Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRACTBehavioral factor is considered to be one of the affecting factors in individual or community health status. The mother's behavior in dental health can affect her child's oral health state since children under five years of age their oral health measure still depends on their parents and they usually rely very much on their mothers.World health Organization stated that the prevalence of gingivitis for eight and fourteen year old children should be one of the oral health indicate! s, according to the last survey conducted by the Ministry of Health in 1991. The prevalence of gingivitis in Indonesia for eight year old children: was approximately 60 % and 90 % for fourteen year old children. This condition was due to the poor oral hygiene and child's dental health behavior.Gingivitis process starts in children under five years old and its prevalence will increase as the children grow. This condition will reach its peak in puberty, then decrease gradually. No one can be gingivitis free (Garrariza, 1984).Preliminary studies show that dental plaque is the main causative factor of gingivitis.Mature dental plaque produces bacterial products that can countinuously produce stimuli in gingival crevice. Gingivitis then occurs with the existence of stimuli, tow tissue endurance and high virulency of Streptococcus strains.Dental plaque is easily formed within four hours after tooth brushing; however, it can be easily removed by conducting a proper tooth brushing technique. Dental plaque can be detected by using a colouring substance called disclosing solution or by using a pocket probe.Health behavior can be determined as covert and overt behavior. Covert behavior concerns the knowledge and attitude toward health, and overt behavior concerns the health practice including tooth brushing.Maternal behavior toward dental health affects the mother and her child's oral health status. In this study a concept is constructed based on previous studies to investigate the relationship among the influencing variables. The next steps are testing the hypothesis and defining the variables into operational forms that are measureable.Questionnaires as a measurement tool to collect data are tested for their validity and reliability. The data to be collected are the behavior of the mothers using the questionnaires. Data about the children's dental plaque and gingivitis status are collected by using a clinical examination.Objectives being observed are four year old children and their mothers in Jakarta. The sampling method is multistage cluster random sampling. The sample size is 374 and it is multiplied by two to avoid design effect. However, the sample size with inclusive criteria is only 680. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate data analysis are used by SPSS computerized statistical program.The result of the study are described as follows. In this study, a phenomenon of the main causative factor of gingivitis of four year old children is their mothers behavioral revealed. The reason is because a four year old child's oral health measure still depends on the mother.Generally the mothers of four year old children in Jakarta have good knowledge, attitude and practice toward oral health; however, only 0.9 % of the children are plaque free. In fact their mother's knowledge, attitude and practice toward dental health are not properly applied to maintain their children's oral health.Two point four percents of the mothers have low education or only have completed primary school education. Eighty four point five percents have completed high school and only 13.1 % have University or college education. The mother's good education, class society which is mostly distributed in the middle and high level could enhance the implementation of a dental health education program because those mother's get information better than those with low level of education.The mother's age ranges from 20 to 41 years old. The variability is limited because of inclusive criteria of the mothers having four year old children. In this study, the mothers who have a high level of formal education are younger than their who have lower education.Ten point one percents of the samples are mothers with very low economic status; 22.4 % are in !ow category; 15.3 % are in fair category; 7.9 % are in high category and 24.3 % are in very high category_ A family economic status describes the family welfare and ability in supporting the family health financially.The family size of 40.4 % samples are mothers with one to two children; 47 8 % with 3 children and 11.8 % with 4-5 children. Respondents with 3 children or less are 88.2 %. This condition indicates the success of family health planning program conducted by the government.The children's gingivitis statusThe prevalence of gingivitis in Jakarta during 1993-1994.The prevalence of gingivitis was 46.2 % and 53.8 % was gingivitis free. This figure was lower than the previous studies conducted in Jakarta (59 %) and in Pengalengan, West Java, (61.6 %), but was higher than the survey conducted in Bandung (32.9 %). The National data about the gingivitis state of four year old children were not available; therefore, we could not make comparisson.The level of severity of gingivitis in Jakarta are as follows : 70.7 % of four year old children in Jakarta are with mild gingivitis; 25.4 % with moderate gingivitis and 3.82 % with severe gingivitis. These figures are lower than the previous studies conducted in 1993 (92 %), and the study in Bandung (96 %) in 1992. However, the figure for moderate level of gingivitis is higher than the previous studies in Jakarta (8 °/c) and in Bandung (4 %). The prevalence of severe gingivitis in the previous studies of Bandung & Pengalengan, West Java, are not found.Dental plaque status of the children.Zero point nine percents of the children are free from dental plaque. Twenty percents of the children have a small amount of plaque, 44.7 % have a fair category of plaque and 34.4 % are considered to have a large amount of dental plaque.Mother's knowledge.Generally, the mother's have good knowledge about dental health. Four point one percents is categorized to have a low level of knowledge, 70.1 % has a good knowledge about dental health. A good knowledge about dental health is an important basis for a good behavior in dental health. Therefore, a recommendation of this study is important to increase the knowledge, attitude and practice or behavior of dental health.Mother's attitude.Generally, the mother's attitude toward dental health is good; 9.3 % is categorized as low; 28.6 % was fair and 52.1 % good. However, mothers with good knowledge about dental health do not always have good attitude toward dental health.Mother's behaviorGenerally, mothers have good behavior. Five point three percents of the mothers are categorized as low; 27.5 % fair and 67.2% good.Dental health service utilization.Generally the mothers have utilized dental health services. 