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"Gastroduodenal mucosat integrity has important role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer. It depends on imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors. However, many experts believe that defensive factors has more dominant role. Maintenance of gastrointestinal endothelial integrity appears to define the "cytoprotection" phenomenon and, as discussed below, is a critical component of NSAID-induced GI injury and a potential target for therapeutic intervention,"

"ABSTRAKEfek samping gastroduodenal sering terjadi pada pengunaan aspirin jangka panjang, bahkan pada dosis yang sangat rendah (10 mg/hari). Saat ini angka kejadian kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal akibat penggunaan aspirin dosis rendah jangka panjang di Indonesia belum diketahui. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan gambaran endoskopi kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal pada pengguna aspirin dosis rendah jangka panjang pada pasien yang berobat di RSCM, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada pasien poliklinik dan ruang perawatan RSCM usia ≥ 18 tahun yang mengkonsumsi aspirin dosis rendah (75-325 mg) lebih dari 28 hari. Didapatkan 95 subjek penelitian melalui metode konsekutif dalam periode Desember 2015 ? April 2016. Temuan endoskopi berupa erosi mukosa dan ulkus peptikum dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok kerusakan mukosa. Hasil: Kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal ditemukan pada pada 49 subjek (51,6% (95% IK 41,6-61,7%)), dengan gambaran erosi mukosa pada 38 subjek (40% (95% IK 30,2-49,9%)) dan ulkus peptikum pada 11 subjek (11,6% (95% IK 5,2-18,0%)). Hanya 44,9% pasien dengan kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal memiliki keluhan dispepsia. Kombinasi antitrombotik meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kerusakan mukosa (OR 3,3 (95% IK 1,3 ? 8,5)). Sedangkan penggunaan obat golongan proton pump inhibitors (PPI) menurunkan risiko (OR 0,2 (95% IK 0,04 ? 0,60)). Kesimpulan: Kerusakan mukosa gastroduodenal terjadi pada lebih dari separuh pasien yang menggunakan aspirin dosis rendah jangka panjang. Kombinasi aintitrombotik meningkatkan risiko kerusakan mukosa. Sedangkan penggunaan PPI efektif dalam menurunkan risiko tersebut.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Long-term aspirin therapy can induces gastroduodenal mucosal injury, even in a very low dose (10 mg daily). The frequency of gastroduodenal injuries among long-term low-dose aspirin users in Indonesia is currently unknown.Aim: To determine the gastroduodenal mucosal injury prevalence, endoscopic findings, and influencing factors among long-term low-dose aspirin users in RSCM. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Subjects were ≥ 18 years old patients that have been using low-dose aspirin (75-325 mg) for at least the preceding 28 days. Ninety five subjects were recruited consecutively in the period of December 2015 ? April 2016. Endoscopic findings such as erosions and ulcers were assessed as mucosal injuries. Results: Mucosal injury was found in 49 subjects [51.6% (95% CI 41.6?61.7%)]; mucosal erosion in 38 subjects [40% (95% CI 30.2?49.9%)] and ulcers in 11 subjects [11.6% (95% CI 5.2?18.0%)]. Only 44.9% patients with mucosal injury had dyspepsia symptoms. Double antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of mucosal injury [OR 3.3 (95% CI 1.3?8.5)]. However, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) decreases the risk [OR 0,2 (95% IK 0,04 ? 0,60)]. Conclusions: Gastroduodenal mucosal injury was found in more than half of long-term low-dose aspirin users. Double antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of mucosal injury, while PPI effectively reduced the risk.;"

"In a general sense, sincerity refers to honesty and sincerity, which mainly refers to the internal moral quality of the subjects sincerity; faith refers to credit and trust, and mainly refers to the externalization of the subjects internal sincerity. Honesty refers more to sincerity in the heart, and faith focuses on belief in others. The combination of sincerity and faith forms a vocabulary that is both internal and external, with rich connotations. Its basic meaning is honesty and deceit, and credibility. The author believes that for thousands of years, honesty has been regarded by the Chinese nation as its own code of conduct and moral cultivation, and has formed its unique and rich connotation of honesty. Such a view of integrity plays an extremely important moral role in todays market economy and the construction of the socialist core value system."

