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"Recent research on the role of institutions in economic development and poverty reduction indicates the importance of institutions, including local institutions. This study examines the importance of institutions as a means to support poverty alleviation policy in Indonesia. Specifically, it addresses two simple but very important policy-questions. First, how important is economic growth for poverty reduction in Indonesia? Second, how important are institutions in determining the poverty performance of economic growth? Though data, especially time series data, are limited, and some estimated regression coefficients are found to be not significant, overall, the findings suggest that improved institutions reflected by higher education enrolment; good health facilities, especially clinics, women empowerment; credit facilities, government development expenditures and cooperatives at the local/village level are all important for poverty reduction."

"[Selain menghadapi permasalahan kemiskinan, Indonesia juga dihadapkan pada dua tantangan mendasar yang saling terkait yakni bagaimana mempertahankan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mengurangi kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan. Dalam menghadapi berbagai hal tersebut, Pemerintah telah mengimplementasikan kebijakan redistribusi melalui strategi pertumbuhan yang inklusif dengan menyalurkan pengeluaran sosial dalam bentuk belanja bantuan sosial dan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS). Akan tetapi, belum banyak buktiempiris yang dapat menjelaskan dampak pengeluaran sosial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, belum dapat dibuktikan apakah pengeluaran sosial yang disalurkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dapat dikategorikan sebagai strategi pertumbuhan yang pro-poor dan inklusif. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh belanjabantuan sosial dan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di 33 provinsi di Indonesia tahun 2006-2012 menggunakan alat analisis regresi dengan Fixed Effect Model. Setelah mengetahui jenis pengeluaran sosial yang dapat mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, selanjutnya penelitian ini akan mengidentifikasi apakah pengeluaran sosial tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai instrumen pertumbuhan yang pro-poor dan inklusif dalam kaitannya dengan pengurangan kemiskinan dan pembangunan manusia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) yang secara statistik berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) dapat dikategorikan sebagai instrumen pertumbuhan yang pro-poor dan inklusif.

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While battling poverty incidence, Indonesia is also confronted with two interwoven rudimentary challenges, sustained economic growth fueled with prevalent income inequality. Henceforth, the Government had intervened by

executing redistributive policy through the inclusive growth strategy by social expenditures provision in the form of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS Program). Nonetheless, little has been proven empirically concerning the effect of social expenditures to economic growth and whether such spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth strategy in the Indonesian context. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to shed a light in this area by employing regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model to investigate the effect of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS Program) to economic growth in 33 Indonesian provinces from 2006-2012. After identifying the type of social spending which is able to stimulate economic growth, this paper then tries to determine whether such social spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument in the context of its efficacy on poverty alleviation and human development improvement respectively. The result suggests that only education support spending (BOS Program) that statistically significant in uplifting economic growth level. Furthermore, closer investigation indicates that this particular spending can be classified both as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument.;While battling poverty incidence, Indonesia is also confronted with two

interwoven rudimentary challenges, sustained economic growth fueled with

prevalent income inequality. Henceforth, the Government had intervened by

executing redistributive policy through the inclusive growth strategy by social

expenditures provision in the form of social assistance spending and education

support spending (BOS Program). Nonetheless, little has been proven empirically

concerning the effect of social expenditures to economic growth and whether such

spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth strategy in

the Indonesian context.

Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to shed a light in this area by

employing regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model to investigate the

effect of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS

Program) to economic growth in 33 Indonesian provinces from 2006-2012. After

identifying the type of social spending which is able to stimulate economic

growth, this paper then tries to determine whether such social spending can be

categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument in the context of

its efficacy on poverty alleviation and human development improvement

respectively. The result suggests that only education support spending (BOS

Program) that statistically significant in uplifting economic growth level.

Furthermore, closer investigation indicates that this particular spending can be

classified both as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument, While battling poverty incidence, Indonesia is also confronted with two

interwoven rudimentary challenges, sustained economic growth fueled with

prevalent income inequality. Henceforth, the Government had intervened by

executing redistributive policy through the inclusive growth strategy by social

expenditures provision in the form of social assistance spending and education

support spending (BOS Program). Nonetheless, little has been proven empirically

concerning the effect of social expenditures to economic growth and whether such

spending can be categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth strategy in

the Indonesian context.

Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to shed a light in this area by

employing regression analysis through the Fixed Effect Model to investigate the

effect of social assistance spending and education support spending (BOS

Program) to economic growth in 33 Indonesian provinces from 2006-2012. After

identifying the type of social spending which is able to stimulate economic

growth, this paper then tries to determine whether such social spending can be

categorized as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument in the context of

its efficacy on poverty alleviation and human development improvement

respectively. The result suggests that only education support spending (BOS

Program) that statistically significant in uplifting economic growth level.

Furthermore, closer investigation indicates that this particular spending can be

classified both as pro-poor growth and inclusive growth instrument]"

"ABSTRAKDalam konsep pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pro-poor, pertumbuhan yang disertai dengan pemerataan pendapatan akan mempercepat proses pengentasan kemiskinan. Dengan menggunakan data survey pengeluaran rumah tangga dan berbagai indikator ekonomi, penelitian ini akan menguji apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia pada periode 2005 sampai dengan 2013 dapat dikategorikan sebagai pertumbuhan yang pro-poor. Penelitian akan menggunakan dua metode, yakni metode Growth Incidence Curve GIC dan metode Pro-Poor Growth Index PPGI . Metode GIC menunjukkan hasil empiris bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi pada periode yang diobservasi tidak bisa dikatakan sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pro-poor. Kurva GIC memperlihatkan bahwa rumah tangga lsquo;kaya rsquo; justru menikmati peningkatan pengeluaran untuk konsumsi dibanding rumah tangga lsquo;miskin rsquo;.Lebih jauh lagi, ketika menggunakan metode PPGI, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan, dan interaksi antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. Hasil empiris juga menunjukkan bahwa dari tiga sektor yang diteliti, yakni sektor industri, sektor pertanian, dan sektor jasa; sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap upaya pengentasan kemiskinan, sedangkan sektor pertanian justru secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan pengurangan kemiskinan. Sementara itu, sektor jasa tidak terbukti berkontribusi dalam menurunkan angka kemiskinan. Selain itu, uji statistik juga menyatakan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan tidak berkontribusi dalam mengurangi kemiskinan.

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ABSTRACTIn the concept of pro poor growth, economic growth accompanied by fair income distribution will accelerate the rate of poverty reduction. By employing extensive data of household expenditures and other economic indicators, the study will examine the performance of economic growth in Indonesia whether it has been pro poor over the period 2005 2013. We employ two methods in this article, Growth Incidence Curve GIC method, and Pro Poor Growth Index PPGI method. By applying the GIC method, our empirical results indicate that economic growth in Indonesia has not been pro poor during the observed period. The curve shows that the highest income population enjoys increased consumption more than the poorest population.Furthermore, PPGI method has revealed that economic growth, inequality, and an interaction term between economic growth and inequality have been significant to influence poverty incidence in Indonesia. Our empirical result also reveals that among manufacturing, agriculture, and services sector it was manufacturing that has successfully reduced the number of the poor, while agriculture unexpectedly had a devastating impact on the number of poor people. The services sector, meanwhile, had not contributed to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, none of the government spending in education and health that significantly contributes to poverty alleviation. "

"Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dikategorikan sebagai pro-poor growth (berpihak kepada orang miskin). Thesis ini akan dianalisis melalui bagaimana mekanisme pertumbuhan ekonomi mempengaruhi kemiskinan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel yang disusun dengan data pada tingkat provinsi untuk periode 2004 – 2010. Selanjutnya, data panel tersebut dipergunakan untuk mengestimasi model ekonometrik yang memungkinkan kita mengetahui dampak dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan, pengeluaran pemerintah, dan kemampuan fiskal pada tingkat kemiskinan. Adapun variabel kontrol terdiri dari koefisien Gini, Per Kapita Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB per kapita), pengeluaran pemerintah, dan sumber pendapatan sendiri.Hasil penelitian ini memiliki implikasi pada kebijakan pemerintah. Pertama, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang baik ternyata dapat menanggulangi kemiskinan. Dengan demikian, Pemerintah harus memformulasikan kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berpihakak pada masyarakat miskin. Selain itu, bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan lebih responsif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dari pada distribusi pendapatan (gini ratio). Kedua, pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi sangat bervariasi. Belanja pemerintah untuk pendidikan dan kesehatan memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan melalui ketidaksetaraan pendapatan berkurang, sedangkan belanja publik pada perlindungan sosial tidak signifikan berkontribusi dalam mengurangi angka kemiskinan. Selanjutnya, kemampuan fiskal di masing-masing provinsi sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan pengentasan kemiskinan di wilayhanya.Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penanggulangan kemiskinan. Selain itu, untuk mempercepat pengurangan kemiskinan di Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan juga harus didukung melalui investasi sumber daya manusia, serta merancang dan menerapkan program pengurangan kemiskinan yang berpihak pada masyarakat miskin. Untuk kasus Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi selama periode 2004-2010 dapat disimpulkan sebagai pro-poor growth.

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The main purpose of this study is to examine whether economic growth in Indonesia is categorised as pro-poor growth. It will be analysed through how economic growth affects poverty. To address this research, we will conduct the study using panel data. It consists of province-level data from 2004 - 2010 to estimate an econometric model that allows us to know the impact of economic growth, inequality, government spending, and fiscal capability on poverty rate. Therefore, the set of control variables consists of the Gini coefficient, per capita Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), government spending, and own income resources.

The estimated results of this study have important policy implications. First, the finding shows that economic growth is good to enhance poverty reduction; government therefore should consider to rising up economic growth benefiting for the poor. In addition, empirical evidence suggests that the poverty headcount ratio in Indonesia is more responsive on economic growth than on income distribution. Second, the effect of government expenditures varies for different type of spending. Government spending on education and health has significant impact on poverty alleviation through reduced income inequality; while public expenditure on social protection is insignificantly contribute to decrease poverty rate. Finally, the fiscal capability in each province is required to enhance poverty eradication.

Further, economic growth is needed to enhance the effectiveness of poverty reduction. Moreover, sustained growth should be accompanied by encouraging in human capital investment to accelerate poverty reduction. In addition, designing and implementing pro poor poverty reduction program should be done to accelerate poverty alleviation. Finally, this result suggests that economic growth during period 2004-2010 in Indonesia can be concluded as pro-poor growth"

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis pro-poor growth di Indonesia. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan, serta menganalisa apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut berpihak pada penduduk miskin (pro-poor growth). Analisa dilakukan melalui data panel 26 propinsi di Indonesia periode 1980-2008. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi signifikan berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pada periode 1980-2008 dan 1999-2008. Namun demikian, pengurangan kemiskinan kurang didorong oleh efek ketimpangan pendapatan. Pengurangan kemiskinan akibat perubahan ketimpangan pendapatan yang ditimbulkan pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya terjadi pada periode 1999-2008. Sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada seluruh periode, signifikan berpengaruh terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan. Meskipun demikian, elastisitas bruto dan neto kemiskinan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi semakin tidak elastis. Sementara itu, hasil perhitungan Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi di semua periode tergolong pro-poor growth. Sayangnya, nilai elastisitas kemiskinan (baik bruto maupun neto) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi tergolong rendah. Selain itu, pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan melalui efek ketimpangan pendapatan pun tidak besar. Oleh sebab itu, pemerintah perlu mempertahankan pro-poor growth yang telah dicapai dengan memberikan perhatian pada upaya peningkatkan pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan dan mendorong pemerataan distribusi pendapatan sehingga mendorong pengurangan kemiskinan.

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This research aimed to analyze pro-poor growth in Indonesia. Related with it, this research attempts to analyze impact of economic growth on income inequality and poverty. This research also analyze whether the economic growth has respect to poor people (pro-poor growth). Analysis is conducted through panel data of 26 provinces in Indonesia for 1980-2008 periods. The result shows that economic growth is significantly affecting the income inequality for period of 1980-2008 and 1999-2008. Nevertheless, poverty reduction is not driven sufficiently by income inequality effect. The poverty reduction caused by change of the inequality by economic growth only happens in 1999-2008. Economic growth in all period is significantly affecting poverty reduction. Even tough, gross and net elasticity of poverty to economic growth become more inelastic. In the other side, calculation of Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) shows that economic growth in all period is included to be pro-poor growth. Unfortunately, poverty elasticity (either gross or net) to economic growth is low. Besides, impact of economic growth on poverty through income inequality effect is not high. Therefore, government needs to maintain achieved pro-poor growth by paying attention on effort to increase economic growth effect on the poverty reduction and support equal income distribution in order to stimulate poverty alleviation."

