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"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rarely found in clinical practice. However, the incidence of IBD seems to have increased recently. Generally, the patients will come to hospital with chief complain! of chronic diarrhea with or without hematochezia.We reported two cases of IBD in which they had been misdiagnosed as colitis tuberculosis based on colonoscopy examination. Treatment of anti tuberculosis drugs had made no clinical improvement. Further evaluation suggested the diagnosis of IBD. They responded very well clinically after treated as IBD. This case report reminds us to consider the diagnosis of IBD in patient with chronic diarrhea and ulceration in colonic mucosa at colonoscopy."

"The term "Inflammatory Bowel Disease" (IBD) is frequently used to denote two diseases, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). This condition is frequently recorded in the West, and along with development of diagnostic facilities, is beginning to be more commonly found in Indonesia.The etiology of this disease is still unclear, but it is suspected that environmental, geographic, and genetic factors are involved. Cytokines play a great role in the pathogenesis of IBD, where in IBD there is an unbalance of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibitor cytokines. In IBD, there is an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and alpha TNF in the intestinal mucosa. Such increase significantly correlates with the activity of ulcerative colitis through endoscopic examination,At this moment, forms of therapy for IBD associated with cytokines are being developed, such as ways to inhibit cytokine synthesis, cytokine release, cytokine activity and the cytokine signaling pathway in the target cell."

"ABSTRAKKeefektifan obat oral Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD dipengaruhi oleh sifat farmakokinetik yang meliputi porses absorpsi, distribursi, metabolisme, dan ekskresi ADME. Sifat yang akan dibahas pada penelitian ini adalah sifat farmakokinetik yaitu tentang absorpsi obat dalam tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui parameter farmakokinetik yang dapat diprediksi oleh peranti lunak yang digunakan, menemukan peranti lunak yang paling baik dalam memprediksi parameter farmakokinetik obat, dan mencari korelasi antara parameter farmakokinetik yang digunakan sebagai deskriptor dengan persen absorpsi referensi. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah perolehan hasil analisis prediksi parameter farmakokinetik obat oral IBD berdasarkan parameter absorpsi dapat dijadikan dasar pertimbangan untuk melakukan pengembangan obat oral IBD. Penelitian ini menggunakan peranti lunak Molinspiration, QikProp, admetSAR, SwissADME, Chemicalize, pkCSM, dan Microsoft Excel. Penelitian ini menggunakan 34 senyawa obat IBD dan 8 deskriptor yang terdiri dari deskriptor dependen persen absorpsi ABS serta deskriptor independen bobot molekul BM, logP, hydrogen bond acceptor HBA, hydrogen bond donor HBD, polar surface area PSA, pKa dan Caco2 permeability yang didapatkan dari penelitian Zhao et al. 2002 dan penelitian pendahulu. BM, logP, HBA, HBD dan PSA dapat diprediksi oleh peranti lunak QikProp, SwissADME, Molinspiration, dan Chemicalize. pKa dapat diprediksi menggunakan Chemicalize. Caco2 permeability dapat diprediksi oleh peranti lunak QikProp, admetSAR, dan pkCSM. SwissADME paling akurat dalam memprediksi BM, logP, dan HBD. Chemicalize paling akurat dalam memprediksi HBA, PSA, dan pKa. admetSAR paling akurat dalam memprediksi Caco2 permeability. Nilai R paling tinggi didapat dari korelasi ABS dengan Caco2 permeability prediksi pada 34 senyawa obat dengan nilai R = 0,8211.

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ABSTRACTInflammatory Bowel Disease IBD is a chronic, idiopathic, and inflammatory bowel condition Brunton, Chabner, Knollmann, 2011 . The effectiveness of IBD drugs is affected by pharmacokinetic properties that involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ADME. This research analyzed the absorption of drugs in the body. The purpose of this research is to know the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be predicted by the software used, to discover the best software in order to predict pharmacokinetic properties, and to analyze the correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters used as descriptor with absorption percentage from reference. The result of this research can be considered to develop IBD oral drugs. This research uses Molinspiration, QikProp, admetSAR, SwissADME, Chemicalize, pkCSM, and Microsoft Excel. This research used 34 compounds of IBD oral drugs and 7 descriptors consist of dependent descriptor absorption rate ABS and independent descriptors molecular weight MW, logP, hydrogen bond acceptor HBA, hydrogen bonding donor HBD, polar surface area PSA, pKa, and Caco2 permeability discovered from research Zhao et al. 2002a and previous research. MW, logP, HBA, HBD and PSA can be predicted by QikProp, SwissADME, Molinspiration, and Chemicalize. pKa can be predicted using chemicalize. Caco2 permeability can be predicted by QikProp, admetSAR, and pkCSM. SwissADME is the most accurate software in predicting MW, logP, and HBD. Chemicalize is the most accurate software in predicting HBA, PSA, and pKa. admetSAR is the most accurate software in predicting Caco2 permeability. The highest R value was obtained from the correlation between ABS with Caco2 permeability on 34 drug compounds R 0.8211. "