"ABSTRAKResusitasi dengan konsentrasi oksigen yang tinggi (100%) pada bayi cukup bulanmeningkatkan angka mortalitas dan morbiditas. Hiperoksia dapat meningkatkan stresoksidatif pada bayi prematur oleh karena kadar anti oksidannya yang rendah. Peningkatanstres oksidatif akan mengakibatkan inflamasi dan berhubungan dengan terjadinya displasiabronkopulmonal dan gangguan integritas usus. Pemberian oksigen yang tinggi juga akanmemengaruhi mikrobiota aerob dan anaerob dalam usus oleh karena oksigen akan berdifusidari mukosa usus ke dalam lumen usus. Belum diketahui berapa kadar FiO2 awal yang tepatpada resusitasi bayi prematur.Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah dampak perbedaan pajanan konsentrasi oksigen awal padaresusitasi bayi prematur terhadap displasia bronkopulmonal, integritas mukosa, danmikrobiota usus.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji klinis acak terkontrol tidak tersamar di IlmuKesehatan Anak, FKUI-RSCM dan RS Bunda Menteng pada bayi prematur (usia gestasi 25?32 minggu) yang mengalami distres pernapasan yang dirandomisasi untuk diberikanresusitasi dengan FiO2 awal 30% atau 50%. Kadar FiO2 disesuaikan untuk mencapai targetsaturasi oksigen (SpO2) 88?92% pada menit ke-10 dengan menggunakan pulse oxymetry.Luaran primer berupa angka kejadian DBP dan luaran sekunder berupa penanda stresoksidatif (rasio GSH/GSSG dan MDA darah tali pusat dan hari ke-3), penanda gangguanintegritas usus (alpha-1 antitrypsin), dan mikrobiota usus (polymerase chain reaction) padafeses hari 1?3 dan hari ke-7.Selama periode Januari?September 2015, terdapat 84 bayi yang direkrut (masing-masing 42bayi pada kelompok 30% dan 50%). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna angka kejadian DBPpada kelompok FiO2 30% vs. 50%, yaitu 42,8% vs. 40,5% (intention to treat analysis) dan25% vs. 19,4% (per protocol analysis). Juga tidak ada perbedaan bermakna penanda stresoksidatif (rasio GSH/GSSG dan kadar MDA), kadar AAT, dan mikrobiota usus pada keduakelompok. Mikrobiota anaerob fakultatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan mikrobiotaanaerob pada hari ke-7 pada kedua kelompok.Pada bayi prematur dengan usia gestasi 25?32 minggu yang diresusitasi dengan FiO2 awal30% vs. 50% tidak dijumpai perbedaan yang bermakna angka kejadian DBP, penanda stresoksidatif, gangguan integritas mukosa usus (AAT), dan mikrobiota usus. Oleh karena itu,pemberian FiO2 awal 30% hingga 50% selama resusitasi sama amannya untuk bayi prematur

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ABSTRACTResuscitation with high oxygen levels (100%) in term infants increases mortality andmorbidity rates. Hyperoxia can increase oxidative stress in premature infants due to its lowantioxidant level. The increased oxidative stress will cause inflammation and it is associatedwith the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as well as intestinaldysintegrity. The administration of high oxygen levels will also affect aerobic and anaerobicintestinal microbiota as the oxygen will diffuse from intestinal mucosa into the lumen. Theappropriate initial FiO2 level during the resuscitation of premature infants has not beenknown.This study aims to analyze an impact on the difference of exposure to initial oxygenconcentration in resuscitation of premature infants against bronchopulmonary dysplasia,mucosal integrity, and intestinal mucosa.The study was an unblinded randomized controlled clinical trial, in Child Health DepartmentUniversity of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, and Menteng Bunda Hospital inJakarta, which was conducted in premature infants (25?32 weeks of gestational age) whoexperienced respiratory distress and were randomized for receiving resuscitation using 30%or 50% initial FiO2. The FiO2 levels were adjusted to achieve target oxygen saturation (SpO2)of 88?92% on the 10th minute using pulse oximetry. The primary outcome was incidence ofBPD; while the secondary outcome was markers of oxidative stress (ratio of GSH/GSSG andMDA in umbilical cord blood and on the 3rd day), intestinal dysintegrity (AAT) andintestinal microbiota (using PCR) found in fecal examination on day 1?3 and on the 7th day.During the period between January and September 2015, there were 84 infants recruited(there were 42 infants in each group of the 30% and 50% FiO2). There was no significantdifference on BPD incidence between 30% and 50% FiO2 groups, i.e. 42.8% vs. 40.5%(intention to treat analysis) and 25% vs. 19.4% (per protocol analysis). There was also nosignificant difference on oxidative stress markers (ratio of GSH/GSSG and MDA levels),AAT levels, and changes of facultative anaerobic and anaerobic microbiota in both groups.However, there was a higher level of facultative anaerobic microbiota compared to anaerobicmicrobiota on the 7th day in both groups.In premature infants with 25?32 weeks of gestational age who were resuscitated using 30%vs. 50% initial FiO2 level, significant differences were found in terms of BPD incidence,oxidative stress markers (ratio of GSH/GSSG and MDA), AAT (intestinal mucosa integrity)and intestinal microbiota. Therefore, it is concluded that the administration of 30% to 50%initial FiO2 are both equally safe for premature infants during resuscitation."

