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"Right up until the end of the Hellenistic era the ancient Greeks did not realise that on the far eastern side of the Asiatic continent there was a Chinese civilisation. Before knowledge of China reached the West, silk was introduced there, imported from a country inhabited by a people called the Seres (Σῆρες). We find in Strabo’s Geography the oldest certain reference to the Seres, which originates in the lost history of Apollodorus of Artemita, who described the successes of the Indo-Greek rulers (200–180 BC and 155–130 BC). The real explosion of information about silk and the Seres as its producers came only at the beginning of the Augustan era, for the first time in Horace’s Epodes (between 40 and 30 BC). The Seres became a popular motif in Augustan poetry; in the Georgics Virgil was the first to mention expressis verbis that the Seres were the producers of fabrics. Yet even though the appearance of silk in Augustan Rome is absolutely certain, we cannot be completely sure that contemporary Romans knew anything of China. It is highly likely that the first references to the Seres refer to people from southern India. The first certain piece of information about China is a reference in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (40–70 AD) about a country called Thin, whose capital is Thina. New observations made by travellers on overland and maritime routes were written about by Marinus of Tyre and then Claudius Ptolemy, who separated Serica, which is placed in the middle of the continent, from the country of Sinae (Σῖναι). In the third century AD the Roman Empire was experiencing an internal crisis and in China the empire of the Han dynasty was fractured into local states, so there is nothing strange in the weakening of direct trade relations between China and Rome. The book-knowledge of the ancient authors would from this point be the only source for garnering information about China in the Latin West right up until the thirteenth century."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konstruksi politik tubuh dalam tokoh-tokoh perempuan utama dalam novel Pillars of Salt dan My Name is Salma karya Fadia Faqir, serta menyimpulkan apakah ilustrasi perjuangan para tokoh tersebut dalam melawan manifestasi politik tubuh yang opresif mendobrak atau justru menguatkan representasi Barat mengenai perempuan Muslim. Menggunakan metodologi kualitatif-deskriptif dengan pendekatan close reading sebagai metode analisis, penelitian ini berangkat dari stereotipe perempuan Muslim dari sudut pandang Barat yang cenderung negatif dan asumsi bahwa novel-novel penulis perempuan Arab umumnya bertujuan untuk mendobrak stereotipe tersebut. Penemuan penelitian ini adalah: pertama, tokoh-tokoh protagonis dalam kedua novel menjadi obyek dari berbagai bentuk politik tubuh yang dikenakan para tokoh laki-laki Timur maupun Barat, dan kedua, meskipun kedua teks tersebut terlihat menguatkan representasi Barat bahwa perempuan Muslim mengalami opresi, namun sesungguhnya mendobrak anggapan Barat bahwa perempuan Muslim cenderung pasif dan patuh. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa patriarki dan kolonialisme merupakan dua sistem yang membatasi resistensi dan menguatkan marjinalisasi perempuan, dan media operasi kedua sistem tersebut adalah tubuh.

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This research aims to analyse the construction of body politics in the female protagonists in Pillars of Salt and My Name is Salma by Fadia Faqir, and to draw a conclusion on whether the illustration of the female characters‘ struggles against the oppressive manifestation of body politics succeed to challenge, or conversely to strengthen, western representation of Muslim women. Using a qualitative methodology with a close reading approach as a method of analysis, this research builds on the western stereotype of Muslim women that tends to be negative and the assumption that Anglophone Arab female writers commonly intends to challenge such stereotype.

The findings of this research are: first, the female protagonists in the novels of Pillars of Salt and My Name Is Salma underwent several forms of body politics that were imposed by both eastern and western men, and second, although these texts seem to strengthen western representations of Muslim women as oppressed, but it actually challenge the western portrayals of Muslim women as passive and obedient. This research concludes that it is both patriarchy and colonialism that overturn their resistance and strengthen female marginalisation, and that both systems take place first and foremost through the body."

"[ABSTRAKSastra imigran merupakan fenomena aliran sastra penting yang terjadi di Belanda. Pada beberapa resensi karya sastra, kritikus sering membahas mengenai tema menyangkut budaya Timur dalam karya penulis imigran dari Belanda. Jurnal ini membahas mengenai resepsi dari tiga karya Hafid Bouazza, seorang penulis Belanda kelahiran Maroko. Korpus data yang diteliti merupakan enam resensi jurnalistik, masing-masing dua resensi dari satu karya. Resensi-resensi tersebut didapatkan melalui akses situs online resmi Trouw dan NRCboeken. Teori yang digunakan sebagai landasan penelitian adalah klasifikasi penilaian karya sastra milik Balen. Masalah yang dibahas dalam jurnal ini adalah mengenai argumen apa saja yang muncul dalam enam resensi tadi menyangkut status stilistika Bouazza?; bagaimana penilaian yang menyangkut status imigran Bouazza?; Seberapa sering peresensi membahas latar belakang imigran Bouazza? Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stilistika Bouazza dalam karya dinilai positif oleh peresensi. Muncul beberapa penilaian menyangkut status imigran Bouazza yang ternyata juga dinilai positif. Latar belakang Bouazza muncul di hampir setiap resensi. Latar belakang yang dibahas menyangkut kontras budaya dan identitas.