"[Kemiskinan merupakan momok bagi pembangunan suatu negara. Selain menghambat pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemiskinan juga dapat menimbulkan masalah multidimensi. Untuk memecahkan masalah kemiskinan, pemerintah berupaya menggalakkan berbagai macam program pengentasan kemiskinan. Saat ini, Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Community Driven Development-CDD)telah menjadi salah satu program yang sering dilakukan oleh negara-negara berkembang untuk mengelola tingkat kemiskinan. Konsep dasarnya sangat sederhana, yaitu pemberdayaan masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat miskin. Di Indonesia, pemerintah menerapkan Program CDD melalui Program NasionalPemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) sebagai dasar dari kampanye pengurangan kemiskinan. Dalam pelaksanaannya, program PNPM membutuhkan keikutsertaan masyarakat miskin untuk berpartisipasi dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan, monitoring dan evaluasi program. Sebuah studi dari keberhasilan PNPM dilakukan tak lama setelah program ini diluncurkan pada tahun 2007. Hasil studi terbaru menyebutkan bahwa PNPMcenderung dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang mampu mengurangi jumlah orang miskin (pertumbuhan pro-kemiskinan). Namun ironisnya, program ini dihentikan oleh rezim baru di awal tahun 2015. Berangkat dari masalah ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari PNPM sebagai cara untuk mencapai pertumbuhan yang pro-kemiskinan (pro-poor growth). Cakupan makalah penelitian ini adalah merumuskan peran PNPM di tingkat nasional mengingat sebagian besar penelitian sebelumnya hanya terfokus pada daerahdaerahtertentu. Studi ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa PNPM adalah instrumen yang bisa diterapkan untuk mencapai pertumbuhan yang prokemiskinan (pertumbuhan yang menguntungkan orang miskin). Dengan membatasi definisi kemiskinan secara absolut, setiap peningkatan dana PNPMyang menyertai pertumbuhan ekonomi, cenderung akan mengurangi kemiskinan.

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Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD) Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs. A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds, accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more.;Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more;Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more;Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more, Poverty is a scourge for development of a country. Besides inhibiting the

economic growth, poverty may also cause multidimensional problems. Thus, to

solve poverty matters, many governments attempt to promote poverty alleviation

programs in their countries. Currently, Community-Driven Development (CDD)

Program has become one of the systems which is often practiced by developing

countries in order to manage the poverty rate. Its basic concept is very simple. It

empowers the communities, especially the poor, to unleash them from the

shackles of poverty. In Indonesia, the government implements CDD Program

through the so-called Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) as

the basis of the poverty reduction campaign. In its implementation, PNPM

program requires the poor communities to get involved in such actions as

participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the

programs.

A study of the success of the PNPM to eradicate poverty was conducted

shortly after the program was launched in 2007. The results of the latest studies

suggested that the PNPM will likely be able to reduce the number of poor people

in Indonesia. Nevertheless, after running for several years, the program was

terminated by the new regime at the beginning of 2015. Departing from this issue,

this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of PNPM as a means of alleviating

poverty. Since most of the previous studies only focused on certain areas, this

research paper is trying to formulate the role of PNPM at the national level. This

study has come up with a conclusion that the PNPM is a workable instrument to

achieve pro-poor growth, the growth which favours the poor. By limiting the

definition of poverty in absolute terms, any increase in the PNPM funds,

accompanying the economic growth, will likely reduce poverty more]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat keberpihakan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kelompok miskin di Provinsi Banten, DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Barat selama 2006-2010. Model regresi spasial dengan maximum likelihood estimation diterapkan untuk data panel dari 40 kabupaten/kota. Penelitian membuktikan keberadaan autokorelasi spasial pada variable pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan pada taraf yang signifikan. Perhitungan pro poor growth index menggunakan kriteria poverty severity index menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi telah berpihak kepada kelompok miskin. Meskipun demikian, pengurangan keparahan kemiskinan ditopang seluruhnya oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi, sedangkan perubahan distribusi pendapatan justru memperburuk tingkat keparahan kemiskinan.

