. The study used juridical-normative research method which emphasis on the use of statute and comparative approach. The result suggest to implement provisions concerning Per Se Illegal approach trough amandement Law Number 5 year 1999 and in line with the added KPPU?s authority related search and seizure."