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"This article, based on original ethnographic research in two Indonesian non-government organizations, examines challenges faced by Indonesian activists in their work to improve inter-religious and inter-ethnic relations. The results of the research conclude that religio-political power struggles at the national level are the major obstacles for the NGO 's observed in their efforts to promote legal justice for religious and ethnic minorities. In particular, the use of religion as a political identity in Indonesia raises sensitive issues related to secularism and individual rights. The article recommends that Indonesian NGO's focus their efforts on three main areas in their work to promote religious and ethnic justice: 1) clarifying the origins of secularism, in particular the perception that human rights are not a part of Indonesian culture; 2) discussion of the history of colonialism and imperialism and the connection to human rights; and 3) expanding the discourse on religion and its relationship to racial and ethnic discrimination, Islamic law, and national law."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis gerakan Ni Putes Ni Soumises (NPNS) yang bertahan dari 2003 hingga 2020 melalui kacamata ideologi gender dan sekularisme. NPNS merupakan gerakan berbasis ideologi gender yang berumur panjang dalam memperjuangkan kepentingan politik perempuan migran melawan ideologi fundamentalis yang represif di komunitas banlieue. Selama lebih dari satu dekade, NPNS telah menjadi gerakan yang signifikan dalam lanskap sekularisme Prancis. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini ingin mengungkap alasan perkembangan dan kebertahanan NPNS sebagai gerakan ideologi gender yang signifikan di Prancis. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi pustaka, penelitian ini menerapkan teori Butler dan Lauretis tentang ideologi gender, serta konsep Aparatus Negara (State Apparatuses) milik Althusser, untuk menganalisis dinamika NPNS melalui tiga periode: kebangkitan, kejayaan, dan masa bertahan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebertahanan NPNS disebabkan oleh dukungan negara secara politis dan materi melalui penentangan gerakan terhadap dominasi budaya patriarki laki-laki Muslim banlieue, yang sejalan dengan ideologi sekuler Prancis. Selain itu, peran signifikan NPNS sebagai ruang aman bagi perempuan migran yang menjadi korban kekerasan berbasis gender memicu dukungan dari masyarakat yang turut berkontribusi atas bertahannya NPNS.

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This research analyzes the Ni Putes Ni Soumises (NPNS) movement that lasted from 2003 to 2020 through the lens of gender ideology and secularism. NPNS is a long-term gender ideology-based movement that fights for migrant women's political interests against repressive fundamentalist ideologies in banlieue communities. For more than a decade, the NPNS has been a significant movement in the French secularism landscape. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the reasons for the development and survival of the NPNS as a significant gender ideology movement in France. Using qualitative approach with literature studies methodology, this research applies Butler and Lauretis' theories on gender ideology, as well as Althusser's concept of State Apparatuses, to analyze the dynamics of NPNS through three periods: the rise, the triumph, and the defensive stage. This research findings show that the longevity of the NPNS is due to political and material state support through the stance of the movement against the dominance of the banlieue's Muslim male patriarchal culture, which is aligned with French secular ideology. In addition, the significant role of NPNS as a safe space for migrant women who are victims of gender-based violence triggers support from the community, which contributes to the longevity of NPNS."

"Sekularisme merupakan sebuah paham yang memisahkan agama dan negara. Perubahan kesadaran mengenai fakta komunitas religius yang masih mempertahankan tradisi aslinya, dan berperan aktif dalam masyarakat yang menganut sekularisme. Dalam karya tulis ini akan dibahas beberapa permasalahan, yaitu pandangan terhadap sekularisme saat ini dalam kehidupan demokrasi, pembaharuan keagamaan yang mendorong demokrasi di Indonesia, dan interpretasi para filsuf terhadap sekularisme dengan demokrasi liberal di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif, berbasis pada riset studi pustaka dengan menggunakan pendekatan interpretatif-analitis yang mengacu pada teori sekularisme. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu rakyat menghendaki adanya reformasi ketatanegaraan, karena beberapa orang menganggap sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia mengandung bid’ah, dan harus segera direformasi melalui jalan ketauhidan yang dipimpin oleh Amin Rais. Beberapa kelompok menentang Pancasila dan paham nasionalis, karena akan menganggu ketauhidan dan dianggap sebagai paham sekularisme. Penentang paham ini adalah Agus Salim dan Mohammad Natsir yang dapat dibilang sebagai orang terdekat Presiden Soekarno. Mereka tidak setuju dengan paham nasionalisme, karena dianggap dapat menyekutukan Tuhan dan mereka menyerukan agama berbasis Islam. Selain itu, mereka juga tidak sepakat dengan Pancasila sebagai Ideologi negara, karena Pancasila merupakan sesuatu yang netral dan cenderung mengarah pada sekularisme.

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Secularism is an understanding that separates religion and state. Changes in awareness about the fact that religious communities still maintain their original traditions, and play an active role in societies that adhere to secularism. In this paper, several issues will be discussed, namely the current view of secularism in democratic life, religious reforms that encourage democracy in Indonesia, and philosophers' interpretations of secularism with liberal democracy in Indonesia. This research is qualitative in nature, based on literature research using an interpretive-analytical approach that refers to the theory of secularism. The results of this study are that the people want constitutional reform, because some people consider the Indonesian constitutional system to contain heresy, and must be reformed immediately through the way of monotheism led by Amin Rais. Some groups oppose Pancasila and nationalist understanding, because they will disturb monotheism and are considered as secularism. Opponents of this understanding are Agus Salim and Mohammad Natsir who can be regarded as the closest people to President Soekarno. They do not agree with the notion of nationalism, because it is considered as partners with God and they call for an Islam-based religion. In addition, they also do not agree with Pancasila as the ideology of the state, because Pancasila is something that is neutral and tends to lead to secularism."