"Anak usia sekolah 6-12 tahun, di kota besar mempunyai aktivitas flsik yang kurang dan gaya hidup yang santai. Fast food dan soft drink yang dikonsumsi mengandung kalori dan protein tinggi berasal dari protein dan karbohidrat. Obesitas mempunyai dampak terhadap tumbuh kembang anak terutama aspek psikososial. Faktor yang turut berperan mendukung terjadinya obesitas pada anak adalah keadaan sosial ekonomi, perilaku dan gaya hidup serta pola makan. Dilakukan penelitian deskriptif analitik secara seksi silang pada murid sekolah dasar di Jakarta, utituk mengidentifikasi faktor yang berperan pada obesitas anak usia sekolah. (Med 3 Indones 2006; 15:43-54).

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School-aged children of 6-12 year old in big cities have less physical activities and relax life style. Fast food and soft drink consumed contain high calorie and protein of protein and carbohydrate sources. Obesity has impact on children's growth and development especially on psychosocial aspect. The factors that play a role in supporting the obesity occurrence in children include socio-economic condition, behavior and life style and diet. A cross sectional descriptive -analytic study was conducted on elementary school students in Jakarta, to identify factors that play roles on obesity of school-aged children. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:43-54)."

"This article attempts to identify factors affecting participation in payment of irrigation service fees. There are fivevariables comprising demographic and economic of land variables were tested to find the variables that influenced theparticipation significantly. The five variables tested consisted of age and formal education as demographic variables;land productivity, land size, and land tenure as the economic of land variables. The results showed that formal education(demographic variable) had positive relationship and land size (economic of land variable) had negative relationshipwith the participation. Positive relationship between formal education and participation in payment of irrigation servicefees meant that the participation increased as farmers’ education increased. Meanwhile, negative relationship betweenland size and the participation in payment of irrigation service fees showed that the farmers’ participation wouldincrease as the land size owned by farmers decreased. In other words, participation in payment of irrigation service feeswas higher among farmers with small lands rather than that among farmers with large lands."

"Indonesia's infant mortality rate declined to 64' infannt deaths perl ,000 live births in l99l _ Adolescent mothers. women who first married underthe age of lS. and mothers who did not obtain antenatal care and tetanusimmunizations were at greater risk of experiencing an infant death. In addition.levels of infant mortality were substantially higher when births were spacedcloser together. For example, the infant mortality rate among adolescentmothers was l25 when births were spaced less than 24 .months apart and 96when births were separated by more than two years. Roughly half of all infantdeaths occur within the first 28 days of life in Indonesia. Findings indicate thatmothers who were less than 20 years of age. who did not have antenatal careand tetanus immunizations. and who spaced births less than 24 months apartwere more likely to experience a neonatal death. With the exception ofantenatal care, these factors were also associated with elevated levels ofpostnatal mortality (infant deaths that occur when infants are between l-l2months of age). However, postneonatal mortality was also higher amongmothers who gave birth at home rather than in a health facility, who wereassisted at delivery by non-medical staff and who had lower levels ofeducational attainment. Postneonatal mortality is determined by a broaderarray of program and socioeconomic measures than neonatal mortality. andmay be reduced more readily through Family Planning/Mother and ChildHealth (FPAHCH) service interventions. In order to reduce both neonatal andpostneonatal mortality. greater effort should be made to increase the age at first birth. space births more than two years. and attain higher tetanus coveragelevels among expectant mothers."

"Reformation in Indonesian government offices leads to many substantial changes, and demandsimproved job performances while arguably loading employees with more work. This research aimsto understand factors that potentially influence job performance in Indonesian government officesthat carries on such reformation. Using adapted scales from previous studies, this researchinvestigates the role of workload, responsibility for others (level of responsibility to care for otherpeople) and need for achievement on employee?s performance. A survey to all full-time workers inan Indonesian government office is conducted. Contrary to expectation, workload does not influenceemployee?s performance. Instead, regression analysis demonstrates that, employee?s need forachievement and responsibility for others are significant factors affecting individual performance.These results are important because they highlight the significance of need for achievement for thesuccess of reformation in this office, and by extension for reformation in Indonesia. The results arealso interesting because this is the first study that points out to the role of responsibility for others ininfluencing individual performance in Indonesia which is characterized by collectivistic culture. Thispaper discusses the contributions of these results for theory and practice."

"This volume provides a comprehensive analysis of why taxpayers behave the way they do. It reveals the motivations for why some taxpayers comply with the law while others choose not to comply. Given the current global financial climate there is a need for governments worldwide to increase their revenue collections via improving taxpayer compliance. Research into what shapes and influences taxpayer behavior is critical in that any marginal improvement in understanding and dealing with this behavior can potentially have a dramatic impact upon government revenue"