2.5% of the respondents are categorized low in utilizing dental health services, 28.4 % fair and 69.1 % good. The 69.1 % of the respondents who are categorized as good utilize the dental health services mostly for curative treatment. Therefore it requires a good promotive and preventive strategies to support the quality of services.Dental Health EducationDental health education for mothers is generally considered insufficient; 40.3 % is categorized having very little knowledge and 38.4 % is fair. Only 21.3 % is considered to have a good knowledge about dental health.Each independent variable contribution to gingivitis.Mother's behavior contribution to the gingivitis in children is 73.2 %. It shows that the mother's behavior is one of the most influencing factors. One unit increase of mother's behavior will decrease the gingivitis index to 0.86 unit.Dental plaque contribution to gingivitis is 46.7 %. Dental plaque is the main etiological cause of gingivitis. For four year old children, the presence of dental plaque is due to the mother's behavior in dental health. Other causative factor is because the mothers do not utilize the dental health service available in the community in order to maintain their children's oral health, such as gingival health and plaque control. In this study, the condition of children with a small amount of dental plaque category causes gingivitis, however children with fair category of dental plaque existence do not entirely suffer from gingivitis. Other possible factors are the quality of microorganisms in the oral cavity, the activity and quality of saliva and the gingival tissue endurance.The mother's education level has a strong influence contributes 73.2 % to their behavior, and the higher the level of education makes it easier the mother receive information on dental health.The mother's age seems to be a weak influence to their behavior (12.6 %). A group of mothers with high level of education has better dental health behavior than the older group.The family size contributes 25.8 % to the mothers behavior. Fewer children their give them a chance to consentrate on her children's welfare including the their oral health.The mother's behavior contributes 73.4% to the children's dental plaque formation. The influence is considered fair. The formation of dental plaque is caused by mother's less attantion in maintaning their children's oral health, since four year old children still depend on their mothers.The family economic status seems to be a weak influence to the mother's behavior, which is 22.3 %. The family economic status is one of the influencing factors of the mother's behavior towards the family dental health. The higher economic status the family has, the more the family could afford and utilize the dental health services.The influence of the utilization of dental health services to the mother's behavior is 67 %. Dental health facilities in Jakarta are considered reachable because of the good public transportation system.Dental health education recieved by the mothers constributes 27.2 % to their behavior. The dental health education should increase the knowledge, attitude and behavior toward dental health.Contribution of all the independent variables to the mother's behavior.The independent variables of mother's education level, family economic status, family size, dental health service utilization and dental health education the mother received toward mother's behavior contributed are as follows:1. The mother's education level contribution to the mother's behavior is 3.3 %.2. The family economic status contribution to the mother's behavior is 0.7 %3. The family size contribution to the mother's behavior is 0.7 %.4. The dental health education that the mother has received contributes 2.1 % to the mother's behavior. The reasons why dental health education contributes low influence to the mother's behavior are :a. The dental health education material on gingiva health is very little and does not vary very much.b. The method of dental health education used to explain the material did not vary very much.c. Dental health educators do not have enough skills.Contribution of all independent variables to the children's gingival status. The independent variables of mother's behavior, dental plaque, formal education level of the mother, family economic status, dental health service utilization and dental health education to the children's gingivitis status are as follows _1. The mother's behavior contribution to the children's gingivitis status.a. Direct impact of the mother's behavior to the children's gingivitis is as much as 6.8%b. Total impact of the mother's behavior to the children's gingivitis (direct impact plus indirect impact) is as much as 22.8 %.2. Dental plaque contribution to the children's gingivitis status is 8.3%.3. The mother's education level contribution to the children's gingivitis status is 2 %.4. The family economic status contribution to the children's gingivits status is 4.2 %.5. The dental health facilities utilization, contributing to the children's gingivitis status is 4.8 °/o.6. The dental health education the mother recieved contributing to the children's gingivitis status is 2.1 %."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Parafunctional habit (clenching dan bruxism) menurunkan kualitas hidup melalui atrisi, abfraksi, dan resesi gingiva. Penelitian mengenai hal tersebut belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui distribusi atrisi, abfraksi, dan resesi gingiva pada pasien dengan parafunctional habit. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif menggunakan data sekunder dari 70 rekam medis periodonsia subjek parafunctional habit di RSKGM FKG UI periode 2013-2017. Hasil: Distribusi terbanyak ditemukan pada subjek parafunctional habit dengan atrisi (50%), dan diikuti atrisi dan abfraksi (32,86%). Distribusi atrisi tertinggi pada subjek clenching terlihat di gigi 31, 32, dan 42 (1,23%), dan pada subjek bruxism di gigi 42 (5,31%). Distribusi abfraksi tertinggi pada subjek clenching terlihat di gigi 14 dan 15 (1,04%), dan pada subjek bruxism di gigi 14 dan 24 (7,25%). Mayoritas subjek parafunctional habit mengalami resesi gingiva (87,14%). Resesi gingiva akibat clenching (42,55%) dan bruxism (30,47%) sering terjadi pada sisi bukal. Resesi gingiva tertinggi pada subjek clenching ditemukan pada gigi 42 (8,51%), sedangkan pada subjek bruxism ditemukan pada gigi 41 (5,5%). Kesimpulan: Subjek parafunctional habit yang mengalami atrisi sebanyak 50%, atrisi dan abfraksi sebanyak 32,86%, dan resesi gingiva sebanyak 87,14%.