"Penyakit Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) atau radang usus merupakan peradangan pada saluran gastrointestinal, IBD dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu kolitis ulseratif dan penyakit crohn. Gejala yang sering muncul pada IBD yaitu nyeri abdomen. Nyeri abdomen adalah perasaan tidak nyaman subjektif di abdomen yang dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai masalah. Tiga proses berikut dapat menyebabkan nyeri abdomen, seperti ketegangan pada dinding saluran gastrointestinal (GI) akibat kontraksi atau distensi otot, iskemia, dan peradangan pada peritoneum. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi nyeri abdomen pada pasien yaitu dengan kompres hangat. Kompres hangat dapat menurunkan tingkat nyeri abdomen pada pasien dengan masalah pencernaan. Kompres hangat dapat melebarkan pembuluh darah, sehingga dapat meningkatkan sirkusai drah ke area yang nyeri, dan dapat merelaksasikan otot. Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan hasil praktik keperawatan pada pasien dengan inflammatory Bowel Disease yang mengalami nyeri akut. Hasil implementasi kompres hangat selama 15 menit selama 2 hari efektif mengurangi nyeri abdomen pada pasien IBD, hal ini dibuktikan dengan menurunnya skala nyeri dari skala VAS 4 menjadi VAS 0 pada hari ke-4.

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) or inflammation of the intestine is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, IBD is divided into two, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Symptoms that often appear in IBD are abdominal pain. Abdominal pain is a subjective feeling of discomfort in the abdomen that can be caused by various problems. The following three processes can cause abdominal pain, such as tension in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) due to muscle contraction or distension, ischemia, and inflammation of the peritoneum. One effort to overcome abdominal pain in patients is with warm compresses. Warm compresses can reduce the level of abdominal pain in patients with digestive problems. Warm compresses can dilate blood vessels, thereby increasing blood circulation to the painful area, and can relax muscles. This scientific paper aims to describe the results of nursing practice in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who experience acute pain. The results of the implementation of warm compresses for 15 minutes for 2 days effectively reduce abdominal pain in IBD patients, this is evidenced by a decrease in the pain scale from the VAS scale 4 to VAS 0 on the 4th day. "

"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result of the lack of specific diagnostic testing and absence of circumscribed biology markers of the disease, its diagnosis is based on a myriad of symptoms. The term irritable bowel syndrome was probably first coined in 1944 by Peters and Bargenf. ln 1849, Cumming described the clinical manifestations of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is defined an the basis of the recently modified Rome criteria as the presence of at least l2 weeks (not necessarily consecutive) of abdominal discomfort or pain in the preceding l2 months that cannot be explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities, and that has at least two of the following three features: pain relieved with defecation, an onset associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements (diarrhea or constipation), or an onset associated with a change inform of stool (loose, watery, or pellet-like). The syndrome can be divided into three subcategories according to the Modmed Rome criteria ll; those with a predominant symptom of diarrhea, constipation, or constipation alternating with diarrhea. There are Several criteria for irritable bowel syndrome, one of which is the Manning criteria applied in many epidemiological and clinical studies to identify irritable bowel syndrome. However, many investigators disagree with this criteria due to a seemingly poor validity in men. In an attempt to bring order to the specialty, consensus-based approach is adopted by a group of international experts, which led to the development ofthe Rome criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (Table l). Extra-intestinal symptoms, including headache, backache, urinary and gynecologic symptoms, and fatigue, are more common in the constipation-predominant subgroup"

"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has begun to emerge in Indonesia. The disease is further classified into two types, ulcerative colitic (UC) and crohn's disease (CD). Diagnosis of IBD is initiated from symptom findings such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding diarrhea, and weight loss, and supported by physical examination and additional tests. The options for additional examinations of IBD are mainly endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and also intestinal endoscopy), imaging the techniques and laboratory examinations either from blood or feces. The application of these modalities should be prompted by sufficient clinical suspicion to promote their efficiency as well as prevent underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis. In primary health care settings, patients with IBD are expected to be recognized for therapy or to use appropriate referral system to warrant a proper treatment."

"Depression is a significant problem that is common among elderly patients. The prevalence is quite high, effecting approximately 15% of the population of over 65 years.1 Among patients with chronic diseases and those with a longer care the prevalence of depression is even higher, which is 10% to 60%. Several studies demonstrate that the comorbidity of depression and physical diseases a patient suffers creates a worse prognosis and increases mortality.2'3 Disease management becomes more difficult and not optimal because depression could cause the patient to eat less and become less cooperative in following the treatment, thus resulting in a poorer medical condition.Depression is generally commonly found in the elderly. Nevertheless, diagnosing depression in the elderly is not easy. Approximately 60% of depression patients have a co-morbid physical disease.2Detection of depression among geriatric patients is often delayed due to unspecific symptoms. Delayed detection results in delayed management, which has a bad impact on the patient's medical condition and response to treatment. This is also why co-morbidity of diseases and depression has a higher mortality rate. The following are several cases of hospitalized patients suffering from depression and a co-morbid illness"