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ABSTRACTImmigrant literature is an important literary phenomenon that occurs in the Netherlands. In some literary reviews, the literary critics have debated about theme in the writings of immigrant writers that related to Eastern culture. This article discusses the reception of three Hafid Bouazza's works, a Dutch writer of Moroccan origin. This study uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis to analyze a corpus of six journalistic reviews, two reviews of each work, from the official website of Trouw and NRCboeken. The main approach in this article is the classification of literary judgement from Balen which consists of five arguments: reflection, mimesis, expressive, objective, pragmatic, and relativity. The author would like to see; which arguments related to stylistic occur in these six journalistic reviews; how the judgement is related to immigrant status of Bouazza; how often Benali?s cultural background occurs in these reviews. The results show that stylistic in Bouazza?s writings get positive responses from literary critics. There is also judgment which related to the immigrant status of Bouazza. It turns out that most of the reviewers gave positive judgement. Bouazza?s cultural background occurs in most of the reviews. They disscus about the contrast between East and West and also identity problem of immigrants in the Netherlands., Immigrant literature is an important literary phenomenon that occurs in the Netherlands. In some literary reviews, the literary critics have debated about theme in the writings of immigrant writers that related to Eastern culture. This article discusses the reception of three Hafid Bouazza's works, a Dutch writer of Moroccan origin. This study uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis to analyze a corpus of six journalistic reviews, two reviews of each work, from the official website of Trouw and NRCboeken. The main approach in this article is the classification of literary judgement from Balen which consists of five arguments: reflection, mimesis, expressive, objective, pragmatic, and relativity. The author would like to see; which arguments related to stylistic occur in these six journalistic reviews; how the judgement is related to immigrant status of Bouazza; how often Benali’s cultural background occurs in these reviews. The results show that stylistic in Bouazza’s writings get positive responses from literary critics. There is also judgment which related to the immigrant status of Bouazza. It turns out that most of the reviewers gave positive judgement. Bouazza’s cultural background occurs in most of the reviews. They disscus about the contrast between East and West and also identity problem of immigrants in the Netherlands.]"

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kontribusi dan peran sebuah penerbit bernama Pustaka Jaya dalam penerbitan buku-buku sastra serta upayanya mengimbangi bacaan populer yang merebak luas di masyarakat. Skripsi ini merupakan penelitian sejarah di bidang kebudayaan, secara spesifik termasuk dalam kajian sejarah penerbitan. Pustaka Jaya, dalam hal ini, merupakan penerbit yang fokus pada penerbitan buku-buku sastra. Berdiri pada 1971 atas gagasan sebuah eksperimen menghadapi tantangan budaya populer yang marak pada masa itu. Buku maupun bacaan sastra dianggap mampu mengimbangi segala jenis bacaan populer yang beredar luas di masyarakat. Tujuan lainnya agar mampu mengembalikan kehormatan sastra nasional di tengah pertentangan dan polarisasi kebudayaan pada satu dekade sebelumnya. Pergolakkan buku pada masa itupun tak hanya berkutat pada pertentangan ideologis melainkan kondisi krisis perbukuan serta krisis kertas yang melanda industri penerbitan. Proyek-proyek pengadaan buku pun hanya menjadi sarana penyimpangan oknum dan upaya bertahan hidup beberapa penerbit. Kondisi seperti itu yang menyebabkan krisis perbukuan semakin bertambah pelik sehingga mengakibatkan banyak penerbit pailit. Pustaka Jaya memberi harapan terhadap penerbit lain agar tidak bergantung pada proyek buku Inpres serta sebagai bentuk legitimasi bahwa buku-buku sastra yang berkualitas masih laku dijual.

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This thesis discusses the contribution and the role of publisher named Pustaka Jaya in publishing literary books and its efforts to balance the popular reading that spread widely in the society. This thesis is a historical research in field of culture, specifically included in the study of publishing history. Pustaka Jaya, in this case, is a publisher focusing on publishing literary books. Was founded in 1971 on the idea of an experiment facing the challenges of popular culture that were rife in those days. Book and literary readings are considered able to offset all kinds of popular reading widely circulated in the society. Another goal to be able to restore literary honor amid cultural opposition and polarization a decade aerlier. The upheavel of the book at that time not only focused on ideological contradictions but the conditions of the book crisis as well as the paper crisis that plagued the publishing industry. Book procurement projects are only means of perversion and the survival of some publishers. Conditions like that caused the crisis of the book ingcreasingly complicated, resulting in many publishers bankrupt. Pustaka Jaya gives hope to other publishers not to rely on th Inpres book project and as a form of legitimacy that quality literary books still sell."