---

ABSTRACTBackground: Parafunctional habit (clenching and bruxism) decreases quality of life through attrition, abfraction, and gingival recession. No study has evaluated about the problem in Indonesia. Objective: Evaluate distribution of attrition, abfraction, and gingival recession in subjects with parafunctional habit. Methods: A descriptive study using secondary data from 70 periodontal medical records of parafunctional habit subjects in RSKGM FKG UI 2013-2017. Result: Highest distribution was found in parafunctional habit subjects with attrition (50%), followed by attrition and abfraction (32.86%). Highest attrition distribution was seen in tooth 31, 32, and 42 (1.23%) of clenching subjects, and tooth 42 (5.31%) of bruxism subjects. Highest abfraction distribution was found in tooth 14 and 15 (1.04%) of clenching subjects, tooth 14 and 24 (7.25%) of bruxism subjects. Majority of parafunctional habit subjects got gingival recession (87.14%). Gingival recession from clenching (42.55%) and bruxism (30.47%) often occurred at buccal site of teeth. Highest gingival recession was found in tooth 42 (8,.51%) of clenching subjects, and tooth 41 (5.5%) of bruxism subjects. Conclusion: Parafunctional habit subjects experiencing attrition were about 50%, attrition and abfraction were about 32.86%, and gingival recession were about 87.14%."

"Pada masa pandemi COVID-19, berbagai perubahan dan tantangan yang terjadi dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan dapat berdampak terhadap kesejahteraan keluarga, termasuk di dalamnya adalah kepuasan pernikahan (Prime, Wade, & Browne, 2020). Di Indonesia, terdapat peningkatan angka konsultasi mengenai permasalahan dalam hubungan keluarga yang diterima oleh Ikatan Psikolog Klinis Indonesia (2020). Kontribusi kepuasan pernikahan terhadap resiliensi keluarga menjadi hal yang penting untuk diteliti karena keluarga merupakan gabungan dari subsistem dan fungsi yang saling memengaruhi satu sama lain (Korja et al., 2016). Penelitian ini melibatkan 120 ibu menikah yang memiliki anak pertama berusia toddler. Variabel resiliensi keluarga diukur dengan menggunakan Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire (WFRQ) dan variabel kepuasan pernikahan diukur dengan ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS Scale). Hasil analisis menggunakan regresi linear sederhana menunjukkan adanya kontribusi positif yang signifikan dari kepuasan pernikahan terhadap resiliensi keluarga. Selain itu, hasil analisis menggunakan Pearson Correlation juga menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif yang signifikan antara tingkat pendapatan keluarga dengan resiliensi keluarga dan kepuasan pernikahan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu ibu dan keluarga memahami pentingnya peran kepuasan pernikahan pada ibu dengan anak usia toddler terhadap resiliensi keluarga