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This study examines the economic growth bias against the poor in the province of Banten, Jakarta and West Java during 2006-2010. Spatial regression models with maximum likelihood estimation is applied to panel data from 40 districts / cities. Research proves the existence of spatial autocorrelation on the variable of economic growth, income inequality and poverty on a significant level. Pro-poor growth index calculation using the poverty severity index criterion shows that economic growth has been pro-poor. Nevertheless, the severity of poverty reduction is sustained entirely by economic growth, while changes in income distribution has worsened the severity of poverty."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pembangunan ekonomi di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah selama periode 2004-2010 sudah pro poor growth atau belum dengan menggunakan metode GIC dan metode PPGI serta sektor-sektor ekonomi apa yang mampu mengurangi kemiskinan. Berdasarkan data Susenas dan PDRB Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah serta menggunakan analisa GIC dan regresi data panel ditemukan bahwa pembangunan ekonomi di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah selama periode 2004-2010 sudah pro poor growth melalui metode PPGI namun melalui metode GIC belum pro poor growth. Dan dari 14 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, hanya Kabupaten Sukamara yang pembangunan ekonominya sudah pro poor growth.Sementara itu di tingkat Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, sektor pertambangan dan penggalian, industri pengolahan, sektor bangunan serta sektor keuangan, persewaan dan jasa perusahaan merupakan sektor-sektor ekonomi yang secara signifikan mengurangi kemiskinan, sebaliknya sektor listrik, gas dan air bersih justru meningkatkan kemiskinan. Sedangkan di tingkat sepuluh kabupaten yang belum pro poor growth, sektor pertanian, sektor pertambangan dan penggalian, industri pengolahan, sektor bangunan, sektor keuangan, persewaan dan jasa perusahaan serta sektor jasa-jasa merupakan sektor-sektor ekonomi yang secara signifikan mengurangi kemiskinan, di sisi lain sektor listrik, gas dan air bersih meningkatkan kemiskinan.

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This study aimed to determine whether the economic development in Central Kalimantan during the period 2004-2010 has been pro poor growth or not by using GIC and PPGI and economic sectors could be capable of reducing poverty. Based on data of Susenas and GDP Central Kalimantan Province and using GIC and regression analysis of panel data found that economic development in Central Kalimantan during the period 2004-2010 has been pro-poor growth through PPGI but through the GIC has not been pro-poor growth. And of the 14 districts/municipalities in Central Kalimantan, only an economic development Sukamara District has been pro-poor growth.

Meanwhile in Central Kalimantan Provincial level, mining and quarrying sector, manufacturing industry sector, construction sector and the financial, leasing and business services sector are the economic sectors that significantly reduce poverty, otherwise the electricity, gas and water supply sector actually increase poverty. While at the ten districts that have not been pro-poor growth, agriculture sector, mining and quarrying sector, manufacturing industry sector, construction sector, financial, leasing and business services sector and the services sector is the economic sectors that significantly reduce poverty, in the another sector of electricity, gas and water supply increased poverty."

"ABSTRACTKebijakan fiskal Indonesia dirancang dalam kerangka pro growthdanpro poor. Keterbatasan ruang fiskal dan tingginya kecepatan peningkatan ketimpangan menjadi kendala. Selain kendala tersebut, usaha untuk merancang kebijakan fiskal yang pro growth dan pro poor menjadi perdebatan. Teori Kuznet, Hukum Okun, dan konsep pertumbuhan inklusif menjadi pangkal perdebatan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat dampak kebijakan fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan dan ketimpangan. Menggunakan Error Correction Model(ECM), hasil penelitian menemukanbahwa selama periode 1980 sampai dengan 2015 kebijakan fiskal cenderung mendorong pertumbuhan dibanding pemerataan."