---

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there are several changes and challenges in different aspects of life that could impact the family’s wellbeing, including marital satisfaction (Prime, Wade, & Browne, 2020). In Indonesia, Ikatan Psikolog Klinis Indonesia (2020) found an increase in the amount of consultation that was related to family problem. The contribution of marital satisfaction to family resilience becomes a very important topic as a family consists of subsystems and functions that are mutually influencing (Korja et al., 2016). This study involves 120 married mothers whose first children are of toddlers-age. Family resilience is measured using Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire (WFRQ) and marital satisfaction is measured using ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS Scale). Simple linear regression analysis shows a positive and significant contribution of marital satisfaction on family resilience. In addition to that, Pearson Correlation analysis also shows a positive and significant correlation between family and family resilience as well as marital satisfaction. These findings hopefully could bring awareness to mothers and their families regarding the importance of mothers’ marital satisfaction on family resilience."

"Usia dini merupakan periode emas dimana banyak perkembangan terjadi secara pesat, tidak terkecuali pada fungsi kognitif tingkat tinggi yakni Executive Function (EF). Dalam upaya pengoptimalan kemampuan EF, berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui hal-hal apa saja yang dapat memengaruhi kemampuan EF, salah satunya adalah kelekatan. Namun, penelitian mengenai kelekatan dan EF diketahui masih inkonsisten. Selain itu, kebanyakan penelitian mengenai kelekatan hanya melibatkan ibu saja, padahal diketahui bahwa peran ayah turut berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut apakah secure attachment antara ayah dan ibu dengan anak dapat memprediksi kemampuan hot dan cool EF anak usia prasekolah. Untuk mengetahui mengenai informasi secure attachment antara ayah dan ibu terhadap anak dan anak, kedua orangtua diminta untuk mengisi Parent Child Reunion Inventory PCRI . Untuk mengetahui kemampuan EF, anak akan diberikan serangkaian tes EF. Penelitian ini diikuti oleh 85 pasang orangtua beserta dengan anak mereka yang berusia 4-6 tahun. Dengan mempertimbangkan SES keluarga, usia, dan jenis kelamin anak, hasil memperlihatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara secure attachment ayah dan ibu dengan kemampuan EF anak. Faktor-faktor lain selain attachment seperti autonomy support dan scaffolding perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mencapai kemampuan EF anak usia prasekolah yang optimal.

---

Early childhood known as a golden period where our developmental as a human being develop rapidly, not to mention our Executive Function (EF) skill. In order to optimized EF skills, many research had been conducted to investigate factors that associate to EF skills. It revealed that one of the factor that have association with EF is attachment. Research found that the association between attachment and EF remain inconsistent. On top of that, several studies related to attachment and EF focused only on mother figures without considering fathers. This study investigated prospective associations between father rsquo s and mother rsquo s secure attachment and hot and cool EF skills in preschoolers. In attempt to investigate these topics, parents were administered Parent Child Reunion Inventory PCRI and to investigate EF, the children were administered a battery of EF tasks. 85 parents with their 4 6 years old kid were participated in this study. The results indicated that neither father child attachment nor mother child attachment were significantly related to child performance on EF tasks above and beyond family socioeconomic status SES , child age, and sex. Factors other than attachment, such as autonomy support and scaffolding need to be considered in order to optimize preschooler rsquo s EF skill."

"Salah satu upaya dari DepKes untuk memperbaiki status gizi keluarga, terutama balita adalah program Usaha Perbaikan Gizi Keluarga (UPGK), yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki perilaku ibu kearah hal-hal yang mendukung perbaikan gizi anak. Kabupaten Bogor juga sudah melaksanakan program 3PGK, dengan pencapaian tingkat partisipasi masyarakat (D/S) dan tingkat kelangsungan program (D/K) yang sudah baik. Tapi keberhasilan program memperbaiki gizi anak (N/5) masih rendah sekali, dan angka KKP juga masih jauh lebih tinggi dari Nasional maupun Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan hal-hal diatas perlu diketahui gambaran perilaku ibu yang mendukung perbaikan gizi di Kabupaten Bogor, yang merupakan salah satu tujuan dari program UPGK.Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran perilaku ibu terhadap hal-hal yang mendukung perbaikan gizi dan hubungannya dengan kenaikan berat badan anak di Kabupaten Bogor serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Cross-Sectional. Data yang diperoleh diolah secara statistik dengan menggunakan tehnik analisis : distribusi frekuensi, menghitung adds Ratio dan analisis Multivariat dengan Regresi Logistik.Unit analisis adalah ibu batita yang membawa anaknya ke posyandu, dengan besar sampel minimal 200, tetapi sewaktu pengumpulan data ditemukan jumlah batita 252 orang pada posyandu yang terpilih.Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa yang mempengaruhi kenaikan berat badan anak adalah : praktek pemberian makanan oleh ibu, praktek ibu menimbang anak, pendidikan ibu dan diare yang dialami anak. Dan ternyata pendidikan dan diare bukanlah merupakan faktor confounding.Saran yang diberikan berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan penyuluhan terutama mengenai pola makanan anak yang sesuai di posyandu, pelatihan ulang kader dengan materi yang utama yaitu tentang penyuluhan makanan dan pelatihan terhadap petugas pembina posyandu."

"Ibu memiliki peran utama di dalam manajemen terhadap sakit. Peran ini berkenaan dengan mencegah dan mengatasi peyebaran penyakit, dan terlibat dalam pengobatan preventif, deteksi awal terhadap gejala, membuat keputusan untuk mencari perawatan. Dan semua upaya tersebut menjadi perilaku kesehatan ibu. Upaya ibu tersebut mempunyai variasi sesuai alternatif penanganan pencegahan dan pengobatan terhadap sakit, yaitu sistem keprofesionalan, tradisional, dan kerumahtanggaan.Penelitian ini mengacu pada konsep Green. Dan obyek penelitiannya adalah ibu-ibu yang mempunyai anak usia bawah lima tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa statistik pada penjelasan hubungan (tabulasi silang) dan korelasi antar variabel. Namun pada tahap deskripsi variabel dilengkapi dengan data kualitatif, hasil dari wawancara dengan responden. Temuan penelitian menyatakan bahwa hubungan antara status ekonomi responden, pendidikan responden, sikap terhadap praktisi kesehatan, keterlibatan pada kegiatan sosial, dan pengetahuan terhadap penyakit dengan pencegahan terhadap penyakit dan mencari pengobatan menunjukkan hasil yang berarti. Artinya kesemua variabel bebas tersebut mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kedua variabel tergantung .Pencegahan terhadap penyakit yang dilakukan responden menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden mempunyai kecenderungan baik. Namun dalam mencari pengobatan menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden cenderung memanfaatkan home treatment (pengobatan kerumah tanggaan).Hal yang perlu ditekankan dalam temuan penelitian ini adalah: l) Ternyata sumbangan yang paling dominan adalah pendidikan (enabling factor), kemudian secara berurutan sikap terhadap praktisi kesehatan (reinforcing factor), status ekonomi (enabling factor}, pengetahuan tentang kesehatan anak (predisposing factor), dan pengaruh terkecil dari keterlibatan pada kegiatan sosial (reinforcing factor). 2) Dari ketiga sistem medis yang ada, profesional, tradisional, dan kerumahtanggaan, ternyata berjalan berdampingan. Namun responden dalam melakukan pencegahan terhadap penyakit dan mencari pengobatan masih menunjukkan kecederungan besar untuk memanfaatkan pengobatan kerumahtanggaan. Dengan demikian penelitian ini memperlihatkan adanya pengaruh predisposing factor, enabling factor, dan reinforcing factor terhadap perilaku kesehatan (pencegahan terhadap penyakit dan mencari pengobatan)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat kontribusi ekspresi emosi ibu dan respon ibu menghadapi emosi negatif anak secara bersama-sama terhadap pemahaman emosi anak usia 4-6 tahun. Pemahaman emosi anak diukur dengan Test Emotion Comprehension kepada 200 partisipan anak usia 4-6 tahun. Ekspresi emosi diukur dengan Self Expressiveness Within the Family Questionnaire dan respon ibu menghadapi emosi negatif anak dengan Children's Coping with Negative Emotion Scale kepada 200 partispan ibu. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa respon supportive ibu menghadapi emosi negatif anak berkontribusi terhadap pemahaman emosi anak usia 4-6 tahun (β= 0,540, t = 8,504, p = 0,0001). Hal tersebut diduga berkaitan dengan usia anak 4-6 tahun yang masih terbatas dalam membedakan emosi.

---

This study examines the contribution of maternal emotional expression and maternal response to negative emotion toward emotional understanding of children aged 4-6 years. Children's emotional understanding is measured by the 200 participants who were children aged 4-6 years. The expression of emotion is measured by Self Expressiveness Within the Family Questionnaire and maternal response to children?s negative emotion is measured by Children's Coping with Negative Emotion Scale to 200 mother participant. This study found that maternal supportive response to negative emotion towards children is contributed the emotional understanding of children aged 4-6 years tahun (β= 0,540, t = 8,504, p = 0,0001). This may be related to the fact that children aged 4-6 years are still limited in differentiating emotion."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran ekspektasi ibu melalui kualitas anak terhadap perilaku memiliki anak. Dalam penelitian ini, ekspektasi ibu didefinisikan sebagai ekspektasi ibu akan lama sekolah anak di masa depan, sedangkan perilaku memiliki anak didefinisikan sebagai tambahan jumlah anak diantara ibu yang telah memiliki dua anak atau lebih. Data yang digunakan diperoleh dari Indonesia Family Life Survei IFLS tahun 2007 dan 2014. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ekspektasi ibu merupakan prediktor yang kuat terhadap memiliki anak baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui pengeluaran pendidikan. Ibu dengan ekspektasi yang lebih tinggi akan lama sekolah anaknya memiliki kemungkinan lebih rendah untuk memiliki tambahan anak.Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendidikan ibu tidak berpengaruh signifikan ketika model dikontrol dengan ekspektasi ibu. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspektasi ibu memiliki pengaruh yang lebih kuat dalam menentukan perilaku memiliki anak daripada status sosial ekonomi di Indonesia. Selain itu pengaruh tidak langsung dari ekspektasi terlihat ketika ekspektasi bereaksi melalui pengalokasian sumber daya yang lebih banyak untuk investasi anak.

---

This research examines to explore the role of mother's expectation over children's quality on their childbearing behaviour. In this study, mother expectation is defined as mean years of schooling of children, while childbearing behaviour is defined as the additional number of children expected by mother among mothers who already have two or more children. The study uses Indonesian Family Life Survey IFLS 2007 and 2014. The regression results show that mother's expectation is a strong prediction of childbearing either directly or indirectly through education expenditure. Mothers with a higher expected of mean years of schooling of the children have a lower likelihood to have additional child.This study found that mother's education has no significant effect when the model controls for mother's expectation. This indicates that expectation, rather than socioeconomic status, has a stronger effect in determining childbearing in Indonesia. Moreover, the indirect effect of expectation shows that expectation works through allocating more resources for child's investment."

"Pengasuhan merupakan salah satu faktor yang krusial dalam perkembangan executive function EF anak usia dini. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya hanya fokus kepada figur ibu dan mengabaikan peran dari pengasuhan ayah. Selain itu, masih sangat sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pengasuhan ibu dan ayah secara bersamaan dalam kaitannya dengan performa EF anak di periode usia dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kontribusi pengasuhan autonomy support dan control dari ibu dan ayah terhadap performa EF anak usia 4-6 tahun. Sebanyak 108 anak bersama kedua orang tuanya mengikuti kegiatan penelitian ini. Keterampilan EF anak diukur melalui 3 tes performa sementara kualitas pengasuhan ibu dan ayah diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan balok dan puzzle. Autonomy support ibu memprediksi keterampilan EF anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat ekonomi keluarga. Di sisi lain, control ayah memberikan kontribusi negatif kepada EF anak setelah mengontrol kovariat dan pengasuhan ibu. Pengaruh pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap komponen-komponen EF secara terpisah juga ditemukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting tentang pentingnya pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap perkembangan EF anak di periode usia prasekolah.

---

Parenting is one of the crucial factors in the early children executive function EF development. Nonetheless, numerous researches realetd to EF children development, had focused only on the mother figures, omitting that of father's. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the uprearing of both mothers and fathers in relation to the EF performance in early aged children. The current study investigated the contribution of mothers and fathers rsquo autonomy suppot and control to 4 6 year old children's EF performance. 108 chilren with both their parents participated in this study. Children's EF performance were measured using 3 performance tests, while the parenting styles from mother and father were observed thorugh their interaction in block and puzzle activities. It was revealed that mother's autonomy support could predict children's EF, taking into account their age, parents rsquo education level, and family social economic status. On the other hand, father's control had a negative contribution to children's EF after controlling covariate variables and mother's parenting styles. The impact of mother and father parenting styles to separated EF components were also found. This study gave new insights regarding the importance of mother and father parentings to EF development in preschool children. "